{"id":32111,"date":"2019-10-31T21:45:14","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:45:14","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:14","slug":"nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii","title":{"rendered":"\u0218tiin\u021ba logicii \u00een programare","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0218tiin\u021ba logicii \u00een programare\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/3f4ea4ccd01e4dd17cb9348e35b80752.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Acest articol este dedicat analizei comparative a entit\u0103\u021bilor logice din opera filozofului german Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel \u201e\u0218tiin\u021ba logicii\u201d cu echivalentele sau absen\u021ba acestora \u00een programare.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Entit\u0103\u021bile din \u201e\u0218tiin\u021ba logicii\u201d sunt eviden\u021biate cu italice pentru a evita confuziile cu defini\u021biile acceptate ale acestor cuvinte.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"chistoe-bytie\">Fiin\u021b\u0103 pur\u0103<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 deschide\u021bi defini\u021bia <em>fiin\u021bei pure<\/em> \u00cen carte, ve\u021bi observa o fraz\u0103 interesant\u0103 \u201ef\u0103r\u0103 o defini\u021bie ulterioar\u0103\u201d. Dar pentru cei care nu au citit sau nu au \u00een\u021beles, nu v\u0103 gr\u0103bi\u021bi s\u0103-l acuza\u021bi pe autor de demen\u021b\u0103. <em>Fiin\u021b\u0103 pur\u0103<\/em> \u2014 este un concept de baz\u0103 \u00een logica lui Hegel care \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 un obiect exist\u0103, v\u0103 rog s\u0103 nu confunda\u021bi cu existen\u021ba obiectului; un obiect poate s\u0103 nu existe \u00een realitate, dar dac\u0103 l-am definit cumva \u00een logica noastr\u0103, el exist\u0103. Dac\u0103 v\u0103 ve\u021bi g\u00e2ndi, ve\u021bi realiza c\u0103 astfel de lucruri ca <em>fiin\u021bei pure<\/em> nu pot fi definite, iar orice \u00eencercare de acest fel se va reduce la faptul c\u0103 ve\u021bi face doar referire la sinonime sau antonime. <em>Fiin\u021b\u0103 pur\u0103<\/em> un concept at\u00e2t de abstract \u00eenc\u00e2t poate fi aplicat absolut la orice, inclusiv la sinele s\u0103u. \u00cen unele limbaje orientate pe obiect, exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a reprezenta orice ca un obiect, inclusiv opera\u021biuni asupra obiectelor, ceea ce, \u00een principiu, ne ofer\u0103 un asemenea nivel de abstractizare. Totu\u0219i, \u00een programare, nu exist\u0103 un analog direct al <em>fiin\u021bei pure<\/em> . Pentru a verifica existen\u021ba unui obiect, trebuie s\u0103 verific\u0103m absen\u021ba sa.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"cs\">if(obj != null);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Este ciudat c\u0103 un asemenea sintax\u0103 dulce nu exist\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 aceast\u0103 verificare este foarte popular\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"nichto\">Nimic<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Cum putea fi ghicit <em>nimic<\/em> este absen\u021ba a ceva. \u0218i analogul s\u0103u poate fi considerat NULL. Este de men\u021bionat c\u0103 \u00een logica \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 <em>nimic<\/em> este <em>fiin\u021ba pur\u0103<\/em>, deoarece aceasta exist\u0103 de asemenea. Aceasta este o oarecare capcan\u0103, pentru c\u0103 nu putem aborda NULL ca pe un obiect \u00een niciun limbaj, de\u0219i din punct de vedere esen\u021bial el este tot un obiect.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"stanovlenie-i-momenty\">Devenirea \u0219i momentele<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>Devenirea<\/em> \u2014 este tranzi\u021bia de la <em>nimic<\/em> \u00een <em>fiin\u021b\u0103<\/em> \u0219i de la <em>fiin\u021ba<\/em> \u00een <em>nimic<\/em>. Aceasta ne ofer\u0103 dou\u0103 <em>momente<\/em>, primul se nume\u0219te <em>apari\u021bie<\/em>, iar al doilea <em>trecere<\/em>. <em>Trecerea<\/em> este numit\u0103 astfel \u00een loc de dispari\u021bie, deoarece esen\u021ba logic\u0103, de fapt, nu poate disp\u0103rea, dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 am uitat-o. <em>Anularea<\/em> procedura de alocare poate fi numit\u0103 astfel. \u00cen cazul \u00een care un obiect este ini\u021bializat, apare <em>momentul apari\u021biei<\/em>, iar \u00een cazul atribuirii unei alte valori sau NULL <em>momentul dispari\u021biei<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"cs\">obj = new object(); \/\/aparitie\nobj = null; \/\/disparitie<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"nalichnoe-bytie\">existenta actual\u0103<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pe scurt <em>existenta actual\u0103<\/em> \u2014 este un obiect care nu are o defini\u021bie clar\u0103, dar are <em>defini\u021bie<\/em>. Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 asta. Un exemplu canonic este un simplu scaun. Dac\u0103 \u00eencerca\u021bi s\u0103 \u00eei da\u021bi o defini\u021bie clar\u0103, ve\u021bi \u00eent\u00e2mpina multe dificult\u0103\u021bi. De exemplu, a\u021bi putea spune: \u201eacesta este un obiect de mobilier destinat \u0219ederii\u201d, dar \u0219i fotoliul este creat pentru acest lucru etc. Totu\u0219i, lipsa unei defini\u021bii clare nu ne \u00eempiedic\u0103 s\u0103-l identific\u0103m \u00een spa\u021biu \u0219i s\u0103-l folosim pentru a transmite informa\u021bii despre el, aceasta pentru c\u0103 \u00een mintea noastr\u0103 exist\u0103 <em>defini\u021bie<\/em> scaunului. Poate c\u0103 unii deja \u0219i-au dat seama c\u0103 pentru a distinge astfel de obiecte din fluxul de date au fost create re\u021bele neuronale. O re\u021bea neuronal\u0103 poate fi definit\u0103 ca o func\u021bie care determin\u0103 aceast\u0103 <em>defini\u021bie<\/em>, dar nu exist\u0103 tipuri de obiecte care s\u0103 includ\u0103 defini\u021bii clare \u0219i vagi, prin urmare astfel de obiecte nu pot fi utilizate la acela\u0219i nivel de abstrac\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"zakon-perehoda-kolichestvennyh-izmeneniy-v-kachestvennye\">Legea trecerii de la schimb\u0103ri cantitative la schimb\u0103ri calitative<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 lege a fost formulat\u0103 de Friedrich Engels ca rezultat al interpret\u0103rii logicii lui Hegel. Totu\u0219i, o putem g\u0103si cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 \u00een primul volum, \u00een capitolul despre <em>m\u0103sur\u0103<\/em>. Esen\u021ba sa const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103 <em>schimb\u0103rile cantitative<\/em> \u00een obiect pot influen\u021ba <em>calitatea<\/em>. De exemplu, avem un obiect ghea\u021b\u0103, iar la acumularea de c\u0103ldur\u0103 se va transforma \u00een ap\u0103 lichid\u0103 \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i va schimba <em>calit\u0103\u021bile<\/em>. Pentru realizarea unui astfel de comportament \u00een obiect exist\u0103 un tipar de proiectare \u201eStare\u201d. Apari\u021bia unei astfel de solu\u021bii a fost cauzat\u0103 de absen\u021ba \u00een programare a unui lucru precum <em>fundament<\/em> pentru <em>al apari\u021biei<\/em> obiectului. <em>Fundamentul<\/em> define\u0219te condi\u021biile \u00een care un obiect poate ap\u0103rea, iar \u00een algoritm ne hot\u0103r\u00e2m noi \u00een ce moment trebuie s\u0103 ini\u021bializ\u0103m obiectul.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>PS:<\/strong> Dac\u0103 aceste informa\u021bii sunt interesante, voi face un rezumat al altor entit\u0103\u021bi din \u201e\u0218tiin\u021ba logicii.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448948\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 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\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 &#171;\u0431\u0435\u0437 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23951,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta 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