{"id":32975,"date":"2019-10-31T21:50:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:50:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:01","slug":"chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly","title":{"rendered":"Ce se aude pe radio? Recepem \u0219i decodific\u0103m cele mai interesante semnale.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Salut, Habr.<\/p>\n

Este deja secolul XXI, iar p\u0103rea c\u0103 putem transmite date \u00een calitate HD chiar \u0219i pe Marte. Totu\u0219i, \u00een radio mai func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 multe dispozitive interesante \u0219i putem auzi multe semnale fascinante. <\/p>\n

\"Ce
\n
\nS\u0103 le analiz\u0103m pe toate este, desigur, imposibil; s\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 alegem cele mai interesante, cele care pot fi primite \u0219i decodificate singuri cu ajutorul unui computer. Pentru a primi semnalele, vom folosi un receptor online olandez. WebSDR<\/a><\/noindex>, decodorul MultiPSK \u0219i programul Virtual Audio Cable.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pentru comoditate, vom prezenta semnalele \u00een ordine cresc\u0103toare a frecven\u021bei. Nu voi analiza sta\u021biile de radiodifuziune, deoarece sunt plictisitoare \u0219i banale; oricine poate asculta Radio China \u00een AM. S\u0103 trecem la semnalele mai interesante.<\/p>\n

Semnalele de timp exact<\/h2>\n

\nPe frecven\u021ba de 77.5 kHz (banda de unde lungi) se transmit semnale de timp exact de la sta\u021bia german\u0103 DCF77. Despre acestea a fost un articol separat<\/a><\/noindex>, a\u0219a c\u0103 pot doar s\u0103 repet pe scurt c\u0103 este un semnal simplu ca structur\u0103, \u00een modulare de amplitudine \u2014 difere\u021bi timpi codific\u0103 '1' \u0219i '0', astfel, \u00eentr-o minut se prime\u0219te un cod de 58 de bi\u021bi.
\n\"Ce
\n<\/p>\n

130-140 kHz \u2014 telemetria re\u021belelor electrice<\/h2>\n

\nPe aceste frecven\u021be, dac\u0103 ne credem site-ului radioscanner<\/a><\/noindex>, se transmit semnale de control pentru re\u021belele electrice din Germania.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nSemnalul este suficient de puternic \u0219i, conform recenziilor, poate fi recep\u021bionat chiar \u0219i \u00een Australia. Poate fi decodat \u00een MultiPSK, dac\u0103 set\u0103m parametrii a\u0219a cum este prezentat \u00een captura de ecran.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nLa ie\u0219ire, vom ob\u021bine pachete de date, structura lor fiind, desigur, necunoscut\u0103. Cei interesa\u021bi pot experimenta \u0219i analiza \u00een timpul liber. Din punct de vedere tehnic, semnalul este foarte simplu, metoda se nume\u0219te FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) \u0219i const\u0103 \u00een formarea unei secven\u021be de bi\u021bi prin schimbarea frecven\u021bei de transmisie. Acela\u0219i semnal, \u00een form\u0103 spectral\u0103 \u2014 bi\u021bii pot fi num\u0103ra\u021bi chiar \u0219i manual.
\n\"Ce
\n<\/p>\n

Teletyper meteorologic<\/h2>\n

\nPe spectrul de mai sus, foarte aproape, pe frecven\u021ba de 147 kHz se vede un alt semnal. Aceasta este sta\u021bia DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst) din Germania, care transmite rapoarte meteorologice pentru nave. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 aceast\u0103 frecven\u021b\u0103, semnalele sunt transmise \u0219i pe 11039 \u0219i 14467 kHz. <\/p>\n

Rezultatul decodific\u0103rii este prezentat \u00een captura de ecran.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nPrincipul de codare al telegraph-ului este similar cu FSK; interesul aici este codarea textului. Este un cod de 5 bi\u021bi, realizat prin codul Bodo<\/a><\/noindex>, \u0219i are o istorie de aproape 100 de ani.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nSe pare c\u0103 un cod similar a fost folosit \u0219i pe fasii de perforare, iar telegramele sunt trimise din anii '60, \u0219i, dup\u0103 cum se poate observa, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i \u00een prezent. Desigur, pe un vas real, semnalul nu este decodat cu ajutorul unui computer \u2014 exist\u0103 receptoare speciale care \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 semnalul \u0219i \u00eel afi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe ecran.
\n\"Ce
\n
\n\u00cen general, chiar \u0219i av\u00e2nd comunica\u021bii prin satelit \u0219i internet, transmiterea datelor \u00een acest mod r\u0103m\u00e2ne un mijloc simplu, de \u00eencredere \u0219i ieftin. Desigur, se poate presupune c\u0103, la un moment dat, aceste sisteme vor ie\u0219i din istorie \u0219i vor fi complet \u00eenlocuite de servicii digitale. A\u0219adar, cei care doresc s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 un semnal de acest tip nu ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rzie prea mult. <\/p>\n

Meteofax<\/h2>\n

\nUn alt semnal legacy cu o istorie aproape la fel de \u00eendelungat\u0103. \u00cen acest semnal, imaginea este transmis\u0103 \u00een form\u0103 analogic\u0103<\/i> cu o vitez\u0103 de 120 de linii pe minut (exist\u0103 \u0219i alte valori, de exemplu, 60 sau 240 LPM), pentru codarea luminozit\u0103\u021bii se folose\u0219te modularea de frecven\u021b\u0103 \u2014 luminozitatea fiec\u0103rei puncte din imagine este propor\u021bional\u0103 cu schimbarea frecven\u021bei. Aceast\u0103 schem\u0103 simpl\u0103 a permis transmiterea imaginilor \u0219i \u00een acele vremuri c\u00e2nd pu\u021bini auziser\u0103 de \u201esemnale digitale\u201d.<\/p>\n

O sta\u021bie popular\u0103 \u00een partea european\u0103, convenabil\u0103 pentru recep\u021bie, este deja men\u021bionata sta\u021bie german\u0103 DWD (Deutche Wetterdienst), care transmite mesaje pe frecven\u021bele 3855, 7880 \u0219i 13882 KHz. O alt\u0103 organiza\u021bie, ai c\u0103rei faxi pot fi u\u0219or recep\u021biona\u021bi, este Joint Operational Meteorology and Oceanography Centre din Marea Britanie, care transmit semnale pe frecven\u021bele 2618, 4610, 6834, 8040, 11086, 12390 \u0219i 18261 KHz.<\/p>\n

Pentru a recep\u021biona semnalele HF Fax, trebuie s\u0103 folosi\u021bi modul de recep\u021bie USB; pentru decodare se poate utiliza MultiPSK. Rezultatul primirii prin receptorul websdr este prezentat \u00een imagine:
\n\"Ce
\n
\nAceast\u0103 imagine a fost recep\u021bionat\u0103 chiar \u00een timpul redact\u0103rii textului. Se poate observa c\u0103 liniile verticale sunt shiftate \u2014 protocolul este analogic, iar precizia sincroniz\u0103rii este critic\u0103; chiar \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2rzierile mici ale sunetului provoac\u0103 deplasarea imaginii. \u00cen utilizarea unui receptor \u201ereal\u201d, acest efect nu va ap\u0103rea.<\/p>\n

Desigur, la fel ca \u00een cazul teleimprimatelor meteorologice, nu exist\u0103 computere care s\u0103 decodeze faxurile pe nave \u2014 exist\u0103 receptoare specializate (un exemplu de imagine din \u00eenceputul articolului) care fac toat\u0103 treaba automat.<\/p>\n

STANAG 4285<\/h2>\n

\nS\u0103 examin\u0103m acum un standard mai modern de transmisie a datelor pe unde scurte \u2014 modemul Stanag 4285. Acest format a fost dezvoltat pentru NATO \u0219i exist\u0103 \u00een diverse variante. Se bazeaz\u0103 pe modularea \u00een faz\u0103, parametrii semnalului pot varia, dup\u0103 cum se poate observa din tabel, viteza poate fi \u00eentre 75 \u0219i 2400 bi\u021bi\/s. Acest lucru poate p\u0103rea pu\u021bin, dar av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere mediu de transmisie \u2014 undele scurte, cu stagn\u0103ri \u0219i interferen\u021be, este un rezultat destul de bun.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nProgramul MultiPSK poate decodifica STANAG, dar \u00een 95% din cazuri, rezultatul decod\u0103rii va fi doar \u201egunoaie\u201d \u2014 formatul \u00eens\u0103 ofer\u0103 doar un protocol de nivel inferior pe bi\u021bi, iar datele propriu-zise pot fi criptate sau pot avea un format propriu. Unele semnale, totu\u0219i, pot fi decodificate, de exemplu, \u00eenregistrarea de mai jos pe frecven\u021ba de 8453 kHz. Nu am reu\u0219it s\u0103 decodific vreun semnal prin receptorul websdr, probabil c\u0103 transmiterea online afecteaz\u0103 structura datelor. Cei interesa\u021bi pot desc\u0103rca fi\u0219ierul de la receptorul real prin link. cloud.mail.ru\/public\/JRZs\/gH581X71s<\/a><\/noindex>. Rezultatele decod\u0103rii \u00een MultiPSK sunt prezentate \u00een captura de ecran de mai jos. Dup\u0103 cum se poate observa, viteza pentru aceast\u0103 \u00eenregistrare este de 600 bps, iar con\u021binutul pare s\u0103 fie un fi\u0219ier textual.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nEste interesant c\u0103, dup\u0103 cum se poate observa \u00een panorama, exist\u0103 \u00eentr-adev\u0103r foarte multe astfel de semnale \u00een eter:
\n\"Ce
\n
\nDesigur, nu toate dintre ele pot fi asociate cu STANAG \u2014 pe principii similare exist\u0103 \u0219i alte protocoale. De exemplu, se poate men\u021biona decodificarea unui semnal. Thales HF Modem<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

La fel ca \u0219i \u00een cazul altor semnale discutate, pentru recep\u021bia \u0219i transmisia real\u0103 se folosesc dispozitive specializate. De exemplu, pentru modemul prezentat \u00een fotografie. NSGDatacom 4539<\/a><\/noindex> vine cu o vitez\u0103 de la 75 la 9600 bps, cu o l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 a semnalului de 3 kHz.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nViteza de 9600, desigur, nu este foarte impresionant\u0103, dar av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 semnalele pot fi transmise chiar \u0219i din jungl\u0103 sau dintr-o nav\u0103 pe ocean, f\u0103r\u0103 a pl\u0103ti nimic operatorului de telefonie pentru trafic, nu este chiar at\u00e2t de r\u0103u.<\/p>\n

S\u0103 ne uit\u0103m mai atent la panorama de mai sus. \u00cen st\u00e2nga vedem... corect, vechea \u0219i bun\u0103 alfabetul Morse. A\u0219adar, trecem la urm\u0103torul semnal.<\/p>\n

Codul Morse (CW)<\/h2>\n

\nPe frecven\u021ba de 8423 kHz, \u00eel auzim exact pe el. Arta recep\u021biei auditive a alfabetului Morse este aproape complet pierdut\u0103 acum, a\u0219a c\u0103 vom folosi MultiPSK (de fapt, decodific\u0103 modest, programul CW Skimmer se descurc\u0103 mult mai bine).
\n\"Ce
\n
\nDup\u0103 cum se poate observa, se transmite un text repetitiv DE SVO, dac\u0103 credem site-ului radioscanner<\/a><\/noindex>, sta\u021bia este situat\u0103 \u00een Grecia. <\/p>\n

Desigur, astfel de semnale sunt deja rare, dar \u00eenc\u0103 exist\u0103. Un exemplu ar fi o sta\u021bie care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 de mult timp la 4331 kHz, care transmite semnale repetate \u201cVVV DE E4X4XZ\u201d. Dup\u0103 cum sugereaz\u0103 Google, sta\u021bia apar\u021bine marinei israeliene. Se transmite ceva pe aceast\u0103 frecven\u021b\u0103? R\u0103spunsul este necunoscut, cei interesa\u021bi pot asculta \u0219i verifica singuri. <\/p>\n

Buzzerul (\u0423\u0412\u0411-76)<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cencheie topul nostru probabil cel mai cunoscut semnal \u2014 cunoscut at\u00e2t \u00een Rusia, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een afara acesteia, semnalul de pe frecven\u021ba 4625 kHz.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nSemnalul este folosit pentru a alerta trupele \u0219i const\u0103 \u00een tonuri repetate, \u00eentre care uneori se transmit fraze codificate dintr-un caiet de codificare (cuvinte abstracte precum \u201e\u041a\u0420\u041e\u041b\u0418\u0421\u0422\u201d sau \u201e\u0411\u0420\u0410\u041c\u0418\u0420\u041a\u0410\u201d). Unii afirm\u0103 c\u0103 au v\u0103zut astfel de receptoare \u00een oficiile de \u00eenrolare, al\u021bii spun c\u0103 face parte din sistemul \u201em\u00e2na moart\u0103\u201d; oricum, semnalul este un magnet pentru fanii Stalker, teoriilor conspira\u021biei, \u201er\u0103zboiului rece\u201d \u0219i altele. Cei interesa\u021bi pot c\u0103uta \u201e\u0423\u0412\u0411-76\u201d \u0219i sunt sigur c\u0103 vor g\u0103si o lectur\u0103 captivant\u0103 pentru sear\u0103 (totu\u0219i, nu este recomandabil s\u0103 lua\u021bi tot ce se scrie \u00een serios). \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, sistemul este destul de interesant, cel pu\u021bin pentru c\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 acum din vremea \u201er\u0103zboiului rece\u201d, de\u0219i este greu de spus dac\u0103 este necesar acum. <\/p>\n

\u00cencheiere<\/h2>\n

\nAceast\u0103 list\u0103 este departe de a fi complet\u0103. Cu ajutorul unui receptor radio, se pot auzi (sau mai bine zis, se pot vedea) semnalele de comunica\u021bie cu submarine, radarele de orizont, semnalele care schimb\u0103 rapid frecven\u021bele \u0219i multe altele. <\/p>\n

Iat\u0103, de exemplu, o imagine realizat\u0103 chiar acum pe frecven\u021ba de 8 MHz, pe care se pot num\u0103ra cel pu\u021bin 5 semnale de diferite tipuri.
\n\"Ce
\n
\nCe reprezint\u0103 ele \u2014 de multe ori este necunoscut, cel pu\u021bin \u00een sursele deschise nu se poate g\u0103si totul (de\u0219i exist\u0103 site-uri precum www.sigidwiki.com\/wiki\/Signal_Identification_Guide<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i www.radioscanner.ro\/base<\/a><\/noindex>). Studiul acestor semnale este interesant at\u00e2t din perspectiva matematicii, program\u0103rii \u0219i a COS-ului, c\u00e2t \u0219i pur \u0219i simplu ca un mod de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba ceva nou despre lumea \u00eenconjur\u0103toare.<\/p>\n

Este interesant \u0219i faptul c\u0103, \u00een ciuda dezvolt\u0103rii Internetului \u0219i a comunica\u021biilor, radioul nu numai c\u0103 nu \u00ee\u0219i pierde terenul, ci, probabil, din contr\u0103 \u2014 posibilitatea de a transmite date direct de la expeditor la destinatar, f\u0103r\u0103 cenzur\u0103, controlul traficului \u0219i urm\u0103rirea pachetelor ar putea deveni (de\u0219i s\u0103 sper\u0103m c\u0103 nu va deveni) din nou actual\u0103...
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440. \u041d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 21\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432 HD-\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24734,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Ce se aude \u00een eterul radio? 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