{"id":33870,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:08","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:08","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:08","slug":"corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa","title":{"rendered":"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/corda\/corda\">Corda<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 este un registru distribuit pentru stocarea, gestionarea \u0219i sincronizarea obliga\u021biilor financiare \u00eentre diferitele organiza\u021bii financiare.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4dd7c4b5e177c7fdc59eef739a052bb3.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex>Corda dispune de o documenta\u021bie destul de bun\u0103, cu lec\u021bii video, pe care o pute\u021bi g\u0103si <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.corda.net\/index.html\">aici<\/a><\/noindex>. Voi \u00eencerca s\u0103 descriu pe scurt cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 Corda \u00een interior.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare principalele caracteristici ale Corda \u0219i unicitatea sa \u00een r\u00e2ndul altor blockchain-uri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corda nu are o criptomoned\u0103 proprie. <\/li>\n<li>Corda nu utilizeaz\u0103 conceptul de mining \u0219i sistemul Proof-of-Work.<\/li>\n<li>Transferul de date se face doar \u00eentre participan\u021bii la tranzac\u021bie\/contract. Nu exist\u0103 o difuzare global\u0103 c\u0103tre toate nodurile din re\u021bea. <\/li>\n<li>Nu exist\u0103 un controler central care s\u0103 gestioneze toate tranzac\u021biile.<\/li>\n<li>Corda suport\u0103 diverse mecanisme de consens.<\/li>\n<li>Consensul este atins \u00eentre participan\u021bi la nivelul unui acord\/contract separat, nu la nivelul \u00eentregului sistem.<\/li>\n<li>O tranzac\u021bie este confirmat\u0103 doar de participan\u021bii care \u00eei sunt relevan\u021bi.<\/li>\n<li>Corda ofer\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 \u00eentre limbajul juridic formal uman \u0219i codul contractelor inteligente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>The ledger<\/h3>\n<p>\nConceptul de ledger \u00een Corda este subiectiv. Nu exist\u0103 un singur depozit central de date. \u00cen schimb, fiecare nod \u00eentre\u021bine o baz\u0103 de date separat\u0103 a faptelor cunoscute.<\/p>\n<p>De exemplu, imagina\u021bi-v\u0103 o re\u021bea format\u0103 din 5 noduri, unde cercul reprezint\u0103 un fapt cunoscut de nod.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/538ca02bcd0488dbcf626d4e9bc704f2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nA\u0219a cum vedem, Ed, Carl \u0219i Demi cunosc faptul 3, \u00een timp ce Alice \u0219i Bob nici m\u0103car nu sunt con\u0219tien\u021bi de el. Corda garanteaz\u0103 p\u0103strarea faptelor comune \u00een baza fiec\u0103rui nod, datele fiind identice. <\/p>\n<h3>St\u0103ri<\/h3>\n<p>\nO stare este <i>immutabil<\/i> un obiect care reprezint\u0103 un fapt cunoscut de unul sau mai multe noduri din re\u021bea la un anumit moment \u00een timp.<\/p>\n<p>St\u0103rile pot stoca date arbitrare, cum ar fi ac\u021biuni, obliga\u021biuni, credite, informa\u021bii de identificare.<\/p>\n<p>De exemplu, urm\u0103toarea stare reprezint\u0103 un IOU \u2014 un acord prin care Alice \u00eei datoreaz\u0103 lui Bob suma X:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/19375664e05d42eb646dfbcab2c0638a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nCiclul de via\u021b\u0103 al unui fapt de-a lungul timpului este reprezentat de o secven\u021b\u0103 de st\u0103ri. C\u00e2nd este necesar\u0103 actualizarea st\u0103rii curente, cre\u0103m una nou\u0103, iar cea curent\u0103 este marcat\u0103 ca istoric (historic).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f3ab2bd8a7c4cb6df40f003aa88cc0fd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Tranzac\u021bii<\/h3>\n<p>\nTranzac\u021biile sunt propuneri de actualizare a ledger-ului. Ele nu sunt difuzate tuturor participan\u021bilor la ledger \u0219i sunt disponibile doar pentru acei participan\u021bi ai re\u021belei care au drept legal de a le vedea \u0219i gestiona.<\/p>\n<p>O tranzac\u021bie va fi ad\u0103ugat\u0103 \u00een ledger dac\u0103 aceasta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>valida contractual<\/li>\n<li>semnat\u0103 de to\u021bi participan\u021bii necesari<\/li>\n<li>nu con\u021bine cheltuieli duble (double-spends)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCorda utilizeaz\u0103 modelul UTXO (unspent transaction output), \u00een care fiecare stare a ledger-ului este imuabil\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Atunci c\u00e2nd se creeaz\u0103, tranzac\u021bia prime\u0219te ca intrare starea de output a tranzac\u021biei anterioare (prin hash \u0219i index).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f26706fc6ae514926ab7cc3d1e18aef7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nCiclul de via\u021b\u0103 al unei tranzac\u021bii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Creare (Deocamdat\u0103, tranzac\u021bia este doar o propunere de actualizare a ledger-ului) <\/li>\n<li>Colectarea semn\u0103turilor (Participan\u021bii necesari aprob\u0103 propunerea de actualizare ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd o semn\u0103tur\u0103 la tranzac\u021bie)<\/li>\n<li>Comiterea tranzac\u021biei \u00een ledger<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDup\u0103 ad\u0103ugarea tranzac\u021biei \u00een ledger, statele de intrare sunt marcate ca istorice \u0219i nu pot fi utilizate \u00een tranzac\u021biile viitoare.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/b2525d6861369163bedddcc4662d2f5b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPe l\u00e2ng\u0103 st\u0103rile de intrare \u0219i ie\u0219ire, tranzac\u021bia poate con\u021bine:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Comenzi (parametru al tranzac\u021biei, care indic\u0103 scopul tranzac\u021biei) <\/li>\n<li>Ata\u0219amente (calendar de s\u0103rb\u0103tori, convertor de valut\u0103) <\/li>\n<li>Fereastr\u0103 de timp (perioada de valabilitate)<\/li>\n<li>Notar (Notary, participan\u021bi speciali din re\u021bea, care valideaz\u0103 tranzac\u021biile) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/776d3d738f344acc65182e5dc67d9673.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Conctracte<\/h3>\n<p>\nAtunci c\u00e2nd discut\u0103m despre validitatea unei tranzac\u021bii, ne referim nu doar la existen\u021ba semn\u0103turilor necesare, ci \u0219i la validitatea conform contractului. Fiecare tranzac\u021bie este asociat\u0103 cu un contract care o accept\u0103 \u0219i valideaz\u0103 st\u0103rile de intrare \u0219i ie\u0219ire. O tranzac\u021bie este considerat\u0103 valid\u0103 doar dac\u0103 toate st\u0103rile sale sunt valide.<\/p>\n<p>Contractele \u00een Corda sunt scrise \u00een orice limbaj JVM (de exemplu, Java, Kotlin).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"kotlin\">class CommercialPaper : Contract {\n    override fun verify(tx: LedgerTransaction) {\n        TODO()\n    }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nEste necesar s\u0103 se extind\u0103 clasa <i>Contract<\/i> \u0219i s\u0103 se suprascrie metoda <i>verify<\/i>. \u00cen cazul invalid\u0103rii tranzac\u021biei trebuie s\u0103 fie lansat\u0103 o excep\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Validarea tranzac\u021biilor trebuie s\u0103 fie determinist\u0103, adic\u0103 contractul trebuie s\u0103 accepte sau s\u0103 resping\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna tranzac\u021bia. \u00cen acest sens, validitatea tranzac\u021biei nu poate depinde de timp, numere aleatorii, fi\u0219iere ale nodului din re\u021bea etc.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Corda, contractele sunt executate \u00eentr-un a\u0219a-numit sandbox \u2014 o JVM pu\u021bin modificat\u0103 care garanteaz\u0103 executarea determinist\u0103 a contractelor. <\/p>\n<h3>Fluxuri<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru a automatiza comunicarea nodurilor din re\u021bea, au fost ad\u0103ugate fluxuri.<\/p>\n<p>Fluxul \u2013 este o secven\u021b\u0103 de pa\u0219i care comunic\u0103 nodului cum s\u0103 efectueze o actualizare specific\u0103 a ledger-ului, c\u00e2nd trebuie s\u0103 semneze \u0219i s\u0103 valideze tranzac\u021bia.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f23038fa73013d5cb2b3b980cd43a326.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nUneori, sunt necesare ore sau zile p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd tranzac\u021bia este semnat\u0103 de toate p\u0103r\u021bile \u0219i ajunge \u00een ledger. Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 nodul implicat \u00een tranzac\u021bie este deconectat? Fluxurile au puncte de control \u00een care st\u0103rile fluxului sunt \u00eenregistrate \u00een baza de date a nodului. C\u00e2nd nodul este restaurat \u00een re\u021bea, acesta va continua de unde a r\u0103mas.<\/p>\n<h3>Consens<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru a ajunge \u00een ledger, tranzac\u021bia trebuie s\u0103 ating\u0103 2 consensuri: privind validitatea \u0219i unicitatea.<\/p>\n<p>Decizia privind validitatea tranzac\u021biei este luat\u0103 doar de p\u0103r\u021bile direct implicate.<\/p>\n<p>Nodurile notariale efectueaz\u0103 verificarea tranzac\u021biei pentru unicitate, prevenind cheltuielile duble.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 Bob are 100$, \u0219i vrea s\u0103 transfere 80$ lui Charlie \u0219i 70$ lui Dan, folosind aceea\u0219i stare de intrare. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2014 blockchain open source pentru afaceri\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/159a5b0f2a5c1e38f52d7739707efa8a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAcest truc nu va putea fi realizat cu Corda. De\u0219i tranzac\u021bia va trece verificarea validit\u0103\u021bii, verificarea unicita\u021bii va e\u0219ua. <\/p>\n<h3>Concluzie<\/h3>\n<p>\nPlatforma Corda, dezvoltat\u0103 de consor\u021biul blockchain R3, nu este un exemplu pur de utilizare a tehnologiei blockchain. Corda este un instrument destul de specializat pentru organiza\u021biile financiare.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452258\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Corda \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ledger \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0423 Corda \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e-\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c. \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d Corda \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Corda \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432: \u0423 Corda \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b. Corda \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25536,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Corda \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ledger \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 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