{"id":33512,"date":"2019-10-31T21:53:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/i-tak-sojdet-chto-oblachnye-provajdery-ne-dogovarivayut-o-personalnyh-dannyh\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:53:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:53:01","slug":"i-tak-sojdet-chto-oblachnye-provajdery-ne-dogovarivayut-o-personalnyh-dannyh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/i-tak-sojdet-chto-oblachnye-provajdery-ne-dogovarivayut-o-personalnyh-dannyh","title":{"rendered":"\u201e\u0218i a\u0219a e bine\u201d: ce nu spun furnizorii de cloud despre datele personale","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Odat\u0103 am primit o solicitare pentru servicii de cloud. Am estimat pe scurt ce ar fi necesar din partea noastr\u0103 \u0219i am trimis un set de \u00eentreb\u0103ri pentru clarificarea detaliilor. Apoi, am analizat r\u0103spunsurile \u0219i am \u00een\u021beles: clientul dore\u0219te s\u0103 plaseze \u00een cloud date personale de nivelul doi de protec\u021bie. I-am r\u0103spuns: \u201eAve\u021bi date personale de nivelul doi, ne pare r\u0103u, putem face doar un cloud privat.\u201d Iar el: \u201e\u0218ti\u021bi, la compania X pot s\u0103 plasez totul \u0219i \u00een public.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\u201e\u0218i
\nFoto Steve Crisp, Reuters<\/i><\/p>\n

Lucruri ciudate! Am accesat site-ul companiei X, am studiat documentele lor de certificare, ne-am cl\u0103tinat din cap \u0219i am realizat: exist\u0103 foarte multe \u00eentreb\u0103ri deschise legate de plasarea datelor personale \u0219i merit\u0103 s\u0103 fie bine ventilate. Asta vom face \u00een aceast\u0103 postare.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Cum ar trebui s\u0103 func\u021bioneze totul<\/h2>\n

\nPentru \u00eenceput, s\u0103 analiz\u0103m dup\u0103 ce criterii sunt clasificate datele personale la diferite niveluri de securitate. Acest lucru depinde de categoria de date, de num\u0103rul de subiec\u021bi al acestor date, pe care operatorul le stocheaz\u0103 \u0219i le prelucreaz\u0103, precum \u0219i de tipul amenin\u021b\u0103rilor actuale.<\/p>\n

\"\u201e\u0218i
\n
\nDefini\u021bia tipurilor de amenin\u021b\u0103ri actuale se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een hot\u0103r\u00e2rea Guvernului Federa\u021biei Ruse nr. 1119<\/a><\/noindex> din 1 noiembrie 2012 \u201ePrivind aprobarea cerin\u021belor de protec\u021bie a datelor personale \u00een timpul prelucr\u0103rii acestora \u00een sistemele informa\u021bionale ale datelor personale\u201d:<\/p>\n

\u201eAmenin\u021b\u0103rile de tip 1 sunt relevante pentru sistemul informa\u021bional, dac\u0103 pentru acesta \u00een special sunt relevante amenin\u021b\u0103rile asociate<\/i> cu existen\u021ba unor func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi nedocumentate (neddeclare) \u00een software-ul sistemului<\/i>, folosit \u00een sistemul informa\u021bional.<\/p>\n

Amenin\u021b\u0103rile de tip 2 sunt relevante pentru sistemul informa\u021bional, dac\u0103 pentru acesta \u00een special sunt relevante amenin\u021b\u0103rile asociate<\/i> cu existen\u021ba unor func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi nedocumentate (neddeclare) \u00een software-ul aplica\u021biei<\/i>, folosit \u00een sistemul informa\u021bional.<\/p>\n

Amenin\u021b\u0103rile de tip 3 sunt relevante pentru sistemul informa\u021bional, dac\u0103 pentru acesta sunt relevante amenin\u021b\u0103rile care nu sunt legate<\/i> cu existen\u021ba unor func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi nedocumentate (neddeclare) \u00een software-ul sistemului \u0219i aplica\u021biei<\/i>, folosit \u00een sistemul informa\u021bional.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nEsentialul \u00een aceste defini\u021bii este existen\u021ba unor func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi nedocumentate (neddeclare). Pentru a confirma absen\u021ba func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bilor nedocumentate \u00een software (\u00een cazul cloud-ului acesta este hypervisorul), se efectueaz\u0103 certificarea FSTEC din Rusia. Dac\u0103 operatorul de date personale consider\u0103 c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 astfel de func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi \u00een software, atunci amenin\u021b\u0103rile corespunz\u0103toare nu sunt relevante. Operatorii de date personale accept\u0103 extrem de rar amenin\u021b\u0103rile de tip 1 \u0219i 2 ca fiind relevante.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 determinarea nivelului de securitate a datelor personale, operatorul trebuie de asemenea s\u0103 identifice amenin\u021b\u0103rile specifice actuale pentru cloudul public \u0219i, \u00een func\u021bie de nivelul de securitate al datelor personale \u0219i de amenin\u021b\u0103rile actuale, s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 m\u0103surile \u0219i mijloacele necesare de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva acestora.<\/p>\n

La FSTEC, toate amenin\u021b\u0103rile principale sunt enumerate clar \u00een BDU<\/a><\/noindex> (baza de date a amenin\u021b\u0103rilor). Furnizorii \u0219i evalua\u021bii infrastructurii cloud folosesc aceast\u0103 baz\u0103 \u00een activitatea lor. Iat\u0103 exemple de amenin\u021b\u0103ri:<\/p>\n

UBI.44<\/a><\/noindex>: \u201eAmenin\u021barea const\u0103 \u00een posibilitatea de compromitere a securit\u0103\u021bii datelor utilizatorilor de c\u0103tre programe care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een interiorul ma\u0219inii virtuale, prin software mali\u021bios care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een afara ma\u0219inii virtuale\u201d. Aceast\u0103 amenin\u021bare este determinat\u0103 de existen\u021ba vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bilor software-ului hipervizorului care asigur\u0103 izola\u021bia spa\u021biului de adresare utilizat pentru stocarea datelor utilizatorilor de programe, care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een interiorul ma\u0219inii virtuale, \u00eempotriva accesului neautorizat din partea software-ului mali\u021bios care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een afara ma\u0219inii virtuale.<\/p>\n

Realizarea acestei amenin\u021b\u0103ri este posibil\u0103 \u00een condi\u021biile dep\u0103\u0219irii cu succes a frontierelor ma\u0219inii virtuale de c\u0103tre codul mali\u021bios nu doar prin exploatarea vulnerabilit\u0103\u021bilor hipervizorului, ci \u0219i prin exercitarea unei astfel de influen\u021be din niveluri de func\u021bionare inferioare (\u00een raport cu hipervizorul).<\/p>\n

UBI.101<\/a><\/noindex>: \u201eAmenin\u021barea const\u0103 \u00een posibilitatea de acces neautorizat la informa\u021biile protejate ale unui consumator de servicii cloud din partea altuia. Aceast\u0103 amenin\u021bare este datorat\u0103 faptului c\u0103, din cauza specificului tehnologiilor cloud, consumatorii de servicii cloud trebuie s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 \u00een comun aceea\u0219i infrastructur\u0103 cloud. Realizarea acestei amenin\u021b\u0103ri este posibil\u0103 \u00een cazul \u00een care se comit erori \u00een \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea elementelor infrastructurii cloud \u00eentre consumatorii de servicii cloud, precum \u0219i \u00een izolarea resurselor lor \u0219i separarea datelor \u00eentre ele.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nProtejarea \u00eempotriva acestor amenin\u021b\u0103ri poate fi realizat\u0103 doar prin intermediul hipervizorului, deoarece acesta este cel care gestioneaz\u0103 resursele virtuale. Astfel, hipervizorul trebuie considerat un mijloc de protec\u021bie.<\/p>\n

\u0218i conform ordinului FSTEC nr. 21<\/a><\/noindex> \u00cencep\u00e2nd cu 18 februarie 2013, hypervisorul trebuie s\u0103 treac\u0103 certificarea pentru absen\u021ba NDP la nivelul 4, \u00een caz contrar utilizarea datelor personale de nivel 1 \u0219i 2 cu acesta va fi ilegal\u0103 (\u201ep.12. \u2026 Pentru asigurarea protec\u021biei datelor personale de nivel 1 \u0219i 2, precum \u0219i pentru asigurarea protec\u021biei datelor personale de nivel 3 \u00een sistemele informa\u021bionale, pentru care amenin\u021b\u0103rile actuale sunt clasificate ca fiind de tipul 2, se aplic\u0103 mijloace de protec\u021bie a informa\u021biilor, a c\u0103ror software a trecut controle nu mai sc\u0103zute dec\u00e2t la nivelul 4 al absen\u021bei capacit\u0103\u021bilor nedeclarate\u201d<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Nivelul de certificare necesar, NDP-4, este de\u021binut doar de un singur hypervisor realizat \u00een Rusia \u2014 Horizont VS<\/a><\/noindex>. Deloc popular, ca s\u0103 spunem a\u0219a. Cloud-urile comerciale sunt de obicei construite pe baza VMware vSphere, KVM, Microsoft Hyper-V. Niciunul dintre aceste produse nu are certificare NDP-4. De ce? Probabil, ob\u021binerea unei astfel de certific\u0103ri pentru produc\u0103tori nu este deocamdat\u0103 justificat\u0103 din punct de vedere economic.<\/p>\n

\u0218i ne r\u0103m\u00e2ne doar s\u0103 folosim pentru datele personale de nivel 1 \u0219i 2 \u00een cloud-ul public doar Horizont VS. Trist dar adev\u0103rat.<\/p>\n

Cum credem noi c\u0103 stau lucrurile<\/h3>\n

\nLa prima vedere, totul pare destul de strict: amenin\u021b\u0103rile men\u021bionate ar trebui eliminate prin configurarea corect\u0103 a mecanismelor de protec\u021bie standard ale hypervisorului certificat NDP-4. Dar exist\u0103 o porti\u021b\u0103. Conform Ordinului FSTEC nr. 21 (\u201ep.2 Securitatea datelor personale \u00een timpul proces\u0103rii lor \u00eentr-un sistem informa\u021bional de date personale (denumit \u00een continuare \u2014 sistem informa\u021bional) este asigurat\u0103 de operator sau de persoana care efectueaz\u0103 procesarea datelor personale la \u00eencredin\u021barea operatorului conform cu legisla\u021bia<\/a><\/noindex> Federatiei Ruse\u201d<\/i>), furnizorii evalueaz\u0103 \u00een mod independent relevan\u021ba amenin\u021b\u0103rilor posibile \u0219i, \u00een conformitate cu aceasta, aleg m\u0103suri de protec\u021bie. Prin urmare, dac\u0103 nu se consider\u0103 relevante amenin\u021b\u0103rile UBI.44 \u0219i UBI.101, atunci nu va exista nicio nevoie de a utiliza un hypervisor certificat NDP-4, care tocmai ar trebui s\u0103 asigure protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva lor. \u0218i aceasta va fi suficient pentru ob\u021binerea certificatului de conformitate al cloud-ului public cu nivelurile 1 \u0219i 2 de protec\u021bie a datelor personale, de care va fi complet mul\u021bumit Roskomnadzor.<\/p>\n

Desigur, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 Roskomnadzor, FSTEC poate verifica - \u0219i aceast\u0103 organiza\u021bie este mult mai meticuloas\u0103 \u00een chestiuni tehnice. Cu siguran\u021b\u0103 va fi interesat\u0103 de ce anume amenin\u021b\u0103rile UBI.44 \u0219i UBI.101 au fost recunoscute ca fiind neactualizate? Dar, de obicei, FSTEC ini\u021biaz\u0103 o verificare doar atunci c\u00e2nd prime\u0219te informa\u021bii despre un incident notabil. \u00cen acest caz, agen\u021bia federal\u0103 se adreseaz\u0103 mai \u00eent\u00e2i operatorului de date personale - adic\u0103 clientului serviciilor cloud. \u00cen cel mai r\u0103u caz, operatorul prime\u0219te o amend\u0103 mic\u0103 - de exemplu, pentru Twitter la \u00eenceputul anului. amn.de<\/a><\/noindex> \u00eentr-un caz similar a fost de 5000 de ruble. Apoi, FSTEC merge mai departe, la furnizorul de servicii cloud. Acesta poate fi privat de licen\u021b\u0103 din cauza ne\u00eendeplinirii cerin\u021belor normative - iar aceasta reprezint\u0103 riscuri cu totul diferite, at\u00e2t pentru furnizorul cloud, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru clien\u021bii s\u0103i. Dar, repet, FSTEC are nevoie de un motiv clar pentru verificare.<\/i> A\u0219a c\u0103 furnizorii cloud sunt preg\u0103ti\u021bi s\u0103 accepte riscuri. P\u00e2n\u0103 la primul incident grav. <\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 \u0219i un grup de furnizori \u201emai responsabili\u201d care consider\u0103 c\u0103 toate amenin\u021b\u0103rile pot fi \u00eenchise, prin ad\u0103ugarea unei suprastructuri tip vGate peste hipervizor. Dar \u00een mediul virtual distribuit \u00eentre clien\u021bi, pentru unele amenin\u021b\u0103ri (de exemplu, UBI.101 men\u021bionat\u0103 anterior), un mecanism eficient de protec\u021bie poate fi realizat doar la nivelul unui hipervizor certificat conform NDV-4, deoarece orice sisteme de suprastructuri nu afecteaz\u0103 func\u021biile de baz\u0103 ale hipervizorului \u00een gestionarea resurselor (\u00een special, a memoriei opera\u021bionale).<\/p>\n

Cum lucr\u0103m noi<\/h3>\n

\nAvem un segment cloud realizat pe un hipervizor certificat de FSTEC (dar f\u0103r\u0103 certificare conform NDV-4). Acest segment este atestat, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t \u00een cloud, pe baza acestuia, se pot stoca date personale. Niveluri de protec\u021bie 3 \u0219i 4<\/i> \u2014 cerin\u021bele pentru protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva capacit\u0103\u021bilor nedeclared nu trebuie respectate aici. Iat\u0103, de altfel, arhitectura segmentului nostru cloud protejat:<\/p>\n

\"\u201e\u0218i
\nSisteme pentru date personale Niveluri de protec\u021bie 1 \u0219i 2<\/i> Folosim doar echipamente dedicate. Doar \u00een acest caz, de exemplu, amenin\u021barea UBI.101 nu este relevant\u0103, deoarece rack-urile serverului, care nu sunt unite de un mediu virtual, nu pot influen\u021ba una asupra celeilalte chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd sunt amplasate \u00een acela\u0219i centru de date. Pentru aceste situa\u021bii, oferim serviciul de \u00eenchiriere a echipamentelor dedicate (cunoscut \u0219i sub denumirea Hardware as a Service, echipamente ca serviciu).<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 nu sunte\u021bi sigur ce nivel de securitate este necesar pentru sistemul dvs. de date personale, v\u0103 putem ajuta \u015fi cu clasificarea acestora.<\/p>\n

Ie\u0219ire<\/h3>\n

\nMica noastr\u0103 cercetare de pia\u021b\u0103 a ar\u0103tat: unii operatori de cloud sunt dispu\u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i asume riscuri \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te securitatea datelor clien\u021bilor \u0219i viitorul lor. \u00cens\u0103 noi avem o alt\u0103 politic\u0103 \u00een aceste privin\u021be, pe care am descris-o pe scurt mai sus. Vom fi bucuro\u0219i s\u0103 r\u0103spundem la \u00eentreb\u0103rile dvs. \u00een comentarii.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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