{"id":33495,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","slug":"seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala","title":{"rendered":"Re\u021belele de televiziune prin cablu pentru cei mici. Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021belele de televiziune prin cablu pentru cei mici. Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9d5b75de9baed1844b204cbc3e4b653a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTo\u021bi \u0219tim bine c\u0103 lumea tehnologiei din jurul nostru este digital\u0103 sau tinde s\u0103 devin\u0103 astfel. Televiziunea digital\u0103 nu mai este o noutate, \u00eens\u0103, dac\u0103 nu a\u021bi fost interesat \u00een mod special de acest subiect, tehnologiile asociate pot fi surprinz\u0103toare pentru dumneavoastr\u0103.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Con\u021binutul seriei de articole<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449322\/\">Partea 1: Arhitectura general\u0103 a re\u021belei CATV<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449902\/\">Partea 2: Compozi\u021bia \u0219i forma semnalului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450256\/\">Partea 3: Componenta analogic\u0103 a semnalului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului<\/li>\n<li>Partea 5: Re\u021beaua de distribu\u021bie coaxial\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Partea 6: Amplificatoarele de semnal RF<\/li>\n<li>Partea 7: Recep\u021bionerele optice<\/li>\n<li>Partea 8: Re\u021beaua optic\u0103 magistral\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Partea 9: Sta\u021bia de cap<\/li>\n<li>Partea 10: Diagnosticul \u0219i repararea re\u021belei CATV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Componen\u021ba semnalului de televiziune digital\u0103<\/h1>\n<p>\nSemnalul de televiziune digital\u0103 reprezint\u0103 un flux de transport din diferite versiuni MPEG (uneori \u0219i alte codecuri), transmis prin semnal radio folosind modularea cuadraturii amplitudinii QAM de diferite grade. Oric\u0103rui specialist \u00een comunica\u021bii aceste cuvinte ar trebui s\u0103 le fie clare ca ziua, a\u0219a c\u0103 voi prezenta doar un GIF din <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:QAM16_Demonstration.gif\">wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>, care, sper, va oferi o \u00een\u021belegere a ceea ce este pentru cei care nu s-au interesat p\u00e2n\u0103 acum:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021belele de televiziune prin cablu pentru cei mici. Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/283d4b7a8b196962c4cceb63489a2b10.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAceast\u0103 modula\u021bie, \u00eentr-o form\u0103 sau alta, este folosit\u0103 nu doar pentru \u201et\u00e9l\u00e9anachronism\u201d, ci \u0219i pentru toate cele aflate la v\u00e2rful tehnologiilor de transmisie de date. Viteza fluxului digital \u00een cablul \u201eanten\u0103\u201d este de sute de megabi\u021bi!<\/p>\n<h1>Parametrii semnalului digital<\/h1>\n<p>\nFolosind dispozitivul Deviser DS2400T \u00een modul de afi\u0219are a parametrilor semnalului digital, vom putea vedea cum arat\u0103 acest lucru \u00een realitate:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021belele de televiziune prin cablu pentru cei mici. Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/68b91d37fad05b2ed6e3bc707fa26113.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen re\u021beaua noastr\u0103 exist\u0103 semnale din trei standarde: DVB-T, DVB-T2 \u0219i DVB-C. S\u0103 le analiz\u0103m pe r\u00e2nd.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-T<\/h2>\n<p>\nAcest standard nu a devenit principal \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103, ced\u00e2nd locul versiunii a doua, dar este complet adecvat pentru utilizare de c\u0103tre operator datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 receptorii DVB-T2 sunt compatibili \u00eenapoi cu standardul primei genera\u021bii, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 abonatul poate recep\u021biona un astfel de semnal pe practic orice televizor digital f\u0103r\u0103 dispozitive suplimentare. \u00cen plus, standardul destinat transmisiei prin aer (litera T \u00eenseamn\u0103 Terrestrial, terestru) are o protec\u021bie at\u00e2t de bun\u0103 \u00eempotriva interferen\u021belor \u0219i redundan\u021b\u0103, \u00eenc\u00e2t uneori func\u021bioneaz\u0103 acolo unde din diverse motive semnalul analogic nu poate trece.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021belele de televiziune prin cablu pentru cei mici. Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/d2e68060fe9e9d7220fcbda65a8d76ac.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPe ecranul dispozitivului, putem observa cum se formeaz\u0103 constela\u021bia 64QAM (standardul suport\u0103 QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM). Se vede c\u0103, \u00een condi\u021bii reale, punctele nu se aliniaz\u0103 perfect, ci apar cu o anumit\u0103 dispersie. Acest lucru este normal at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t decodorul poate determina la ce p\u0103trat se refer\u0103 punctul sosit, dar chiar \u0219i \u00een imaginea dat\u0103 sunt vizibile zone unde acestea se afl\u0103 pe margine sau aproape de ea. Din acest tablou, putem evalua rapid cu ochiul calitatea semnalului: \u00een cazul unei func\u021bion\u0103ri slabe a amplificatorului, de exemplu, punctele sunt dispuse haotic, iar televizorul nu poate reconstrui imaginea din datele primite: \u201epixeleaz\u0103\u201d, sau chiar se opre\u0219te complet. Exist\u0103 cazuri c\u00e2nd procesorul amplificatorului \u201euit\u0103\u201d s\u0103 adauge \u00een semnal una dintre componente (amplitudinea sau faza). \u00cen astfel de cazuri, pe ecranul dispozitivului se poate vedea un cerc sau un inel de dimensiunea \u00eentregului c\u00e2mp. Dou\u0103 puncte din afara c\u00e2mpului principal servesc drept de referin\u021b\u0103 pentru receptor \u0219i nu con\u021bin informa\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen partea st\u00e2ng\u0103 a ecranului, sub num\u0103rul canalului, vedem parametrii cantitativi:<\/p>\n<p>Nivelul semnalului (<b>P<\/b>) este acela\u0219i \u00een dB\u03bcV ca \u0219i pentru analog, \u00eens\u0103 pentru semnalul digital, GOST-ul reglementeaz\u0103 deja doar 50 dB\u03bcV la intrarea receptorului. Cu alte cuvinte, \u00een zonele cu atenuare mai mare, \u201edigitalele\u201d vor func\u021biona mai bine dec\u00e2t analogicele.<\/p>\n<p>Valoarea erorilor de modulare (<b>MER<\/b>) arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de distorsionat este semnalul pe care \u00eel primim, adic\u0103 c\u00e2t de departe poate fi punctul sosit de centrul p\u0103tratului. Acest parameter este similar cu raportul \u201esemnal\/zgomot\u201d din sistemul analogic, valoarea normal\u0103 pentru 64QAM fiind de la 28 dB. Aici se vede clar c\u0103 abaterile semnificative din imaginea dat\u0103 corespund unei calit\u0103\u021bi peste norma: \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103, protec\u021bia digital\u0103 a semnalului este superioar\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Num\u0103rul de erori \u00een semnalul primit (<b>CBER<\/b>) este num\u0103rul de erori \u00een semnal \u00eenainte de a fi prelucrat de algoritmi de corectare.<\/p>\n<p>Num\u0103rul de erori dup\u0103 procesarea decodorului Viterbi (<b>VBER<\/b>) \u2014 rezultatul activit\u0103\u021bii decodorului, care utilizeaz\u0103 informa\u021bii redundante pentru a recupera erorile din semnal. Ambele aceste parametrii sunt m\u0103sura\u021bi \u00een \u201ebuc\u0103\u021bi la cantitatea recep\u021bionat\u0103\u201d. Ca dispozitivul s\u0103 afi\u0219eze un num\u0103r de erori mai mic de una la o sut\u0103 de mii sau zece milioane (a\u0219a cum este prezentat \u00een imaginea dat\u0103), trebuie s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 aceste zece milioane de bi\u021bi, ceea ce pe un canal dureaz\u0103 ceva timp, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t rezultatul m\u0103sur\u0103rii nu apare imediat \u0219i poate chiar s\u0103 fie ini\u021bial slab (E-03, de exemplu), dar dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva secunde s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la un parametru excelent.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-T2<\/h2>\n<p>\nStandardul de transmisie digital\u0103 terestr\u0103 acceptat \u00een Rusia poate fi transmis de asemenea prin cablu. Forma constela\u021biei, la prima vedere, poate fi ceva surprinz\u0103toare:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021belele de televiziune prin cablu pentru cei mici. Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/3122eede760f4aaa34b924f34fdcd4b4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAceast\u0103 orientare suplimentar\u0103 cre\u0219te robustez\u0103 \u00eempotriva interferen\u021belor, deoarece receptorul \u0219tie c\u0103 constela\u021bia ar trebui s\u0103 fie rotit\u0103 la un unghi specificat, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t se poate filtra ceea ce vine f\u0103r\u0103 o deviere \u00eencorporat\u0103. Aici se vede c\u0103 pentru acest standard normele privind erorile de bi\u021bi sunt cu un ordin mai mari \u0219i eroarea \u00een semnal \u00eenainte de procesare nu dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te limitele de m\u0103surare, ci constituie valori reale de 8,6 milioane. Pentru corectarea acestora se utilizeaz\u0103 un decodor. <b>LDPC<\/b>, prin urmare, parametrul se nume\u0219te LBER.<br \/>\nDatorit\u0103 robuste\u021bii crescute \u00eempotriva interferen\u021belor, acest standard suport\u0103 un nivel de modula\u021bie de 256QAM, dar \u00een acest moment \u00een transmisia terestr\u0103 se folose\u0219te doar 64QAM.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-C<\/h2>\n<p>\nAcest standard a fost creat ini\u021bial pentru transmiterea prin cablu (C \u2014 Cable) \u2014 un mediu mult mai stabil dec\u00e2t aerul, de aceea permite utilizarea unei grade de modula\u021bie mai \u00eenalte dec\u00e2t DVB-T, ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 se poate transmite un volum mai mare de informa\u021bii, f\u0103r\u0103 a necesita o codare complex\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021belele de televiziune prin cablu pentru cei mici. Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/33c27eed12c0c66e35eae343710039f2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAici vedem constela\u021bia 256QAM. Num\u0103rul p\u0103tratelor a crescut, dimensiunea acestora a sc\u0103zut. Probabilitatea de eroare a crescut, \u0219i prin urmare, pentru a transmite un astfel de semnal este nevoie de un mediu mai fiabil (sau o codare mai complex\u0103, ca \u00een DVB-T2). Acest semnal se poate \u201edescompune\u201d acolo unde func\u021bioneaz\u0103 analogul \u0219i DVB-T\/T2, dar de asemenea are o rezerv\u0103 \u00eempotriva interferen\u021belor \u0219i algoritmi de corectare a erorilor.<\/p>\n<p>Din cauza probabilit\u0103\u021bii mai mari de eroare, parametrul MER pentru 256-QAM este deja normalizat la 32dB.<\/p>\n<p>Contorul bitilor eronati a crescut cu \u00eenc\u0103 un ordin de m\u0103rime \u0219i acum calculeaz\u0103 un bit eronat la un miliard, dar chiar dac\u0103 vor fi sute de milioane (PRE-BER ~E-07-8), decodorul Reed-Solomon utilizat \u00een acest standard va corecta toate erorile.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450258\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u2014 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0422\u0412 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 3: \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25196,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - 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