{"id":33590,"date":"2019-10-31T21:53:36","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:53:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/pochta-na-malinke\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:53:36","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:53:36","slug":"pochta-na-malinke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochta-na-malinke","title":{"rendered":"Mail pe \u201eRaspberry\u201d","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Proiectare<\/h3>\n

\nEmail, email... \u201e\u00cen prezent, orice utilizator \u00eencep\u0103tor poate ob\u021bine propria sa cutie po\u0219tal\u0103 electronic\u0103 gratuit\u0103, este suficient s\u0103 se \u00eenscrie pe unul dintre portalurile de internet\u201d, afirm\u0103 Wikipedia. A\u0219adar, ini\u021bierea propriului server de email pare pu\u021bin ciudat. Cu toate acestea, nu regret luna trecut\u0103 investit\u0103 \u00een acest proiect, de la instalarea sistemului de operare p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een ziua trimiterii primului email c\u0103tre un destinatar pe internet.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nDe fapt, al\u0103turi de \u201eraspberry\u201d, putem plasa \u0219i receivere IPTV, \u0219i \u201eun computer pe o singur\u0103 plac\u0103 bazat pe procesorul Baikal-T1\u201d, precum \u0219i Cubieboard, Banana Pi \u0219i alte dispozitive dotate cu microprocesoare ARM. \u201eRaspberry\u201d a fost ales ca fiind varianta cea mai agresiv promovat\u0103. A durat c\u00e2teva luni pentru a g\u0103si o utilizare util\u0103 pentru acest \u201ecomputer pe o singur\u0103 plac\u0103\u201d. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, m-am g\u00e2ndit s\u0103 lansez un server de email pe el, dup\u0103 ce am citit cu pu\u021bin timp \u00eenainte un roman fantastic despre realitatea virtual\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u201eAceasta este o viziune frumoas\u0103 asupra viitorului re\u021belei\u201d, informeaz\u0103 Wikipedia. Au trecut 20 de ani de la prima publicare. Viitorul a sosit. Cu toate acestea, nu mi se pare frumos f\u0103r\u0103 \u0219apte mii de abona\u021bi, zece mii de ruble \u201evenitul lunar al site-ului meu\u201d etc. Ceea ce, probabil, m-a \u00eendemnat spre \u201ere\u021belele sociale descentralizate\u201d cu \u201eo cantitate insuficient\u0103 de like-uri sub post\u0103rile lor (noilor utilizatori - N.M.)\u201d, \u00eenregistrarea unui domeniu \u0219i lansarea propriului meu server.<\/p>\n

Nu sunt foarte familiarizat cu legile. Doar c\u0103 am primit un mesaj pe telefonul mobil cu privire la necesitatea confirm\u0103rii datelor personale \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu intrarea \u00een vigoare a modific\u0103rilor aduse legii federale 126-FZ, aceasta este singura lege pe care o cunosc.<\/p>\n

\u0218i aici s-a dovedit c\u0103 aceste legi sunt ca ciupercile dup\u0103 ploaie. Dac\u0103 m-a\u0219 fi folosit \u00een continuare de emailul gratuit, probabil c\u0103 nu a\u0219 fi \u0219tiut.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u0218i cine suntem acum noi doi\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, \u00een lege nu exist\u0103 organizator pentru serviciul de email. Exist\u0103 \u201eorganiza\u021bia serviciului de schimb de mesaje instantanee\u201d, dar acesta nu este exact acela\u0219i lucru. Ad\u0103ugarea \u201epentru nevoi personale, familiale \u0219i casnice\u201d scute\u0219te, desigur, acest organizator de toate obliga\u021biile prev\u0103zute de lege, dar, cu toate acestea, nu este vorba despre organizatorul de care avem nevoie.<\/p>\n

Av\u00e2nd la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103 un ghid pentru Ubuntu Server, deduc c\u0103, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 chat-urile cu mesaje instant, \"pentru primirea, transmiterea, livrarea \u0219i (sau) procesarea mesajelor electronice ale utilizatorilor de internet\" sunt destinate \u0219i serviciile de email (ceea ce este evident), \u0219i serverele de fi\u0219iere (ceea ce nu este foarte evident).<\/p>\n

Dezvoltare<\/h3>\n

\nComparativ cu celelalte articole de aici cu hashtag-ul postfix, crea\u021bia mea este, desigur, destul de primitiv\u0103. Nici autenticarea utilizatorilor, nici baza de date, nici utilizatorii, nu sunt lega\u021bi de conturile locale (prima \u0219i a treia sunt \u00een \u201eserverul po\u0219tal minim\u201d; baza de date exist\u0103 aproape peste tot, la fel ca dovecat).<\/p>\n

\u201eConfigurarea sistemului de email, \u00een opinia mea, este cea mai complicat\u0103 sarcin\u0103 \u00een administrarea sistemelor\u201d, a scris foarte bine un utilizator de pe Habr. Urm\u00e2nd PostfixBasicSetupHowto<\/a><\/noindex> (din help.ubuntu.com<\/a><\/noindex>), totu\u0219i, am omis p\u0103r\u021bi din ea despre baza de date a aliasurilor, fi\u0219ierele .forward \u0219i aliasurile virtuale.<\/p>\n

\u00cen schimb, pentru ssl\/tls am luat 12 linii de configurare plus 9 comenzi pentru bash pentru a crea certificate din documenta\u021bia dedicat\u0103 Postfix recomand\u0103rile sunt aplicabile coronavirusurilor \u00een general \u0219i COVID-19 \u00een particular. A\u0219adar, recomand s\u0103 desc\u0103rca\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103 printa\u021bi articolul (pentru cei interesa\u021bi de acest subiect).<\/a><\/noindex> de pe CommunityHelpWiki (pe acela\u0219i domeniu help.ubuntu.com<\/a><\/noindex>) (dar func\u021bioneaz\u0103 acest ssl\/tls \u2014 aceasta e \u00eentrebarea). De asemenea, au fost utile firewall-ul din panoul de control al furnizorului, nat pe router (configurarea Mikrotik-ului am am\u00e2nat-o c\u00e2t am putut; am trimis emailuri conect\u00e2nd serverul de email direct la cablul de internet al furnizorului), comenzile mail, mailq, postsuper -d identificator, fi\u0219ierul \/var\/log\/mail.log, parametrul always_add_missing_headers, informa\u021biile despre \u00eenregistrarea ptr, \u0219i, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, site-ul mail-tester.com (cu un design un pic ciudat), despre care nu se men\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een articolele \u201ede email\u201d de pe Habr, ca \u0219i cum ar fi evident.<\/p>\n

\"Mail
\nP\u00e2n\u0103 la corectarea valorii parametrului myhostname din fi\u0219ierul \/etc\/postfix\/main.cf<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Mail
\nDup\u0103 corectarea valorii parametrului myhostname din fi\u0219ierul \/etc\/postfix\/main.cf<\/i><\/p>\n

Primul email de la serviciul de suport tehnic al furnizorului de internet m-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat c\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 deschid emailurile cu ajutorul programului de consol\u0103 mail, pentru a le putea deschide \u0219i citi ulterior cu un client de email obi\u0219nuit. Se pare c\u0103 aceasta nu este o problem\u0103 \u201epentru \u00eencep\u0103torii admini\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dimpotriv\u0103, \u00een comentarii (la alte articole cu hashtag-ul postfix) un utilizator de pe Habr cere \"s\u0103 fie un pic mai complicat, ce zici de interfe\u021bele web pentru diferite p\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i autentificarea din baza de date\", iar altcineva \"pare c\u0103 este extrem de complicat pentru cei care nu au \u00eencercat nimic mai dulce dec\u00e2t ridichea: c\u0103deri de nucleu, securitate (selinux\/apparmor), pu\u021bin despre sistemele distribuite...\", al treilea scrie despre \"scriptul iRedmail\". A\u0219a c\u0103 te a\u0219tep\u021bi ca urm\u0103torul s\u0103 propun\u0103 s\u0103 scrii despre IPv6.<\/p>\n

Serviciile de email nu sunt conuri sferice \u00een vid, ci fac parte dintr-un \u00eentreg \u2014 de la alegerea computerului \u0219i a numelui de domeniu p\u00e2n\u0103 la configurarea routerului \u2014 care nu poate fi acoperit de niciun manual de configurare a serverului de email (\u0219i \u00een care, probabil, nu ve\u021bi citi niciodat\u0103 despre aspectele teoretice \u2014 Postfix SMTP relay \u0219i controlul accesului<\/a><\/noindex>, sunt disponibile pe site-ul oficial al Postfix).<\/p>\n

Despre Mikrotik \u2014 este o poveste complet diferit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ei bine, \u0219i asta e tot. Emailul a \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai fie un set de comenzi de consol\u0103, fi\u0219iere de configura\u021bie (inclusiv setarea DNS), jurnale, documenta\u021bie, numere hexazecimale \u00een loc de litere ruse\u0219ti (conform tabelului de simboluri koi8-r) \u00een emailul primit \u0219i a r\u0103mas un client de email familiar cu protocoalele sale IMAP, POP3, SMTP, conturi, mesaje primite \u0219i trimise.<\/p>\n

\u00cen general, arat\u0103 exact la fel ca emailul utiliz\u00e2nd servicii de email gratuite de la cele mai mari companii IT.<\/p>\n

De\u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 interfa\u021b\u0103 web.<\/p>\n

Exploatare<\/h3>\n

\nTotu\u0219i, nu po\u021bi sc\u0103pa de vizionarea jurnalelor!<\/p>\n

M\u0103 gr\u0103besc s\u0103-i bucur pe cei care se a\u0219teptau s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 aici despre dark web. Pentru c\u0103, sincer, nu pot numi altceva dec\u00e2t manifest\u0103ri ale unui soi de dark web ceea ce a umplut logul de email al noului server, \u0219i anume, \u00een decurs de c\u00e2teva zile (dup\u0103 conectarea direct\u0103) mesaje despre tentative de conectare prin POP3 sub diverse nume de la c\u00e2teva adrese IP (eu, din gre\u0219eal\u0103, am crezut la \u00eenceput c\u0103 serverul \u00eencearc\u0103 periodic s\u0103 trimit\u0103 dou\u0103 emailuri din coad\u0103, iar g\u00e2ndul c\u0103 emailul meu ar putea interesa pe cineva din internet deloc nu mi-a trecut prin cap).<\/p>\n

\u00cencerc\u0103rile nu s-au oprit nici dup\u0103 ce am conectat serverul prin router. Jurnalele de ast\u0103zi sunt pline de conexiuni SMTP de la aceea\u0219i adres\u0103 IP necunoscut\u0103. Totu\u0219i, sunt at\u00e2t de \u00eencrez\u0103tor \u00eenc\u00e2t nu voi lua m\u0103suri \u00eempotriva acestei situa\u021bii: sper c\u0103, chiar \u0219i cu alegerea corect\u0103 a numelui de utilizator pentru primirea e-mailurilor, infractorul nu va reu\u0219i s\u0103 ghiceasc\u0103 parola. Sunt sigur c\u0103 mul\u021bi vor considera aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie nesigur\u0103, la fel ca s\u0103 se bazeze doar pe set\u0103rile de retransmisie SMTP \u0219i pe gestionarea accesului \u00een \/etc\/postfix\/main.cf.<\/p>\n

\u0218i vor distruge protec\u021bia e-mailului meu complet.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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\u0434\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25283,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Po\u0219ta pe \u201emalin\u0103\u201d | ProHoster","description":"Proiectare Po\u0219t\u0103, po\u0219t\u0103\u2026 \u201e\u00cen prezent, orice utilizator \u00eencep\u0103tor poate s\u0103-\u0219i creeze c\u0103su\u021ba po\u0219tal\u0103 electronic\u0103 gratuit\u0103, trebuie doar s\u0103 se \u00eenregistreze pe unul dintre portalurile de internet\u201d, 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