{"id":32452,"date":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/budushhee-za-oblakami\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","slug":"budushhee-za-oblakami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/budushhee-za-oblakami","title":{"rendered":"Viitorul apar\u021bine norilor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

1.1. Introducere<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cen discu\u021bia despre dezvoltarea IT-ului \u00een ultimii ani, nu se poate s\u0103 nu men\u021bion\u0103m propor\u021bia solu\u021biilor Cloud \u00een r\u00e2ndul celorlalte. Hai s\u0103 descoperim ce sunt solu\u021biile cloud, tehnologiile \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe.
\nComputerele \u00een cloud (sau serviciile cloud) sunt un set special de instrumente \u0219i metode pentru logistic\u0103, stocare \u0219i procesare a datelor pe resurse computa\u021bionale externe, care includ servere, sisteme de stocare (SAN) \u0219i sisteme de transfer de date (SDN).<\/p>\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd produci un produs IT, fie c\u0103 este vorba de un site de vizit\u0103ri, un magazin online, un portal cu \u00eenc\u0103rcare mare sau un sistem de baze de date (BD), exist\u0103 cel pu\u021bin dou\u0103 variante de g\u0103zduire a produsului t\u0103u. <\/p>\n

La sediul clientului (eng. \u2014 on-premise)<\/b> sau \u00een cloud (eng. \u2014 cloud)<\/b>. Cu toate acestea, nu se poate spune cu exactitate care dintre acestea este mai rentabil \u00een general. <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 folose\u0219ti un server unde ai o baz\u0103 de date mic\u0103, care nu necesit\u0103 redundan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i un site simplu f\u0103r\u0103 o \u00eenc\u0103rcare special\u0103 \u2014 da, g\u0103zduirea la sediu este op\u021biunea ta. Dar, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce cre\u0219te \u00eenc\u0103rcarea \u0219i necesit\u0103\u021bile, ar trebui s\u0103 te g\u00e2nde\u0219ti s\u0103 te mu\u021bi \u00een cloud.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1.2. Cloud-uri printre noi<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cenainte de a discuta cum sunt furnizate cloud-urile, este important s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 povestea despre cloud-uri nu se refer\u0103 la marii gigan\u021bi din sfera IT \u0219i serviciile lor interne. Folosim zilnic computa\u021bia \u00een cloud. <\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi, \u00een 2019, este greu s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti pe cineva care s\u0103 nu foloseasc\u0103 Instagram, email, h\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i trafic pe telefonul s\u0103u. \u0218i toate acestea sunt stocate \u0219i procesate unde? Corect!
\nChiar dac\u0103 tu, fiind un specialist IT \u00eentr-o companie cu m\u0103car o mic\u0103 re\u021bea de filiale, implementezi un sistem de stocare (SAN) \u00een infrastructura ta, nu conteaz\u0103 cum \u00eei oferi acces la resurs\u0103, fie c\u0103 este interfata web, ftp sau samba \u2014 pentru utilizatorii t\u0103i, acel spa\u021biu de stocare va fi un cloud, care se afl\u0103... undeva. Ce s\u0103 mai spunem despre lucrurile obi\u0219nuite pe care le folosim de zeci de ori pe zi la v\u00e2rful degetelor noastre. <\/p>\n

2.1. Tipuri de implementare a resurselor cloud<\/h2>\n

\nOk, cloud. Dar nu totul este at\u00e2t de simplu. \u0218i noi venim la lucru \u2014 v\u00e2nz\u0103tori, IT-i\u0219ti, management. Dar acesta este un concept larg, fiecare are un rol definit \u0219i o anumit\u0103 clasificare. La fel \u0219i aici. \u00cen general, un serviciu cloud poate fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een 4 tipuri. <\/p>\n

1.Cloud public (public cloud)<\/b> \u2014 este o platform\u0103 deschis\u0103 publicului, disponibil\u0103 gratuit sau pe baz\u0103 de abonament. De obicei, este gestionat\u0103 de o persoan\u0103 fizic\u0103 sau juridic\u0103. Un exemplu ar putea fi un portal agregator de articole \u0219tiin\u021bifice. <\/p>\n

2. Cloud privat<\/b> \u2014 este complet opus punctului 1. Aceasta este o platform\u0103 \u00eenchis\u0103 publicului, destinat adesea unei singure companii (sau unei companii \u0219i organiza\u021biilor partenere). Accesul este oferit doar de c\u0103tre administratorul sistemului utilizatorilor. Acestea pot fi servicii interne, cum ar fi re\u021belele intranet, sistemul SD (service desk), CRM etc. De obicei, proprietarii cloud-ului sau ai segmentului iau foarte \u00een serios problemele de securitate a informa\u021biilor \u0219i protejarea afacerii, deoarece \u00een cloud-urile private se stocheaz\u0103 informa\u021bii despre v\u00e2nz\u0103ri, clien\u021bi, planuri strategice ale companiilor etc. <\/p>\n

3. Cloud comunitar<\/b> se poate spune c\u0103 acesta este un cloud privat distribuit \u00eentre mai multe firme cu sarcini sau interese similare. Este frecvent utilizat atunci c\u00e2nd este necesar s\u0103 se ofere drepturi de utilizare a resurselor aplica\u021biilor mai multor persoane\/direc\u021bii din diferite companii. <\/p>\n

4. Cloud hibrid<\/b> este un tip de infrastructur\u0103 care combin\u0103 \u00een sine cel pu\u021bin dou\u0103 tipuri de desf\u0103\u0219urare. Cel mai frecvent exemplu este scalarea centrului de date al clientului cu ajutorul cloud-ului. Acest lucru se face pentru a economisi bani, atunci c\u00e2nd nu este posibil s\u0103 se mute 100% \u00een cloud sau din motive de securitate \u0219i conformitate legal\u0103. <\/p>\n

2.2. Tipuri de servicii<\/h2>\n

\nSuper, tipurile de desf\u0103\u0219urare sunt at\u00e2t de diverse, dar ce anume le une\u0219te? Da, acestea sunt tipurile de servicii, care sunt identice pentru toate tipurile de cloud-uri. S\u0103 analiz\u0103m cele 3 cele mai frecvente. <\/p>\n

IaaS (infrastructure as a service)<\/b> \u2014 infrastructur\u0103 ca serviciu. \u00cen acest caz, vi se ofer\u0103 servere sub form\u0103 de ma\u0219ini virtuale (VM), discuri, echipamente de re\u021bea, pe care pute\u021bi desf\u0103\u0219ura sistemul de operare dorit, mediu, ridica servicii etc. De\u0219i acum m\u0103 dezvolt activ \u00een cloud-ul de la Yandex, familiarizarea mea a \u00eenceput cu GCP (Google Cloud Platform), a\u0219a c\u0103 voi oferi exemple \u00een acest context, iar despre furnizori voi spune pu\u021bin mai t\u00e2rziu. Astfel, un exemplu de solu\u021bie IaaS \u00een GCP ar fi elementul Compute Engine. Adic\u0103, aceasta este o VM obi\u0219nuit\u0103 pe care v\u0103 alege\u021bi singuri sistemul de operare, ocupa\u021bi-v\u0103 de configurarea software-ului \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219urarea aplica\u021biilor. S\u0103 lu\u0103m un exemplu. E\u0219ti programator Python \u0219i vrei s\u0103 creezi un site cu backend \u00een cloud, lu\u00e2nd \u00een considerare doar varianta IaaS. Trebuie s\u0103 iei o VM pe care va rula site-ul, pentru asta trebuie s\u0103 instalezi (\u00een gcp se alege \u00een etapa de creare a instan\u021bei) sistemul de operare, s\u0103 actualizezi managerul de pachete (de ce nu), s\u0103 instalezi versiunea dorit\u0103 de Python, nginx etc... Pe trei VM-uri s\u0103 creezi un cluster de baz\u0103 de date cu redundan\u021b\u0103 (tot manual). S\u0103 prev\u0103zutej logarea etc. Este ieftin \u0219i lent, dar dac\u0103 vrei maximum de flexibilitate \u2014 aceasta este alegerea ta.<\/p>\n

Urm\u0103toarea op\u021biune, mai simpl\u0103 \u0219i mai scump\u0103, este PaaS (platform\u0103 ca serviciu)<\/b>. Aici de asemenea primi\u021bi, bine\u00een\u021beles, VM-uri, dar f\u0103r\u0103 posibilitatea de a schimba at\u00e2t de flexibil configura\u021bia, nu alege\u021bi sistemul de operare, setul de software etc., primi\u021bi un mediu gata pentru produsul vostru. S\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la acela\u0219i exemplu. Cump\u0103ra\u021bi dou\u0103 instan\u021be App Engine \u00een GCP, una dintre ele va fi \u00een rolul de baz\u0103 de date, cealalt\u0103 \u00een rolul de server web<\/a>. Nu trebuie s\u0103 configura\u021bi programele de \u00eentre\u021binere, pute\u021bi lansa direct mediu de produc\u021bie din cutie. Este mai scump, s\u0103 recunoa\u0219tem, munca trebuie pl\u0103tit\u0103, iar pentru voi a muncit un \u00eentreg Script. Totu\u0219i, ob\u021bine\u021bi o platform\u0103 gata de lucru. <\/p>\n

Al treilea dintre op\u021biunile principale, care se afl\u0103 peste celelalte \u2014 SaaS (Software as a Service).<\/b> Nu face\u021bi set\u0103ri fine ale VM-urilor, nu le configura\u021bi de loc. Nu trebuie s\u0103 fi\u021bi specialist IT, nu trebuie s\u0103 scrie\u021bi cod, nu trebuie s\u0103 face\u021bi backend. Totul este deja gata. Acestea sunt solu\u021bii deja gata implementate, precum GSuite (fostul Google Apps), DropBox, Office 365. <\/p>\n

3.1. Ce se afl\u0103 sub capot\u0103?<\/h2>\n

\nAi re\u021binut? Bine, hai s\u0103 mergem mai departe. Am cump\u0103rat o VM, am lucrat cu ea, am distrus-o \u0219i am cump\u0103rat \u00eenc\u0103 10. Nu achizi\u021bion\u0103m hardware, dar \u0219tim c\u0103 undeva trebuie s\u0103 existe. C\u00e2nd ai implementat un sistem de stocare (SXD) \u00een infrastructura companiei tale, probabil l-ai montat \u00eentr-un rack \u00een sala serverelor. A\u0219a c\u0103 furnizorii de tehnologie cloud \u00ee\u021bi \u00eenchiriaz\u0103 o parte din propriile lor s\u0103li de servere, dar la o scar\u0103 mult mai mare. A\u0219a-numitele centre de date (CD). Acestea sunt complexe mari, situate aproape pe \u00eentreaga planet\u0103. De obicei, construc\u021biile sunt amplasate aproape de locuri care pot furniza, m\u0103car o parte din an, r\u0103cire natural\u0103, dar anumi\u021bi furnizori pot s\u0103 se construiasc\u0103 \u0219i \u00een de\u0219ertul Nevada. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 faptul c\u0103 un hangar de dimensiuni colosale g\u0103zduie\u0219te c\u00e2teva sute de rackuri, furnizorul se ocup\u0103 \u0219i de schimbul de c\u0103ldur\u0103 (to\u021bi \u0219tim c\u0103 computerele nu trebuie s\u0103 fie \u00eenghe\u021bate sau supra\u00eenc\u0103lzite?), de siguran\u021ba datelor tale, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd la nivel fizic, a\u0219a c\u0103 este pu\u021bin probabil s\u0103 intri ilegal \u00een CD. Metodele de stocare a datelor \u00een CD variaz\u0103 \u00eentre diferi\u021bi furnizori; unii fac \u00eenregistr\u0103ri distribuite \u00eentre diferite centre de date, al\u021bii p\u0103streaz\u0103 datele \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00eentr-un singur loc. <\/p>\n

3.2. Cloud-urile \u00een prezent \u0219i \u00een retrospectiv\u0103. Furnizorii<\/h2>\n

\nDac\u0103 ne ad\u00e2ncim \u00een istorie, primele semne ale cre\u0103rii platformelor cloud de ast\u0103zi au ap\u0103rut \u00eenc\u0103 din mijlocul anilor '70, \u00een perioada dezvolt\u0103rii \u0219i implement\u0103rii prototipului re\u021belei de internet ARPANET. Atunci se vorbea despre faptul c\u0103, c\u00e2ndva, oamenii vor putea ob\u021bine toate serviciile posibile prin intermediul re\u021belei. Timpul a trecut, iar canalele au devenit mai stabile \u0219i mai largi, iar \u00een 1999 a ap\u0103rut prima CRM comercial\u0103, oferit\u0103 exclusiv prin abonament \u0219i fiind prima SaaS, a c\u0103rei instan\u021be sunt p\u0103strate \u00eentr-un singur centru de date. Ulterior, compania a creat mai multe divizii, care ofer\u0103 prin abonament PaaS, inclusiv un caz particular de BDaaS (baze de date ca serviciu). \u00cen 2002, Amazon a lansat un serviciu care permite stocarea \u0219i procesarea informa\u021biilor, iar \u00een 2008 a prezentat un serviciu prin care utilizatorii pot crea propriile ma\u0219ini virtuale; astfel a \u00eenceput era marilor tehnologii cloud. <\/p>\n

\u00cen prezent, este obi\u0219nuit s\u0103 se vorbeasc\u0103 despre cei trei mari (de\u0219i eu anticipez o mare a patra \u00een \u0219ase luni): Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform\u2026 Yandex Cloud. Este deosebit de pl\u0103cut s\u0103 vedem cum cona\u021bionalii no\u0219tri p\u0103trund rapid pe arena mondial\u0103 \u2014 o m\u00e2ndrie care \u00ee\u021bi d\u0103 fiori. <\/p>\n

De asemenea, exist\u0103 foarte multe companii, precum Oracle sau Alibaba, care au propriile solu\u021bii de cloud, dar din anumite circumstan\u021be nu sunt at\u00e2t de populare printre utilizatori. \u0218i, bine\u00een\u021beles, tipii-hosting,<\/a>, care sunt de asemenea furnizori oferind solu\u021bii PaaS sau SaaS. <\/p>\n

3.3. Formarea pre\u021burilor \u0219i granturi<\/h2>\n

\nNu voi sta prea mult pe politica de pre\u021buri a furnizorilor, deoarece altfel ar deveni publicitate deschis\u0103. Vreau s\u0103 subliniez faptul c\u0103 toate companiile mari ofer\u0103 granturi de la 200 la 700 de dolari pe an sau pe perioade mai scurte, pentru ca voi, ca utilizatori, s\u0103 pute\u021bi experimenta puterea solu\u021biilor lor \u0219i s\u0103 \u00een\u021belege\u021bi ce anume ave\u021bi nevoie. <\/p>\n

De asemenea, toate companiile din marii trei\u2026 sau patru, deja pe cale s\u0103\u2026 ofer\u0103 oportunitatea de a deveni parteneri, organizeaz\u0103 seminarii \u0219i cursuri de formare, ofer\u0103 certific\u0103ri \u0219i beneficii pentru produsele lor.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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