La fel \u0219i cu taliul \u2014 este extrem de toxic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nA\u0219a c\u0103 au r\u0103mas sodiu \u0219i potasiu. Dar s\u0103 fim sinceri \u2014 propriet\u0103\u021bile tuturor alcaliilor corozive sunt foarte asem\u0103n\u0103toare.<\/p>\n
Hidroxidul de sodiu \u2014 cunoscut sub numele de \u00absod\u0103 caustic\u0103\u00bb \u2014 este cunoscut de to\u021bi. Hidroxidul de potasiu ca aditiv alimentar E525 \u2014 de asemenea. Ca propriet\u0103\u021bi, ambele sunt similare: foarte higroscopice, adic\u0103 absorb ap\u0103, se \u00abtopesc\u00bb \u00een aer. Se solubilizeaz\u0103 bine \u00een ap\u0103, eliber\u00e2nd o cantitate mare de c\u0103ldur\u0103.<\/p>\n
\u00abTopirea\u00bb \u00een aer \u2014 este practic formarea unor solu\u021bii foarte concentrate de alcali. A\u0219a c\u0103, dac\u0103 pui un buc\u0103\u021bel de alcali corozivi pe h\u00e2rtie, piele, unele metale (precum aluminiul) \u2014 dup\u0103 o perioad\u0103 de timp, vei observa c\u0103 materialul a fost destul de m\u00e2ncat! Ceea ce ar\u0103tau \u00een \u00abFight Club\u00bb \u2014 se aseam\u0103n\u0103 cu adev\u0103rul: \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, m\u00e2inile transpirate \u2014 da, \u00een alcali \u2014 va fi dureros! Personal, mi s-a p\u0103rut mai dureros dec\u00e2t cu acid clorhidric (despre care vorbesc mai jos).<\/p>\n
Totu\u0219i, dac\u0103 m\u00e2inile sunt foarte uscate \u2014 cel mai probabil, nu vei sim\u021bi nimic \u00een alcaliul uscat.<\/p>\n
Alcaliile corozive descompun excelent gr\u0103simile \u00een glicerin\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103ruri ale acizilor gra\u0219i \u2014 a\u0219a se fabric\u0103 s\u0103pun (salut, \u00abFight Club!\u00bb). Cu pu\u021bin mai mult timp, dar la fel de eficient, se descompun \u0219i proteinele \u2014 adic\u0103, \u00een principiu, alcaliile dizolv\u0103 carnea, mai ales solu\u021biile concentrate \u2014 \u0219i la \u00eenc\u0103lzire. Un dezavantaj comparativ cu acidul cloric (despre care vorbesc \u0219i eu mai jos) este c\u0103 toate alcaliile absorb dioxidul de carbon din atmosfer\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 puterea va sc\u0103dea treptat. \u00cen plus, alcaliile reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i cu componentele sticlei \u2014 sticla devine tulbure, de\u0219i pentru a o dizolva complet \u2014 trebuie s\u0103 depui efort. <\/p>\n
La alcali corozivi se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 uneori \u0219i hidroxizii de tetraalkilamoniu, de exemplu<\/p>\n
Hidroxid de tetrametilamoniu<\/b>Acid sulfuric<\/h3>\n
\nH2SO4<\/b>
Apropo, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 apa, acidul sulfuric se \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219te considerabil, ceea ce face ca totul s\u0103 fie \u0219i mai intens. Prin urmare, sp\u0103larea cu ap\u0103 este o idee foarte proast\u0103. Mai bine \u2014 cu ulei (sp\u0103la\u021bi, nu freca\u021bi \u2014 \u0219i apoi sp\u0103la\u021bi cu ap\u0103). Sau cu un flux mare de ap\u0103, pentru a r\u0103ci imediat.<\/p>\n
\u201eMai \u00eent\u00e2i apa, apoi acidul \u2014 altfel se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla o mare nenorocire!\u201d \u2014 asta se refer\u0103 exact la acidul sulfuric, de\u0219i dintr-un motiv oarecare, toat\u0103 lumea crede c\u0103 se aplic\u0103 oric\u0103rui acid.<\/p>\n
Fiind un oxidant, acidul sulfuric oxideleaz\u0103 suprafa\u021ba metalelor p\u00e2n\u0103 la oxizi. \u0218i cum interac\u021biunea oxizilor cu acizii se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 cu ajutorul apei ca \u0219i catalizator \u2014 iar acidul sulfuric nu cedeaz\u0103 apa \u2014 se produce un efect numit pasivare: un strat dens, insolubil \u0219i impermeabil de oxid de metal protejeaz\u0103 metalul de dizolvarea ulterioar\u0103.<\/p>\n
Prin acest mecanism, acidul sulfuric concentrat este trimis \u00een locuri \u00eendep\u0103rtate pentru fier \u0219i aluminiu. Este notabil c\u0103, dac\u0103 acidul este diluat \u2014 ap\u0103 apare, \u0219i nu mai este posibil s\u0103 se trimit\u0103 \u2014 metalele se dizolv\u0103.<\/p>\n
Apropo, oxidul de sulf SO3 se dizolv\u0103 \u00een acidul sulfuric, rezult\u00e2nd oleum \u2014 care uneori este scris gre\u0219it ca H2S2O7, \u00eens\u0103 nu este chiar corect. Oleumul are o atrac\u021bie \u0219i mai mare pentru ap\u0103.<\/p>\n
Senza\u021bia de a avea acid sulfuric pe m\u00e2n\u0103: mai \u00eent\u00e2i un pic c\u0103ldu\u021b, apoi pu\u021bin ustur\u0103 \u2014 am sp\u0103lat sub robinet, nimic grav. Nu crede\u021bi filmele, dar nu v\u0103 recomand s\u0103 picura\u021bi pe fa\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n
Organica folose\u0219te adesea cromat de potasiu sau \u201eamestec de crom\u201d \u2014 acesta este bichromat de potasiu dizolvat \u00een acid sulfuric. Practic, este o solu\u021bie de acid cromic, bun\u0103 pentru sp\u0103larea vaselor de resturi organice. Dac\u0103 ajunge pe m\u00e2n\u0103, ustur\u0103 \u0219i el, dar, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, este acid sulfuric plus crom hexavalent toxic. Nu vor ap\u0103rea g\u0103uri pe m\u00e2n\u0103, dec\u00e2t pe haine.<\/p>\n
Autorul acestor r\u00e2nduri cunoa\u0219te un idiot care, \u00een loc de bichromat de potasiu, a folosit permanganat de potasiu. La contactul cu organica, a dat un mic \u201eboom\u201d. Cei prezen\u021bi s-au speriat u\u0219or.<\/p>\n
Acid clorhidric<\/h3>\n \nHCl<\/b>
Atunci c\u00e2nd ajunge pe piele, ustur\u0103 un pic mai tare, subiectiv \u2014 provoac\u0103 \u0219i m\u00e2nc\u0103rime, \u00een plus miroase: dac\u0103 \u00een laborator, f\u0103r\u0103 ventila\u021bie bun\u0103, lucrezi mult cu acid clorhidric concentrat \u2014 dentistul t\u0103u \u00ee\u021bi va spune \u201emul\u021bumesc\u201d: \u00eel \u00eembog\u0103\u021be\u0219ti cu plombe. De altfel, gum\u0103 de mestecat ajut\u0103. Dar nu foarte mult. Mai bine \u2014 ventilatia.<\/p>\n
Deoarece nu este uleios \u0219i nu se \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219te mult cu apa, aciditatea este doar pentru metale, \u0219i nici m\u0103car pentru toate. De asemenea, o\u021belul \u00een acid clorhidric concentrat se pasiveaz\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei spune \u201enu\u201d. Asta se folose\u0219te \u00een transport.<\/p>\n
Acid azotic<\/h3>\n \nHNO3<\/b>
Fiind un oxidant, pasiveaz\u0103 multe metale care se acoper\u0103 cu un film insolubil \u0219i \u00eencep s\u0103 spun\u0103: \u201ela revedere\u201d \u2014 aceasta este crom, fier, aluminiu, cobalt, nichel \u0219i altele. <\/p>\n
Per ansamblu, pielea reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 instantaneu conform principiului reac\u021biei xantoproteinice \u2014 va ap\u0103rea o pat\u0103 galben\u0103, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 tu, %username%, e\u0219ti totu\u0219i compus din proteine! Dup\u0103 un timp, pielea galben\u0103 se va desprinde, asemeni unei arsuri. \u00cen aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie, pi\u0219c\u0103tura este mai pu\u021bin accentuat\u0103 dec\u00e2t cea cu acid clorhidric, de\u0219i mirosul nu este cu nimic mai prejos \u2014 \u0219i de data aceasta este mai toxic: oxizii de azot \u00een suspensie nu sunt foarte buni pentru organism.<\/p>\n
\u00cen chimie se utilizeaz\u0103 a\u0219a-numita \"amestec de nitro\" \u2014 cea mai popular\u0103 const\u0103 din acid sulfuric \u0219i acid azotic. Acesta este utilizat \u00een sinteze, \u00een special pentru ob\u021binerea substan\u021bei vesele \u2014 piroxilin\u0103. \u00cen privin\u021ba corozivit\u0103\u021bii \u2014 este acela\u0219i crompic plus o frumoas\u0103 piele galben\u0103.<\/p>\n
De asemenea, exist\u0103 \"apa regal\u0103\" \u2014 aceasta este un amestec de acid azotic cu trei p\u0103r\u021bi de acid clorhidric. Este folosit\u0103 pentru dizolvarea unor metale, \u00een principal \u2014 metale pre\u021bioase. Metoda de picurare pentru testarea e\u0219antioanelor de aur se bazeaz\u0103 pe diferite propor\u021bii \u0219i ad\u0103ugarea de ap\u0103 \u2014 de altfel, este foarte greu s\u0103-i \u00een\u0219ele pe speciali\u0219ti cu o falsificare. \u00cen privin\u021ba corozivit\u0103\u021bii pentru piele \u2014 aceea\u0219i \"amestec de nitro\" plus un miros \u00eengrozitor, nu \u00eel po\u021bi confunda cu nimic, de asemenea este destul de toxic.<\/p>\n
Exist\u0103 \u0219i \"apa regal\u0103 invers\u0103\" \u2014 c\u00e2nd propor\u021biile sunt inversate, dar aceasta este o specialitate rar\u0103.<\/p>\n
Acid fosforic<\/h3>\n \nH3PO4<\/b>
Acidul ortofosforic concentrat (85%) \u2014 este un fel de sirop. Acidul este mediu, este adesea utilizat \u00een industria alimentar\u0103, de altfel \u2014 atunci c\u00e2nd \u00ee\u021bi pun plombe, suprafa\u021ba dintelui este tratat\u0103 anterior cu acid fosforic.<\/p>\n
Corozivitatea sa nu este foarte mare, dar exist\u0103 un inconvenient nepl\u0103cut: acest sirop se absoarbe bine. A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 picur\u0103 pe haine \u2014 se va absorbi \u0219i apoi va \u00eencepe s\u0103 distrug\u0103 treptat. \u0218i dac\u0103 acidul azotic sau acidul clorhidric va l\u0103sa o pat\u0103 sau o g\u0103uric\u0103 \u2014 atunci de la acidul fosforic, obiectul va \u00eencepe s\u0103 se destrame, mai ales vizibil pe \u00eenc\u0103l\u021b\u0103minte, c\u00e2nd g\u0103urica se sf\u0103r\u00e2m\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd devine o g\u0103ur\u0103 complet\u0103.<\/p>\n
Ei bine, \u00een general, este greu de numit coroziv.<\/p>\n
Acid fluorhidric<\/h3>\n \nHF<\/b>
O acid\u0103 slab\u0103, care \u00ee\u0219i formeaz\u0103 complexe rezistente cu ionii fluorur\u0103 datorit\u0103 dragostei sale intense. A\u0219adar, surprinz\u0103tor, dizolv\u0103 ceea ce alte prietene mai puternice nu pot, de aceea este frecvent utilizat\u0103 \u00een diverse amestecuri pentru dizolvare. Atunci c\u00e2nd ajunge pe piele, senza\u021biile vor proveni mai mult de la celelalte componente ale amestecurilor, dar exist\u0103 un detaliu.<\/p>\n
Acidul fluorhidric dizolv\u0103 SiO2. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 nisip. Adic\u0103 sticl\u0103. Adic\u0103 quartz. \u0218i a\u0219a mai departe. Nu, dac\u0103 torni acest acid pe fereastr\u0103, nu se va dizolva, dar va l\u0103sa o pat\u0103 opac\u0103. Pentru a dizolva - trebuie s\u0103 \u021bii mult timp, iar cel mai bine este s\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219ti. \u00cen timpul dizolv\u0103rii se emite SiF4, care este at\u00e2t de util pentru s\u0103n\u0103tate, c\u0103 e mai bine s\u0103 faci asta sub hota de buc\u0103t\u0103rie.<\/p>\n
Un detaliu mic, dar pl\u0103cut: siliciul se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een unghiile tale, %username%. A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 acidul fluorhidric ajunge sub unghii - nu vei observa nimic. Dar noaptea nu vei putea dormi - va durea at\u00e2t de tare, c\u0103 uneori ai dori s\u0103-\u021bi sco\u021bi degetul. Crede-m\u0103, prietene - \u0219tiu.<\/p>\n
\u0218i, \u00een general, acidul fluorhidric este toxic, cancerigen, se absoarbe prin piele \u0219i multe altele - dar noi vorbim ast\u0103zi despre corozivitate, nu-i a\u0219a?<\/p>\n
\u00ce\u021bi aminte\u0219ti, am convenit de la \u00eenceput c\u0103 nu va fi fluorin\u0103? Nu va fi. Dar vor fi...<\/p>\n
Fluorurile gazelor inerte<\/h3>\n \nDe fapt, fluorul este un tip dur, nu po\u021bi glumi cu el, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t unele gaze inerte formeaz\u0103 fluoruri cu acesta. Sunt cunoscute urm\u0103toarele fluoruri stabile: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Toate acestea sunt cristale, care se descompun \u00een aer cu diferite viteze \u0219i dorin\u021be din cauza umezelii, devenind acid fluorhidric. Corozivitatea este \u00een conformitate. <\/p>\n
Acidul iodohidric<\/h3>\n \nHI<\/b>Acidul clorhidric<\/h3>\n
\nHClO4<\/b>
\u00cent\u00e2lnindu-se cu pielea, provoac\u0103 o senza\u021bie de ardere, similar\u0103 cu cea a acidului sulfuric. Mi\u0219c\u0103! C\u00e2nd vede\u021bi \u00een filme c\u0103 cineva arunc\u0103 un cadavru \u00eentr-un recipient cu acid clorhidric \u2014 \u0219i acesta se dizolv\u0103, da, acest lucru este posibil \u2014 dar dureaz\u0103 mult sau trebuie \u00eenc\u0103lzit. Dac\u0103 este \u00eenc\u0103lzit \u2014 ar putea exploda (vezi mai sus). A\u0219a c\u0103 fi\u021bi critici fa\u021b\u0103 de cinematografie (cred c\u0103 am v\u0103zut asta \u00een \u00abCloverfield, 10\u00bb).<\/p>\n
Apropo, aciditatea oxidului de clor (VII) Cl2O7 \u0219i oxidului de clor (VI) Cl2O6 este rezultatul faptului c\u0103 aceste oxizi formeaz\u0103 acid clorhidric cu apa.<\/p>\n
\u0218i acum s\u0103 ne imagin\u0103m c\u0103 am decis s\u0103 combin\u0103m \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 molecul\u0103 o aciditate puternic\u0103 \u2014 \u0219i aciditatea fluorului: s\u0103 lu\u0103m o molecul\u0103 de acid clorhidric sau sulfuric \u2014 \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eenlocuim toate grupurile hidroxil cu fluor! O mizerie rar\u0103 va rezulta: va interac\u021biona cu apa \u0219i cu compu\u0219i similari \u2014 \u0219i va produce imediat o aciditate puternic\u0103 \u0219i acid fluorhidric. Ei?<\/p>\n
Fluorurile de sulf, brom \u0219i iod<\/h3>\n \n\u021aine\u021bi minte c\u0103 am convenit s\u0103 discut\u0103m doar despre lichide? Din acest motiv, articolul nostru nu con\u021bine trifluorura de clor ClF3<\/b>, care fierbe la +12 \u00b0C, de\u0219i toate pove\u0219tile \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare c\u0103 este extrem de toxic, inflameaz\u0103 sticla, necesit\u0103 masc\u0103 de gaz \u0219i, la scurgeri de 900 de kilograme \u2014 roade 30 cm de beton \u0219i un metru de pietri\u0219 \u2014 toate acestea sunt adev\u0103rate. Dar am convenit \u2014 lichide.<\/p>\n
Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 un lichid galben \u2014 pentafluorura de iod IF5<\/b>, un lichid incolor \u2014 trifluorura de brom BrF3<\/b>, galben deschis \u2014 pentafluorura de brom BrF5<\/b>, care nu sunt mai prejos. BrF5, de exemplu, de asemenea dizolv\u0103 sticla, metalele \u0219i betonul.<\/p>\n
Similar \u2014 among all sulfur fluorides, only decafluorodisulfur (sometimes also called pentafluorosulfur) \u2014 a colorless liquid with the formula S2F10.<\/b>However, this compound is quite stable at normal temperatures, does not decompose in water \u2014 and is therefore not particularly corrosive. However, it is 4 times more toxic than phosgene with a similar mechanism of action.<\/p>\n
By the way, it is said that iodine pentafluoride was the 'special gas' used to fill the atmosphere in the rescue shuttle in the last scenes of the movie 'Alien' from 1979. I honestly don't remember.<\/p>\n
Superacids<\/h3>\n \nThe term 'superacid' was introduced by James Conant in 1927 to classify acids stronger than ordinary mineral acids. In some sources, hydrochloric acid is referred to as a superacid, although this is not the case \u2014 it is an ordinary mineral acid.<\/p>\n
A series of superacids are mineral acids to which a halogen has been attached: the halogen pulls electrons towards itself, all atoms become very agitated, and as usual, hydrogen loses out: it leaves as H+ \u2014 boom: and thus the acid has become stronger.<\/p>\n
Exemple \u2014 acidul floro-sulfonic \u0219i acidul cloro-sulfonic<\/b>
Then someone clever thought: why not take a Lewis acid (a substance capable of accepting a pair of electrons from another substance) and mix it with a Br\u00f8nsted acid (a substance capable of donating a proton)! They mixed antimony pentafluoride with hydrofluoric acid \u2014 and obtained hexafluoroantimonic acid HSbF6.<\/b>In this system, hydrofluoric acid releases a proton (H+), while the conjugate base (F\u2212) is isolated by a coordination bond with antimony pentafluoride. This forms a large octahedral anion (SbF6\u2212), which is a very weak nucleophile and a very weak base. Once 'free', the proton causes the superacidity of the system \u2014 the Hammett function is -28!<\/p>\n
Then others came and said, why take a weak Br\u00f8nsted acid \u2014 and came up with this.<\/p>\n
Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid<\/b>
Apoi, un grup de cercet\u0103tori de la catedra de chimie a Universit\u0103\u021bii Americane din California, condus de profesorul Christopher Reed, s-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit cu colegii de la Institutul de Cataliz\u0103 al Academiei Ruse de \u0218tiin\u021be (Novosibirsk) \u0219i au inventat acidul carboranic H(CHB11Cl11). Ei bine, l-au numit \u201ecarboranic\u201d pentru oamenii obi\u0219nui\u021bi, dar dac\u0103 vrei s\u0103 te sim\u021bi ca un om de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u2014 pronun\u021b\u0103 \u201e2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachloro-1-carb-closo-dodecaboran(12)\u201d de trei ori \u0219i rapid.<\/p>\n
A\u0219a arat\u0103 aceast\u0103 frumu\u0219ic\u0103<\/b>
Ulterior, Christopher Reed a declarat \u00eentr-un interviu pentru agen\u021bia de \u0219tiri Nature: \u201eIdeea sintetiz\u0103rii acidului carboranic a ap\u0103rut din fanteziile despre molecule care nu au fost niciodat\u0103 create \u00eenainte.\u201d \u00cempreun\u0103 cu colegii s\u0103i, vrea s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 acidul carboranic pentru a oxida atomii de gaz inert xenon \u2014 pur \u0219i simplu pentru c\u0103 nimeni nu a f\u0103cut asta \u00eenainte. Original, ce s\u0103 mai spun.<\/p>\n
Ei bine, deoarece superacizii sunt acizi obi\u0219nui\u021bi, ei ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 de obicei, doar c\u0103 pu\u021bin mai puternic. E clar c\u0103 pielea va arde, dar asta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 va dizolva. Acidul fluorosulfonic este un caz aparte, dar acolo totul se datoreaz\u0103 fluorului, la fel ca \u00een cazul acidului fluoric.<\/p>\n
Acizii trihalogena\u021bi<\/h3>\n \nMai exact \u2014 acidul trifluoroacetic \u0219i acidul trihloroacetic<\/b>
Cea mai adorabil\u0103 este acidul trifluoroacetic: o solu\u021bie de 20% distruge metale, dopuri, cauciuc, bakelit, polietilen\u0103. Pe piele arde \u0219i formeaz\u0103 ulcera\u021bii uscate, care ajung p\u00e2n\u0103 la stratul muscular. <\/p>\n
Acidul tricloroacetic, \u00een acest sens, este fratele mai mic, dar nu este r\u0103u. Apropo, aplauze pentru sexul slab: \u00een c\u0103utarea frumuse\u021bii, unii recurg la a\u0219a-numita procedur\u0103 de peeling TCA (TCA este TetraChloroAcetate) \u2014 c\u00e2nd folosesc acest acid tricloroacetic pentru a dizolva stratul superior \u00eengro\u0219at al pielii.<\/p>\n
Adev\u0103rat, dac\u0103 cosmetologul se \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103 la telefon, este posibil s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple un e\u0219ec<\/b>habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u2013\u00a0\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e\u2026 \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0443, \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24989,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t
![\"Despre](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a608588a68e2d8f22e371a37bdea673e.jpeg\")
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