{"id":32890,"date":"2019-10-31T21:49:33","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/faq-chto-nado-znat-puteshestvenniku-giku-pro-privivki-pered-poezdkoj\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:49:33","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:33","slug":"faq-chto-nado-znat-puteshestvenniku-giku-pro-privivki-pered-poezdkoj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/faq-chto-nado-znat-puteshestvenniku-giku-pro-privivki-pered-poezdkoj","title":{"rendered":"FAQ: ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie un c\u0103l\u0103tor geek despre vaccin\u0103ri \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FAQ: ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie un c\u0103l\u0103tor geek despre vaccin\u0103ri \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/317c173c7ff8a5f81eb61cfe45d3bc15.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/>Vaccinul este o modalitate de a ar\u0103ta sistemului imunitar semn\u0103tura unei amenin\u021b\u0103ri, la care, dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva cicluri de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, va fi generat un r\u0103spuns imunitar. <\/p>\n<p>Orice lupt\u0103 a organismului \u00eempotriva unei boli infec\u021bioase este o \u00eencercare de a recunoa\u0219te semn\u0103tura unei amenin\u021b\u0103ri \u0219i de a dezvolta contram\u0103suri. \u00cen general, acest proces continu\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la un rezultat complet, adic\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la recuperare. Cu toate acestea, pot exista infec\u021bii care:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ucig organismul mai repede dec\u00e2t r\u0103spunsul imun va putea fi generat.<\/li>\n<li>Se schimb\u0103 mai repede dec\u00e2t sistemul imunitar poate \u00abrecunoa\u0219te\u00bb patogenii.<\/li>\n<li>Se mascheaz\u0103 \u0219i se ascund \u00een locuri foarte dificile de accesat pentru patogen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDe aceea, \u00een unele cazuri, este mai bine s\u0103 organiz\u0103m din timp exerci\u021bii de preg\u0103tire. Acestea sunt vaccinurile. Un locuitor adult al ora\u0219ului este vaccinat \u00eempotriva celor mai periculoase infec\u021bii din copil\u0103rie. \u00cen cazul unor focare de infec\u021bii sau atunci c\u00e2nd o persoan\u0103 este plasat\u0103 \u00eentr-un mediu periculos, are sens s\u0103 se fac\u0103 vaccin\u0103ri preventive. C\u0103l\u0103toriile se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een aceste situa\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 \u00eencepem mai \u00eent\u00e2i cu no\u021biunile de baz\u0103, apoi s\u0103 discut\u0103m despre c\u0103l\u0103torii \u0219i lista de ac\u021biuni.<\/p>\n<h2>De ce sunt c\u0103l\u0103toriile periculoase?<\/h2>\n<p>\nS\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 zbori \u00een Africa. Acolo exist\u0103 un risc crescut de febr\u0103 galben\u0103. Un vaccin simplu te va costa aproximativ 1.500 de ruble, inclusiv consulta\u021bia medicului \u0219i serviciile cabinetului de proceduri; un vaccin de un nivel mai \u00eenalt \u2014 3.000 de ruble. Nu se poate trata febra galben\u0103 cu medicamente specializate (adic\u0103 se pot sus\u021bine doar resursele organismului, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd acesta reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 fac\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103), iar \u00eemboln\u0103virea este u\u0219oar\u0103, mortalitatea este de aproximativ 10%, iar vectorul principal sunt \u021b\u00e2n\u021barii. Vaccinul are aproape niciun efect secundar. Merit\u0103 vaccinarea? Probabil, da. Dar decizia \u00ee\u021bi apar\u021bine. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, o c\u0103l\u0103torie este atunci c\u00e2nd te afli \u00eentr-un mediu necunoscut, la care sistemul t\u0103u imunitar nu este obi\u0219nuit. Dup\u0103 zbor \u0219i ca rezultat al reac\u021biei la mii de noi factori externi, \u00een ap\u0103rarea organismului \u00eencepe s\u0103 domneasc\u0103 un haos u\u0219or \u0219i devii mai pu\u021bin rezistent la patogeni. \u00cen plus, \u00een noul mediu pot exista patogeni care pur \u0219i simplu nu sunt acolo unde locuie\u0219ti de obicei. <\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, este adev\u0103rat \u00een sens invers: po\u021bi fi purt\u0103tor de patogeni care nu sunt \u00een mediul curent. \u0218i atunci, locuitorii locali nu vor avea noroc. <\/p>\n<h2>Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 vaccinurile?<\/h2>\n<p>\nExist\u0103 4 tipuri principale:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Se poate selecta o versiune sl\u0103bit\u0103 a tulpinii patogene, care este asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu cea real\u0103, dar care nu reprezint\u0103 o amenin\u021bare pentru organismul s\u0103n\u0103tos. Acestea sunt vaccinurile pentru varicel\u0103, grip\u0103, febr\u0103 galben\u0103 \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Aceasta este cea mai simpl\u0103 metod\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare: \u00eempotriva sistemului imunitar se confrunt\u0103 \u201edu\u0219mani de antrenament\u201d. <\/li>\n<li>Se pot inactiva viru\u0219ii \u0219i bacteriile (de exemplu, plas\u00e2ndu-i \u00eentr-un mediu de formaldehid\u0103) \u0219i a ar\u0103ta organismului deja cadavrele lor. Exemple \u2013 hepatita A, encefalita cauzat\u0103 de c\u0103pu\u0219e. Sistemul imunitar detecteaz\u0103 \u00een organism cadavrele du\u0219manilor \u0219i \u00eencepe s\u0103 se antreneze pentru a le distruge iar \u0219i iar, deoarece acest \u201ezzzz\u201d nu este \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor. C\u00e2nd o tulpin\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 intr\u0103 \u00een organism, va fi clar ce trebuie f\u0103cut \u00een linii mari, iar apoi r\u0103spunsul imunitar se va adapta foarte rapid pe baza datelor ob\u021binute anterior.<\/li>\n<li>Se pot introduce anatoxine (versiuni sl\u0103bite sau modificate ale toxinelor microorganismelor) \u2013 astfel protec\u021bia organismului va \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba s\u0103 lupte cu efectele ac\u021biunii bacteriilor, oferind un timp mult mai mare pentru formarea contram\u0103surilor \u00een cazul infect\u0103rii. Va rezulta c\u0103 simptomele bolii nu v\u0103 afecteaz\u0103, iar organismul se ocup\u0103 lini\u0219tit \u0219i calm de patogeni, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi c\u0103 ace\u0219tia au fost prezen\u021bi. Acesta este, de exemplu, tetanosul. <\/li>\n<li>Tot ce este nou \u0219i se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een categoria \u201ehigh-tech\u201d \u2013 sunt modificatori ai complexelor genetice (pentru ca un anumit protein, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 func\u021bia principal\u0103, s\u0103 taie ADN-ul patogenului, de exemplu), vaccinuri moleculare (c\u00e2nd organismului i se ofer\u0103, de fapt, o semn\u0103tur\u0103 de ADN\/RNA \u00een stare pur\u0103) \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Exemple de vaccinuri moleculare \u2013 hepatita B (cojile viru\u0219ilor f\u0103r\u0103 nucleu), virusul papiloma uman \u0219i meningococii. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nV\u0103 rug\u0103m s\u0103 observa\u021bi c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 \u00eentre tipul de vaccin \u0219i efectele sale secundare. Vi se poate p\u0103rea c\u0103 un patogen viu real va fi mai periculos dec\u00e2t un vaccin molecular, dar nu este a\u0219a. Acela\u0219i vaccin pentru febra galben\u0103 este considerat unul dintre cele mai sigure: \u0219ansele de efecte secundare sunt foarte greu de distins de erorile statistice ale metodelor de m\u0103surare. <\/p>\n<h2>Ce efecte secundare exist\u0103?<\/h2>\n<p>\nCea mai frecvent\u0103 situa\u021bie este reac\u021bia alergic\u0103. De exemplu, vaccinul \u00eempotriva hepatitei B poate agrava alergia la aluatul cu drojdie. Exist\u0103 \u0219i reac\u021bii mai complexe, dar, \u00een general, toate sunt reversibile. Pentru efectele ireversibile (severe) se \u00eentocme\u0219te o statistic\u0103 detaliat\u0103, iar vaccinul nu este aprobat pentru utilizare dac\u0103 riscul specific pentru individ de a contracta boala, cu toate probabilit\u0103\u021bile de infectare, de a o suporta, de a se trata \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe, este mai mic dec\u00e2t riscul complica\u021biilor. Cu alte cuvinte, este \u00eentotdeauna ra\u021bional s\u0103 folose\u0219ti vaccinul atunci c\u00e2nd este recomandat \u00een regiune. <\/p>\n<p>Cea mai mare parte a efectelor secundare sunt legate de faptul c\u0103 introduci \u00een organism un virus sl\u0103bit, toxine, de\u0219euri moleculare \u0219i alte substan\u021be exogene. Pentru a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba sistemul imunitar s\u0103 lupte, mai \u00eent\u00e2i trebuie s\u0103-l zguduie pu\u021bin. Acesta va r\u0103spunde, iar \u00een acest proces ar putea suferi \u0219i mobilierul. Dar aceasta este o parte necesar\u0103 a instruirii pentru ap\u0103rare. <\/p>\n<h2>Vaccinul ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 doar asupra unei tulpini?<\/h2>\n<p>\nNu chiar. Compara\u021bia cu analiza prin semn\u0103tur\u0103 este oarecum gre\u0219it\u0103. Sistemul imunitar construie\u0219te ceva asem\u0103n\u0103tor unui hash perceptual. Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103, dac\u0103 e\u0219ti vaccinat \u00eempotriva uneia dintre tulpinile gripei, atunci c\u00e2nd e\u0219ti infectat cu alta, r\u0103spunsul imunitar se va forma mai repede. Adic\u0103 riscul de complica\u021bii este mai mic, iar intensitatea simptomelor mai slab\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Virusul gripal seam\u0103n\u0103 cu o minge din care ies glicoproteine \u0219i proteine superficiale. Cele mai importante (hemaglutinina \u0219i neuraminidaza) sunt men\u021bionate \u00een numele tulpinii, de exemplu H1N1. Gripa poate muta printr-o dintre proteine \u0219i se poate transforma \u00een H2N1. Atunci, coinciden\u021ba va fi par\u021bial\u0103 \u0219i organismul va reac\u021biona doar mai pu\u021bin activ. Poate avea loc \u0219i un \u201eshift\u201d c\u00e2nd ambele proteine se schimb\u0103, de exemplu, \u00een H2N3. Atunci va trebui s\u0103 recuno\u0219ti amenin\u021barea aproape de la \u00eenceput.<\/p>\n<p>Aten\u021bie, acest lucru se refer\u0103 la tulpini similare ale acelea\u0219i boli. \u00cen cazul meningitei, de exemplu, este vorba despre agen\u021bi patogeni complet diferi\u021bi, iar diferite vaccinuri te protejeaz\u0103 de diverse seturi de meningococi. Iar meningita \u00een sine poate fi cauzat\u0103 de sute de alte motive. <\/p>\n<p>Deci, \u00een general, vaccinul con\u021bine una sau mai multe tulpini ale celui mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit tip de patogen. El ajut\u0103 la dezvoltarea imunit\u0103\u021bii \u00eempotriva acestora \u0219i a versiunilor lor apropiate, acceler\u00e2nd timpul de reac\u021bie la versiunile lor pu\u021bin mai \u00eendep\u0103rtate.<\/p>\n<h2>Ce s\u0103 faci \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie?<\/h2>\n<p>\nPrimul pas \u2014 \u00eenainte de a cump\u0103ra biletul, consult\u0103 recomand\u0103rile pentru \u021bara respectiv\u0103 de la operatorul turistic sau de altundeva. Cel mai bine este s\u0103 nu folose\u0219ti noti\u021bele pe care \u021bi le vor da \u00een agen\u021bia de turism, ci recomand\u0103rile actuale ale Organiza\u021biei Mondiale a S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii. De asemenea, are sens s\u0103 verifici sinteza referitoare la \u021bar\u0103 de la aceea\u0219i O.M.S.: acolo sunt men\u021bionate ultimele focare de infec\u021bii \u0219i consecin\u021bele acestora. Verific\u0103 cerin\u021bele de biosecuritate ale \u021b\u0103rii de destina\u021bie. De exemplu, dac\u0103 ai un zbor cu escal\u0103 \u00een Africa, s-ar putea s\u0103 \u021bi se cear\u0103 o vaccinare \u00eempotriva unui patogen specific aeroportului de transfer. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen unele cazuri, f\u0103r\u0103 un document care s\u0103 ateste vaccinarea, s-ar putea s\u0103 nu fii admis \u00een anumite \u021b\u0103ri \u2014 este necesar s\u0103 verifici din timp. De obicei, aceasta este fie o cerin\u021b\u0103 pentru ob\u021binerea vizei, fie o situa\u021bie epidemiologic\u0103 actual\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>O alternativ\u0103 ar fi s\u0103 mergi la medic \u0219i s\u0103 te consul\u021bi cu el. Este mai bine s\u0103 nu te duci la medicul de familie, ci la un specialist \u00een boli infec\u021bioase din spitalul care prime\u0219te pacien\u021bi de la zboruri. Recomand\u0103rile sale vor fi bazate pe aproximativ acelea\u0219i surse, dar le va interpreta cu siguran\u021b\u0103 mai corect \u0219i le va aplica la starea ta, \u021bin\u00e2nd cont de anamneza colectat\u0103. Speciali\u0219tii \u00een vaccin\u0103ri \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torii din Moscova, de exemplu, sunt disponibili la Institutul Mar\u021binovski.<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, ai primit o list\u0103 cu vaccin\u0103rile obligatorii \u0219i recomandate. Mai departe, doar tu decizi dac\u0103 s\u0103 urmezi aceste recomand\u0103ri sau nu. De exemplu, po\u021bi decide c\u0103, dac\u0103 pe drum nu \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219ti animale, nu trebuie s\u0103 te vaccinezi \u00eempotriva rabiei. Este dreptul t\u0103u. Dar \u00ee\u021bi reamintesc: O.M.S. elaboreaz\u0103 recomand\u0103ri pentru c\u0103l\u0103tori pe baza statisticilor. \u0218i dac\u0103 este scris c\u0103 este mai bine s\u0103 te vaccinezi, atunci este mai bine s\u0103 o faci. <\/p>\n<h2>Voi veni cu c\u00e2teva zile \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie, m\u0103 voi vaccina \u0219i totul va fi \u00een regul\u0103?<\/h2>\n<p>\nNu.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, timpul de dezvoltare a anticorpilor variaz\u0103 de la c\u00e2teva zile la 3\u20134 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni (aceasta este pentru prima serie, poate dura \u0219i mai mult). <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, unele vaccinuri se administreaz\u0103 \u00een cure de 2\u20133 ori. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, nu toate vaccinurile sunt compatibile \u00eentre ele, adic\u0103 nu po\u021bi s\u0103 te vaccinezi cu toate deodat\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Aceasta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 te duci pentru vaccin\u0103ri cu trei s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie, dac\u0103 ai nevoie de c\u00e2teva noi propriet\u0103\u021bi \u00een organism, \u0219i cu \u0219ase luni \u00eenainte, dac\u0103 este vizita ta prima \u00eentr-o \u021bar\u0103 tropical\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Iat\u0103 pagina cu recomand\u0103rile O.M.S. pentru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/travel\/destinations\/traveler\/none\/russia\">c\u0103l\u0103torii \u00een Rusia din nic\u0103ieri<\/a><\/noindex> (f\u0103r\u0103 focare periculoase pe drum):<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FAQ: ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie un c\u0103l\u0103tor geek despre vaccin\u0103ri \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c8c7a5f16294db9778f63816e94ddaa9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nEste foarte bine s\u0103 verifica\u021bi vaccin\u0103rile la departamentul consular al Ministerului de Externe. Lista complet\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kdmid.ru\/docs.aspx\">a \u021b\u0103rilor<\/a><\/noindex> este aici. Acolo pute\u021bi verifica \u0219i alte caracteristici ale \u021b\u0103rii. <\/p>\n<p>De exemplu, pentru <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kdmid.ru\/docs.aspx?it=\/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8.aspx&amp;lst=country_wiki\">Somalia<\/a><\/noindex> este necesar vaccinul \u00eempotriva colerei.<\/p>\n<p>Iat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 o <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.privivka.ru\/privivki-vzroslym\/interaktivnaya-karta\/\">hart\u0103.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>\u0218i ce, trebuie s\u0103 ne protej\u0103m de toate acestea \u00een Rusia?<\/h2>\n<p>\nDa. Fi\u021bi aten\u021bi la observa\u021bii \u0219i vectori. Dac\u0103 nu ave\u021bi vaccinul \u00eempotriva encefalitei japoneze \u00een Moscova, nu este nimic grav. Cele mai accesibile focare naturale se g\u0103sesc \u00een Vladivostok, \u0219i nici m\u0103car nu \u00een fiecare an. Dar dac\u0103 merge\u021bi la Vladivostok, merit\u0103 s\u0103 reflecta\u021bi. \u00cen practic\u0103, informa\u021biile despre Rusia de pe site-ul OMS nu sunt foarte precise, deoarece de obicei datele sunt furnizate pentru o \u021bar\u0103 care are un sau dou\u0103 biomi. Avem o patrie foarte s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 setul pentru Baikal va fi diferit de setul pentru Krasnodar sau Arhanghel. <\/p>\n<p>Ce anume trebuie s\u0103 face\u021bi pentru a supravie\u021bui \u00een Rusia depinde de tipul de turism. Dac\u0103 inten\u021biona\u021bi s\u0103 tr\u0103i\u021bi \u00een centrul Moscovei, este suficient s\u0103 v\u0103 vaccina\u021bi \u00eempotriva gripei \u0219i s\u0103 v\u0103 \u201ere\u00eemprosp\u0103ta\u021bi\u201d la timp vaccin\u0103rile pentru copii. Dac\u0103 merge\u021bi \u00een taiga sau face\u021bi o excursie cu caiace, atunci ave\u021bi neap\u0103rat nevoie de vaccinarea \u00eempotriva encefalitei transmise de c\u0103pu\u0219e. Dac\u0103, \u00een schimb, pl\u0103nui\u021bi s\u0103 petrece\u021bi mult timp cu animale sau s\u0103 merge\u021bi \u00een pe\u0219teri, atunci ave\u021bi nevoie de vaccinul \u00eempotriva rabiei (liliacii o transmit). \u0218i dac\u0103 merge\u021bi spre sud sau \u00eentr-un sat f\u0103r\u0103 canalizare, atunci \u00eempotriva hepatitei A. \u00cen plus, hepatita B va fi util\u0103 \u00een caz de acordare de ajutor la un dispensar rural, t\u0103ietur\u0103 \u00eentr-un salon de manichiur\u0103, stomatologie pe drum sau o transfuzie de s\u00e2nge nea\u0219teptat\u0103. A\u021bi c\u0103zut, v-a\u021bi \u00eempiedicat, v-a\u021bi trezit \u2014 hepatita B. <\/p>\n<h2>Vaccinurile sunt valabile pentru totdeauna?<\/h2>\n<p>\nNu. Unele permit dezvoltarea imunit\u0103\u021bii pe via\u021b\u0103, altele sunt eficiente pe termen lung (de exemplu, difteria \u2014 10 ani), unele foarte pe termen scurt (encefalita japonez\u0103 \u2014 1 an). Apoi, eficien\u021ba anticorpilor \u0219i producerea lor scade lent. <\/p>\n<p>Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ar fi o idee bun\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eencepe\u021bi prin actualizarea a ceea ce a\u021bi ratat, apoi s\u0103 ad\u0103uga\u021bi lucruri de baz\u0103 \u201epe termen lung\u201d, iar apoi s\u0103 v\u0103 vaccina\u021bi \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103toriile periculoase. <\/p>\n<h2>Atunci ce s\u0103 facem?<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cencep\u00e2nd de aici \u0219i acum, actualiza\u021bi baza de date a antivirusului. Verifica\u021bi \u00een special toate vaccinurile din schema dvs. de imunizare. Merge\u021bi la medic \u0219i cere\u021bi s\u0103 v\u0103 spun\u0103 ce vaccinuri v\u0103 lipsesc. <\/p>\n<p>De obicei, trebuie s\u0103 actualiza\u021bi vaccinul antitetanic (un set de trei seruri \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 doz\u0103) \u2014 la fiecare 10 ani. Cel mai probabil, ceva din vaccinurile dvs. anterioare a expirat. <\/p>\n<p>Verificarea eficien\u021bei vaccinului este, de fapt, simpl\u0103: \u00een majoritatea cazurilor, pute\u021bi face analize pentru anticorpi specifici \u0219i vede\u021bi dac\u0103 protec\u021bia mai este \u00een vigoare. Numai medicul v\u0103 poate prescrie analiza, deoarece exist\u0103 versiuni \u00abactive\u00bb ale anticorpilor \u0219i versiuni \u00abde lung\u0103 durat\u0103\u00bb. V\u0103 intereseaz\u0103 cele din urm\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Apoi, ad\u0103uga\u021bi vaccinurile esen\u021biale. De obicei, acestea sunt hepatitele A \u0219i B, virusul papilomului uman. <\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103tori\u021bi frecvent \u00een anumite regiuni (sau ve\u021bi merge acolo \u00een urm\u0103torii ani) \u2014 verifica\u021bi vaccinurile pe termen lung, cum ar fi febra galben\u0103 sau tifoidul. <\/p>\n<p>\u0218i abia apoi, ac\u021biona\u021bi \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie conform recomand\u0103rilor OMS, ministerului de externe sau medicului. <\/p>\n<h2>Ce este extrem de recomandat pentru adul\u021bi din aceast\u0103 schem\u0103?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tusea convulsiv\u0103, difteria \u0219i tetanosul \u2014 actualizate la fiecare 10 ani pentru un adult. Vor fi utile \u0219i \u00een Rusia, \u0219i \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. <\/li>\n<li>Hepatita A \u2014 imunitate pe via\u021b\u0103 dup\u0103 cursul de vaccinare. <\/li>\n<li>Hepatita B \u2014 imunitate pe via\u021b\u0103 dup\u0103 curs (dar trebuie verificate titrurile dup\u0103 10 ani). <\/li>\n<li>Rujeola, rubeola, parotita \u2014 actualizate la fiecare 10 ani pentru adul\u021bi.<\/li>\n<li>Varicela \u2014 imunitate pe via\u021b\u0103 dup\u0103 curs sau dup\u0103 boala suferit\u0103 \u00een copil\u0103rie. <\/li>\n<li>Poliomielita \u2014 imunitate pe via\u021b\u0103 dup\u0103 curs. <\/li>\n<li>Infec\u021bia meningococic\u0103 \u2014 imunitate pe via\u021b\u0103, dac\u0103 a\u021bi fost vaccinat dup\u0103 5 ani.<\/li>\n<li>Virusul papilomului uman \u2014 la fiecare 15 ani (la unii exist\u0103 imunitate pe via\u021b\u0103, actualizarea se face dup\u0103 verificarea titrului).<\/li>\n<li>Encefalita cauzat\u0103 de c\u0103pu\u0219e \u2014 la fiecare 3 ani, dac\u0103 v\u0103 place s\u0103 sta\u021bi la foc \u00een Rusia. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Se pot face toate vaccinurile simultan?<\/h2>\n<p>\nNu. \u00centr-un singur ciclu, pute\u021bi ob\u021bine 1\u20133 vaccinuri, apoi trebuie s\u0103 a\u0219tepta\u021bi o lun\u0103 \u00een general p\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103toarele. <\/p>\n<p>Unele vaccinuri pot fi combinate, altele nu. Vaccinurile vii nu se fac de obicei \u00een aceea\u0219i zi. Vaccinurile modificate genetic pot fi administrate \u00eempreun\u0103, dar nu mai mult de trei vaccinuri pe zi pentru a nu suprasolicita organismul. <\/p>\n<p>Vaccin\u0103rile BCG, \u00eempotriva febrei galbene \u0219i vaccinul antirabic (\u00eempotriva rabiei) nu se fac de obicei \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alte vaccinuri sau \u00eentre ele. <\/p>\n<p>Unele vaccinuri nu pot fi administrate \u00een timpul sarcinii. Aceasta se refer\u0103 la vaccinurile vii \u00eempotriva rujeolei, rubeolei, oreionului \u0219i varicelei, care con\u021bin viru\u0219i vii attenua\u021bi. <\/p>\n<p>Majoritatea vaccinurilor pentru copii \u0219i adul\u021bi se diferen\u021biaz\u0103 doar prin dozare. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 dac\u0103 vi se administreaz\u0103 dou\u0103 doze pentru copii \u00een loc de una pentru adul\u021bi, \u00een cele mai multe cazuri este normal. Se consider\u0103 o singur\u0103 dozare.<\/p>\n<p>Nu trebuie s\u0103 abuzezi de vaccinuri. Urmeaz\u0103 doar recomand\u0103rile ra\u021bionale, nu te vaccina pentru orice. Capacitatea sistemului imunitar nu este infinit\u0103, prea mult\u0103 expunere poate fi, de asemenea, o idee proast\u0103. Dac\u0103 ai \u00eendoieli, consult\u0103 un medic.<\/p>\n<h2>Exist\u0103 boli de care te po\u021bi proteja f\u0103r\u0103 vaccin?<\/h2>\n<p>\nDa. \u00cen cazul malariei nu exist\u0103 vaccin, a\u0219a c\u0103 sunt dou\u0103 op\u021biuni \u2014 fie s\u0103 iei medica\u021bie preventiv\u0103, fie s\u0103 te tratezi c\u00e2nd te-ai \u00eemboln\u0103vit. Sau, fie s\u0103 te dai cu un repelent contra \u021b\u00e2n\u021barilor la fiecare or\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 speri c\u0103 ai noroc. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul malariei, ar trebui s\u0103 te ui\u021bi la agen\u021bii patogeni specifici din regiunea de c\u0103l\u0103torie: unii se trateaz\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 probleme, al\u021bii nu. Cei care nu se trateaz\u0103: s-ar putea s\u0103 fie mai bine s\u0103 iei medica\u021bie preventiv\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 supor\u021bi efectele secundare (frecvente \u0219i nu prea pl\u0103cute). Acolo unde astfel de agen\u021bi patogeni nu exist\u0103, poate c\u0103 ar fi mai bine s\u0103 ri\u0219ti \u0219i s\u0103 folose\u0219ti repelent. Decizia \u00ee\u021bi apar\u021bine. C\u00e2nd nu este o epidemie, acestea sunt doar recomand\u0103ri. <\/p>\n<p>Po\u021bi lua medicamente preventiv pentru a nu te infecta cu virusul HIV, dar, sper\u0103m, c\u0103 astfel de c\u0103l\u0103torii nu sunt foarte necesare. <\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, este extrem de recomandat s\u0103 ai la tine o trus\u0103 de prim ajutor, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, \u00een caz c\u0103 ai contactat o infec\u021bie intestinal\u0103 sau parazi\u021bi, scabie sau alte protozoare, s\u0103 ai cu ce s\u0103 te aju\u021bi. Este mai bine s\u0103 o preg\u0103te\u0219ti \u00eempreun\u0103 cu specialistul care \u00ee\u021bi va recomanda vaccin\u0103rile \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie. Sau cu medicul t\u0103u de familie. <\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e2nd este posibil s\u0103 te vaccinezi \u0219i c\u00e2nd nu?<\/h2>\n<p>\nExist\u0103 contraindica\u021bii. \u00cen general, dac\u0103 ai r\u0103cit \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103torie, nu trebuie s\u0103 mergi la medic pentru vaccin \u00een mijlocul r\u0103celii. Dar temperatura de 39 de grade \u0219i alte simptome ale bolii nu \u00eempiedic\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna primirea vaccinului. Acest lucru este valabil mai ales pentru copiii care se \u00eemboln\u0103vesc frecvent. A\u0219adar, consult\u0103-te \u00eentotdeauna cu medicul \u0219i nu ascunde toate st\u0103rile tale \u0219i diagnosticile cronice. <\/p>\n<p>Po\u021bi citi exemple de contraindica\u021bii <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yaprivit.ru\/protivipokazania-k-vaccinacii\/\">aici<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Exist\u0103 foarte pu\u021bine contraindica\u021bii practice pentru a nu face vaccinarea. De exemplu, pentru vaccinurile vii, acestea sunt infec\u021bia cu HIV \u0219i alte tipuri de imunodeficien\u021b\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul bolilor cronice, lista vaccinurilor poate fi mai extins\u0103 dec\u00e2t de obicei, din cauza cre\u0219terii riscurilor specifice. De asemenea, trebuie s\u0103 verifici contraindica\u021biile vaccinurilor specifice. Toate acestea vor fi verificate de medicul de terapie \u00een cadrul consulta\u021biei preventive \u00eenainte de vaccinare la spital. <\/p>\n<h2>Este posibil s\u0103 m\u0103 vaccinez \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate \u00eenainte de o alt\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103torie?<\/h2>\n<p>\nDa. Mai mult, po\u021bi cump\u0103ra vaccinul de undeva dintr-o farmacie, fie la noi, fie \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, \u0219i s\u0103-l aduci la spitalul t\u0103u pentru a ob\u021bine documentele necesare. Acest lucru este relevant c\u00e2nd vaccinul dorit nu este disponibil \u00een spitalele din ora\u0219ul t\u0103u. Este foarte important s\u0103 verifici cerin\u021bele sanitare ale spitalului pentru transportul vaccinului \u00eenainte de o astfel de opera\u021biune. <\/p>\n<h2>Vaccinurile pentru bolile de care am nevoie sunt diferite. Pe care s\u0103 o aleg?<\/h2>\n<p>\nCea mai simpl\u0103 alegere este \u00eentre un vaccin mai ieftin \u0219i unul mai scump. De obicei, vaccinul mai scump con\u021bine ori un alt principiu de inactivare a patogenului, ori o bibliotec\u0103 mai mare de tulpini, ori exist\u0103 ceva care altfel \u00eei cre\u0219te eficien\u021ba \u0219i reduce probabilitatea efectelor secundare. <\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd exist\u0103 mai multe vaccinuri \u0219i ele sunt de tipuri diferite - este mai bine s\u0103 te consul\u021bi cu medicul sau, \u00een caz extrem, s\u0103 folose\u0219ti op\u021biunea \u201eimplicit\u201d. <\/p>\n<h2>M-am \u00eentors \u0219i m\u0103 simt un pic r\u0103u...<\/h2>\n<p>\nEste mai bine s\u0103 te adresezi acolo unde se vor ocupa cu garan\u021bie s\u0103 verifice dac\u0103 nu e o infec\u021bie ruseasc\u0103, pentru c\u0103 medicul de familie poate fi pus \u00eentr-o situa\u021bie dificil\u0103 timp de c\u00e2teva zile, ceea ce va influen\u021ba dramatic prognoza dezvolt\u0103rii bolii. Cu alte cuvinte, cel mai bine este s\u0103 ajungi (sau s\u0103 fii dus cu \u201eambulan\u021ba\u201d) la un spital de boli infec\u021bioase. Asigur\u0103-te c\u0103 le poveste\u0219ti medicilor unde ai fost \u0219i cu ce te-ai ocupat (de exemplu, ai m\u00e2ncat carne crud\u0103 dup\u0103 re\u021bete locale, ai m\u00e2ng\u00e2iat ni\u0219te lilieci dr\u0103gu\u021bi, ai s\u0103rutat un giraf). Cel mai probabil, ai avut o intoxicare sau o r\u0103ceal\u0103, dar te vor verifica pentru tot ceea ce se potrive\u0219te simptomelor \u2014 de la dengue p\u00e2n\u0103 la malarie. Vor fi c\u00e2teva analize. O s\u0103 fie un pic \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103tor s\u0103 vezi oameni care \u0219i-au scos brusc m\u0103\u0219tile de pe fe\u021be, dar nu va fi foarte dureros \u0219i nu va dura foarte mult. A\u0219a sunt legile \u00een RF, \u0219i, \u00een general, este bine pentru supravie\u021buirea ta personal\u0103. <\/p>\n<h2>Ce se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla cu pasagerii avionului \u00een care a zburat bolnavul?<\/h2>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 te-ai \u00eemboln\u0103vit, mai \u00eent\u00e2i trebuie s\u0103 stabile\u0219ti de la ce. Apoi, ac\u021biunile depind de infec\u021bie. Dac\u0103 a fost malarie, atunci f\u0103r\u0103 prezen\u021ba \u021b\u00e2n\u021barilor la bord, s\u0103 o transmi\u021bi este aproape imposibil (dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 a\u021bi f\u0103cut transfuzie de s\u00e2nge \u00eentre voi, dar atunci mai \u00eent\u00e2i e nevoie de consulta\u021bie psihiatric\u0103). Acela\u0219i lucru este valabil pentru dengue, Zika, chikungunya \u0219i febra galben\u0103. Dar dac\u0103 este vorba de rujeol\u0103 sau infec\u021bie cu meningococ, totul e diferit, \u0219i pot fi luate m\u0103suri. Medicii vor informa Sanepid (Rospotrebnadzor), \u0219i apoi ace\u0219tia vor informa pe toat\u0103 lumea \u0219i vor lua m\u0103suri de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva bioamenin\u021b\u0103rilor. <\/p>\n<h2>Am citit tot, am \u00een\u021beles \u0219i vreau s\u0103 m\u0103 vaccinez \u00eenainte de c\u0103l\u0103toria mea din luna viitoare. Cum pot s\u0103 fac asta?<\/h2>\n<p>\nSun\u0103 la spitalul t\u0103u \u0219i \u00eentreab\u0103 dac\u0103 exist\u0103 vaccin pentru agentul patogen care te intereseaz\u0103. Este disponibil? Spune c\u0103 vrei s\u0103-l prime\u0219ti. Te vor programa pentru o \u00eent\u00e2lnire cu medicul de familie, apoi el te va examina, te va \u00eentreba \u0219i, dac\u0103 nu exist\u0103 contraindica\u021bii, te va trimite la proceduri. Acolo vei primi vaccinul (o injec\u021bie \u00een um\u0103r, de exemplu), apoi \u021bi se va citi lista simptomelor pe care trebuie s\u0103 le urm\u0103re\u0219ti \u00een urm\u0103toarea zi. Apoi, stai o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103 \u00eenaintea cabinetului medicului sau al celor de proceduri. Dup\u0103 o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103, medicul va ie\u0219i, se va asigura c\u0103 nu ai avut un \u0219oc anafilactic \u0219i te va l\u0103sa s\u0103 pleci acas\u0103. Dac\u0103 a fost o injec\u021bie, nu va fi permis s\u0103 o umezi sau s\u0103 o scarpini timp de c\u00e2teva zile. <\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 nu ave\u021bi vaccin \u00een spitalul dumneavoastr\u0103, suna\u021bi la urm\u0103torul care este potrivit. Oricum, cel mai probabil, este un serviciu pl\u0103tit, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu conteaz\u0103 prea mult unde s\u0103-l ob\u021bine\u021bi. Singurul lucru, nu uita\u021bi s\u0103 lua\u021bi documentele de vaccinare \u2014 este mai bine s\u0103 le anexa\u021bi la dosarul dumneavoastr\u0103 principal din spital. <\/p>\n<p>Uneori, documentele trebuie p\u0103strate pentru c\u0103l\u0103torii. De exemplu, dup\u0103 vaccinarea \u00eempotriva febrei galbene, ve\u021bi primi o carte special\u0103 pe care trebuie s\u0103 o ave\u021bi la dumneavoastr\u0103 \u00een Panama. Altfel, ve\u021bi fi l\u0103sa\u021bi \u00een \u021bar\u0103 maxim 12 ore. <\/p>\n<p>Mul\u021bumim consultan\u021bei medicului tropical Victoria Valikova, fondatoarea clinicii de voluntariat Health&amp;Help \u00een <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/he-he.org\">Nicaragua <\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/help.he-he.org\/ru\/guatemala\/\">Guatemala<\/a><\/noindex>. Dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi interesat de clinica ei \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/realnoevremya.ru\/articles\/82365-intervyu-s-vrachom-tropikologom-viktoriey-valikovoy\">linkul este aici<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Iat\u0103 \u0219i alte publica\u021bii de la \u201eTutu.Tours\u201d \u0219i \u201eTutu.Adventures\u201d: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/tuturu\/blog\/428193\/\">despre excursii<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/tuturu\/blog\/441982\/\">yachting \u2014 poate fi ieftin<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/tuturu\/blog\/449998\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0438\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435: \u0423\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24656,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32890","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/faq-chto-nado-znat-puteshestvenniku-giku-pro-privivki-pered-poezdkoj\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in 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