{"id":32930,"date":"2019-10-31T21:49:45","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/amd-byla-osnovana-rovno-50-let-nazad-so-startovym-kapitalom-v-50-tysyach\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:49:45","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:49:45","slug":"amd-byla-osnovana-rovno-50-let-nazad-so-startovym-kapitalom-v-50-tysyach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/amd-byla-osnovana-rovno-50-let-nazad-so-startovym-kapitalom-v-50-tysyach","title":{"rendered":"AMD a fost fondat\u0103 acum exact 50 de ani cu un capital ini\u021bial de 50.000 de dolari.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Industria semiconductorilor este destul de t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103, iar multe dintre companiile mari din acest domeniu au doar c\u00e2teva zeci de ani. Totu\u0219i, exist\u0103 \u0219i veterani care s\u0103rb\u0103toresc jubileul de 50 de ani. Printre acestea se num\u0103r\u0103 Intel (care a s\u0103rb\u0103torit<\/a><\/noindex> 50 de ani de la \u00eenfiin\u021bare anul trecut) \u0219i fostul s\u0103u competitor de lung\u0103 durat\u0103, AMD. Propunem s\u0103 ne amintim c\u00e2teva momente importante din istoria bogat\u0103 a companiei, care a fost fondat\u0103 pe 1 mai 1969, cu sediul \u00een Sunnyvale (California), av\u00e2nd un capital social de doar 50.000 $.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Primul director executiv al AMD, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din septembrie 1969, a fost unul dintre cofondatori, Jerry Sanders, care a condus compania timp de 33 de ani impun\u0103tori, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd a demisionat \u00een aprilie 2002. Compania se m\u00e2ndre\u0219te c\u0103 una dintre cele mai cunoscute fraze ale sale a fost \u201eCeea ce conteaz\u0103 cel mai mult sunt oamenii, iar produsele \u0219i veniturile vor veni de la sine\u201d, pe care AMD continu\u0103 s\u0103 o urmeze \u0219i ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

O realizare important\u0103 a companiei a fost lansarea \u00een septembrie 1970 a primului contor logic binar\/hexazecimal din industrie, Am2501 (o dezvoltare proprie a AMD), care s-a dovedit a fi foarte de succes pe pia\u021b\u0103 \u0219i a constituit un moment de referin\u021b\u0103 \u00een industria \u00een ansamblu. Au trecut \u00eenc\u0103 doi ani, iar \u00een septembrie 1972 compania a devenit public\u0103: au fost emise 500.000 de ac\u021biuni la pre\u021bul de 15,5 $ fiecare, atr\u0103g\u00e2nd 7,2 milioane de dolari \u00een cadrul ofertei publice ini\u021biale de valori mobiliare.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen primii ani de existen\u021b\u0103, AMD, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 propriile cipuri, a fabricat \u0219i procesoare pe baz\u0103 de licen\u021b\u0103. De exemplu, \u00een 1975, compania a semnat un acord de licen\u021biere cu Intel \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 produc\u0103 primul s\u0103u procesor pentru PC (am9080, echivalent cu Intel 8080), dezvoltat de AMD pe baza ingineriei inverse, care era compatibil cu originalul din punct de vedere al setului de instruc\u021biuni, dar \u00eel dep\u0103\u0219ea cu 40 % \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te performan\u021ba.<\/p>\n

<\/center>
\n\"AMD<\/p>\n

O etap\u0103 important\u0103 pentru companie a fost semnarea \u00een 1982 a unui acord cu IBM, prin care AMD a devenit al doilea furnizor de microprocesoare pentru IBM PC cu arhitectura iAPX86. \u00cen februarie 1986, AMD a lansat primul cip EPROM programabil din lume de un megabit (65K \u00d7 16 bi\u021bi), produs printr-un proces tehnologic unic AMD CMOS. Produsul le-a permis produc\u0103torilor s\u0103 creeze mai repede prototipuri \u0219i s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i ajusteze solu\u021biile pentru diverse pie\u021be.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen martie 1991, AMD a prezentat familia de procesoare Am386, compatibile cu procesoarele de 32 de bi\u021bi cu arhitectura 80386 - acestea au fost populare ca alternative mai accesibile la solu\u021biile Intel. \u00cen aprilie 1993, a fost lansat pe pia\u021b\u0103 Am486, care dep\u0103\u0219ea alternativa Intel \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te performan\u021ba cu 20 %, av\u00e2nd acela\u0219i pre\u021b. Toate acestea au fost practic clone ale solu\u021biilor Intel.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen martie 1996 a avut loc debutul celebrelor procesoare AMD-K5 de 350 nm, primul procesor x86 dezvoltat independent, compatibil cu suportul concurentului, dar bazat pe arhitectura RISC. Instruc\u021biunile obi\u0219nuite erau re-codificate \u00een microinstruc\u021biuni, ceea ce a ajutat semnificativ la cre\u0219terea performan\u021bei. Dar AMD nu a reu\u0219it de data aceasta s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 Intel \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te frecven\u021ba.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Lansarea cipurilor AMD-K6 \u00een aprilie 1997 a permis reducerea costului PC-urilor sub prima barier\u0103 psihologic\u0103 de 1000 $. La baza acestor cipuri de 250 nm st\u0103teau lucr\u0103rile companiei NextGen \u0219i alte arhitecturi RISC bazate pe Nx686. AMD a mizat pe raportul pre\u021b-performan\u021b\u0103, deoarece nu a reu\u0219it s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 Pentium II. Arhitectura K6 a fost \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103 de mai multe ori (\u00een K6 II au fost ad\u0103ugate seturi de instruc\u021biuni sub numele de tehnologia 3DNow!, iar \u00een K6 III - cache L2).<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, adev\u0103ratul salt al AMD a avut loc \u00een iunie 1999 cu lansarea procesoarelor din a \u0219aptea genera\u021bie, celebrele Athlon, care au permis companiei s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 suprema\u021bia \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te performan\u021ba fa\u021b\u0103 de Intel. Acestea au fost, de asemenea, primele procesoare \u00een produc\u021bia c\u0103rora s-a folosit cupru \u00een loc de aluminiu.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen martie 2000 a fost lansat Athlon 1000, care a atins pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een industrie cota de 1 GHz frecven\u021b\u0103 de ceas. Iar \u00een iunie 2001 a \u00eenceput era procesoarelor multicore moderne cu lansarea Athlon MP. De altfel, Athlon MP a fost prima solu\u021bie AMD creat\u0103 cu privire la pia\u021ba servere<\/a> \u0219i sta\u021biilor de lucru.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Pe 25 aprilie 2002, Hector Ruiz, care lucra \u00een companie din ianuarie 2000 ca director de opera\u021biuni \u0219i pre\u0219edinte, a devenit noul director executiv al AMD. Anterior, el a condus sectorul produselor semicondutori la Motorola. \u00cen ianuarie 2003, el a semnat un acord strategic cu IBM pentru dezvoltarea tehnologiilor de produc\u021bie utiliz\u00e2nd structuri \u0219i materiale avansate, inclusiv tranzistori SOI (silicon pe izolator), conexiuni din cupru \u0219i izolatori \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi\u021bi cu o constant\u0103 dielectric\u0103 sc\u0103zut\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen aprilie 2003, a fost lansat primul procesor x86 din lume cu arhitectur\u0103 pe 64 de bi\u021bi, care a devenit deja standard. Acesta a fost procesorul server AMD Opteron bazat pe AMD64. \u00cen septembrie, utilizatorii de PC-uri au primit, de asemenea, cipuri pe 64 de bi\u021bi sub forma Athlon 64 FX, care erau considerate cele mai avansate \u0219i puternice procesoare pentru consumatori de pe pia\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Un alt moment istoric a avut loc \u00een octombrie 2006, odat\u0103 cu achizi\u021bia companiei ATI Technologies pentru 5,4 miliarde de dolari, unul dintre cei mai importanti produc\u0103tori de pl\u0103ci video de la acea vreme. Aceast\u0103 echip\u0103, care s-a schimbat treptat, este responsabil\u0103 pentru toate GPU-urile ulterioare emise sub marca Radeon. Pl\u0103cile video au devenit o parte foarte important\u0103 a afacerii companiei, iar acest nou sector de pia\u021b\u0103 a ajutat la supravie\u021buirea unei perioade dificile.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen septembrie 2007, a fost lansat primul procesor cu patru nuclee din lume pe un singur cip, AMD Opteron. De asemenea, a fost dotat cu tehnologia Rapid Virtualization Indexing pentru sarcini de virtualizare. \u00cen iunie 2008, AMD a prezentat FireStream 9250, primul GPU care a dep\u0103\u0219it pragul de 1 teraflop de performan\u021b\u0103 de calcul. Aceasta a fost o solu\u021bie specializat\u0103 pentru calcule de \u00eenalt\u0103 paralelism de uz general.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen luna iulie 2008, AMD a schimbat din nou directorul executiv \u0219i pre\u0219edintele \u2014 Dirk Meyer, care a lucrat \u00een companie din 1995 \u0219i a contribuit la procesorul original Athlon. Din p\u0103cate pentru companie, \u00een perioada \u00een care el a fost la conducere, multe direc\u021bii promi\u021b\u0103toare au fost \u00eenchise pentru optimizarea costurilor, inclusiv dezvoltarea sistemelor mobile pe chip bazate pe ARM \u2014 \u00een ianuarie 2009, Qualcomm a achizi\u021bionat Imageon IP (grafica mobil\u0103 ATI) \u0219i continu\u0103 s\u0103 o dezvolte activ \u00een GPU-urile sale Adreno (numele acesta este un anagram\u0103 a Radeon).<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen martie 2009, compania a decis s\u0103 se concentreze pe dezvoltarea de cipuri, dedic\u00e2nd produc\u021bia unei noi \u00eentreprinderi comune cu arabii de la ATIC, GlobalFoundries. Aceasta a existat destul de succes, dar recent proprietarii s\u0103i au renun\u021bat la competi\u021bia cu TSMC, Samsung \u0219i al\u021bi mari produc\u0103tori de semiconductori pe baz\u0103 de contract \u0219i au suspendat lucr\u0103rile pentru adoptarea normelor avansate de 7 nm.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Pl\u0103cile grafice cu frecven\u021be de peste 1 GHz nu mai impresioneaz\u0103 pe nimeni ast\u0103zi, dar primul astfel de produs a fost ATI Radeon HD 4890, lansat\u0103 \u00een mai 2009, care a fost disponibil\u0103 \u00een versiuni cu overclocking din fabric\u0103 al GPU-ului p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1 GHz \u0219i cu r\u0103cire pe aer. \u00cen septembrie 2009, a fost prezentat\u0103 tehnologia ATI Eyefinity, care a oferit posibilitatea de a conecta p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u0219ase monitoare de \u00eenalt\u0103 rezolu\u021bie la o singur\u0103 plac\u0103 grafic\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Achizi\u021bia ATI a fost \u00een mare parte motivat\u0103 de dorin\u021ba de a integra eficient GPU-ul \u0219i CPU-ul \u00eentr-un singur produs, iar \u00een iunie 2010 AMD a prezentat la Computex 2010 primul s\u0103u procesor accelerat. Iar \u00een ianuarie 2011, primul APU pe un singur cip a fost lansat pe pia\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen august 2011, conducerea companiei a fost preluat\u0103 de Rory Read, care a venit de la un post similar din cadrul Lenovo Group. \u00cen iunie 2012, pentru motive de securitate (\u00een special, pentru diverse pl\u0103\u021bi online), a fost integrat \u00een procesoarele AMD un nucleu special bazat pe tehnologia ARM TrustZone. Totu\u0219i, Read nu a r\u0103mas mult timp \u00een func\u021bie \u2014 \u00een octombrie 2014, compania a fost preluat\u0103 de actualul s\u0103u lider, Lisa Su.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen 2012, AMD a prezentat o nou\u0103 arhitectur\u0103 grafic\u0103, Graphics Core Next (GCN). Prima plac\u0103 grafic\u0103 a fost Radeon HD 7770. \u00cen GCN a fost introdus\u0103 suportul pentru adresarea x86 cu un spa\u021biu de adresare unificat pentru CPU \u0219i GPU, au fost folosite instruc\u021biuni RISC SIMD \u00een loc de VLIW MIMD pentru GPGPU \u0219i au fost implementate alte modific\u0103ri. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, aceast\u0103 arhitectur\u0103, care se dezvolt\u0103 constant, este baza acceleratoarelor grafice ale companiei.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

Anume GCN a stat la baza consolelor moderne Xbox One \u0219i PlayStation 4 lansate \u00eentre 2013 \u0219i 2014 \u2014 \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, ambele sisteme folosesc solu\u021bii pe chip AMD similare (cu diferite nuan\u021be), dotate cu 8 nuclee CPU Jaguar \u0219i diverse unit\u0103\u021bi de procesare grafic\u0103. Se consider\u0103 c\u0103 arhitectura GPU cu adev\u0103rat nou\u0103 de la AMD va fi Navi, care este creat\u0103 pentru PS5 \u0219i Xbox Next.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen noiembrie 2014, AMD a prezentat standardul deschis pentru sincronizarea red\u0103rii cadrelor cu rata de refresh a ecranului \u2014 FreeSync, cunoscut \u0219i sub denumirea VESA Adaptive Sync \u0219i, dup\u0103 suportul recent din partea NVIDIA \u00een cadrul compatibilit\u0103\u021bii G-Sync, a devenit, practic, un standard industrial. Tehnologia permite teoretic eliminarea rupturilor de cadre, ob\u021bin\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 o \u00eent\u00e2rziere minim\u0103 de r\u0103spuns \u0219i un mediu de joc mai fluid.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen iunie 2015, compania a lansat prima plac\u0103 grafic\u0103 care combin\u0103 sub un singur ambalaj memorie rapid\u0103 HBM \u0219i GPU \u2014 flagship-ul AMD Radeon R9 Fury X a ob\u021binut o l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 semnificativ mai mare \u0219i a dep\u0103\u0219it de trei ori performan\u021ba pe watt a memoriei GDDR de genera\u021bie anterioar\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

AMD a r\u0103mas\u00een mod constant \u00een urm\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de Intel \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te performan\u021ba CPU-urilor \u00eenc\u0103 de la K10 \u0219i Bulldozer, dar \u00een iunie 2016 a ap\u0103rut o raz\u0103 de speran\u021b\u0103: compania a prezentat pentru prima dat\u0103 un procesor pe o arhitectur\u0103 complet nou\u0103 x86 Zen pentru socket-ul AM4. Acesta a fost un chip cu 8 nuclee \u0219i 16 fire de execu\u021bie, care \u00een decembrie 2016 a evoluat \u00een prima genera\u021bie de procesoare puternice Ryzen, for\u021b\u00e2nd Intel s\u0103 se mobilizeze \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 s\u0103 creasc\u0103 num\u0103rul de nuclee. Nu este surprinz\u0103tor, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere lansarea procesoarelor AMD Threadripper pentru entuzia\u0219ti. \u00cen vara anului 2017, arhitectura Zen a p\u0103truns pe pia\u021ba serverelor datorit\u0103 familiei EPYC.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

\u00cen noiembrie anul trecut, compania a prezentat primul GPU din lume pe 7 nm pentru centre de date, Radeon Instinct MI60 \u0219i MI40 pentru sarcini de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare automat\u0103 \u0219i calcul paralel intensiv. \u00cen acest an, a fost lansat primul Radeon VII pe 7 nm, iar cur\u00e2nd se a\u0219teapt\u0103 lansarea avansat\u0103 a procesoarelor pe 7 nm Ryzen 3000 bazate pe arhitectura Zen 2 \u0219i a pl\u0103cilor video pe 7 nm bazate pe GPU Navi. \u00cen general, AMD se afl\u0103 pe un trend ascendent, iar compania cu o jum\u0103tate de secol de istorie are multe surprize interesante pe care le preg\u0103te\u0219te, precum platforma Google Stadia.<\/p>\n

\"AMD<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\t\t\t\t


\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/center>
Sursa: 3dnews.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u041d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0438. \u041a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f Intel (\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 50 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443) \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 AMD. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24692,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32930","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47AMD a fost fondat\u0103 acum exact 50 de ani, cu un capital ini\u021bial de 50.000 de dolari | ProHoster","description":"Industria semiconductoarelor este destul de t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103, iar multe dintre companiile mari au doar c\u00e2teva zeci de ani. 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