{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Principiul de func\u021bionare al protocolului VRRP","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (Protocolul de Redundan\u021b\u0103 a Primului Hop)<\/b> \u2014 un set de protocoale destinate cre\u0103rii redundan\u021bei pentru gateway-ul implicit. Ideea comun\u0103 pentru aceste protocoale este combinarea mai multor routere \u00eentr-un singur router virtual cu o adres\u0103 IP comun\u0103. Aceast\u0103 adres\u0103 IP va fi atribuit\u0103 gazdelor ca adres\u0103 a gateway-ului implicit. O implementare liber\u0103 a acestei idei este protocolul VRRP (Protocolul de Redundan\u021b\u0103 a Routerului Virtual). \u00cen acest articol, vom analiza conceptele de baz\u0103 ale protocolului VRRP.<\/p>\n

\"Principiul<\/a><\/noindex>
\nRouterele VRRP se unesc \u00eentr-un singur router virtual. Toate routerele din grup au o adres\u0103 IP virtual\u0103 comun\u0103 (VIP) \u0219i un num\u0103r de grup comun sau VRID (Identificatorul Routerului Virtual). Un router poate apar\u021bine mai multor grupuri, fiecare dintre acestea av\u00e2nd o pereche unic\u0103 VIP\/VRID.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cazul Cisco, routerul virtual este configurat pe interfa\u021ba de interes cu comanda:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nToate routerele sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een dou\u0103 tipuri: VRRP Master \u0219i VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 este routerul care se ocup\u0103 cu retransmiterea pachetelor pentru acest grup virtual. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 este routerul care a\u0219teapt\u0103 pachete de la Master. Dac\u0103 pachetele de la Master \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 mai vin\u0103, Backupul \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 treac\u0103 \u00een starea de Master. <\/p>\n
Routerul devine Master dac\u0103 are cea mai mare prioritate. Masterul trimite constant mesaje pe adresa de broadcast 224.0.0.18 pentru a informa routerele Backup c\u0103 este activ. Masterul trimite mesaje conform unui temporizator, Adver Timer, care este de 1 secund\u0103 \u00een mod implicit. <\/p>\n
\"Principiul
\n\u00cen acest caz, adresa MAC a expeditorului este adresa grupului 00:00:5E:00:01:xx, unde xx este VRID \u00een format hexazecimal. \u00cen acest exemplu, este utilizat\u0103 prima grup\u0103. <\/p>\n
\"Principiul
\nDac\u0103 routerele Backup nu primesc mesaje timp de trei Adver Timer (Master Down Timer), noul Master devine routerul cu cea mai mare prioritate sau routerul cu cea mai mare adres\u0103 IP. \u00cen acest caz, routerul Backup cu prioritate mai mare va prelua rolul de Master fa\u021b\u0103 de cel cu prioritate mai mic\u0103. Totu\u0219i, atunci c\u00e2nd Backupul are dezactivat\u0103 func\u021bia preempt, nu va prelua rolul de la Master. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nDac\u0103 routerul VRRP este proprietar al adresei VIP, atunci acesta va prelua \u00eentotdeauna rolul de Master. <\/p>\n
Prioritatea VRRP este setat\u0103 \u00een valori de la 1 la 254. Valoarea 0 este rezervat\u0103 pentru cazurile \u00een care Masterul trebuie s\u0103 se dezactiveze<\/i> \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 responsabilitatea pentru rutare. Valoarea 255 este setat\u0103 routerului proprietar de VIP. Prioritatea implicit\u0103 este 100, dar poate fi configurat\u0103 administrativ:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  priority<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAici putem vedea prioritatea routerului atunci c\u00e2nd este setat\u0103 administrativ:<\/p>\n
\"Principiul
\nIat\u0103 un caz \u00een care routerul este proprietar al VIP-ului:<\/p>\n
\"Principiul
\nRouterul VRRP poate avea trei st\u0103ri: Initialize, Backup, Master. Aceste st\u0103ri sunt schimbate secven\u021bial de router. <\/p>\n
\u00cen starea Initialize, routerul a\u0219teapt\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 lucrul. Dac\u0103 acest router este proprietar al adresei VIP (prioritatea este 255), routerul trimite mesaje c\u0103 devine Master. De asemenea, trimite \u00eentrebare gratuit\u0103 ARP<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00een care adresa MAC a sursei este egal\u0103 cu adresa routerului virtual. Apoi, acesta trece \u00een starea Master. Dac\u0103 routerul nu este proprietar al VIP-ului, acesta trece \u00een starea Backup. <\/p>\n
\"Principiul
\n\u00cen starea Backup, routerul a\u0219teapt\u0103 pachete de la Master. Routerul \u00een aceast\u0103 stare nu r\u0103spunde la \u00eentreb\u0103rile ARP de la adresa VIP. De asemenea, nu accept\u0103 pachete a c\u0103ror adres\u0103 de destina\u021bie este adresa MAC a routerului virtual. <\/p>\n
Dac\u0103 Backup-ul nu prime\u0219te mesaje de la Master \u00een timpul Master Down Timer, acesta trimite un mesaj VRRP c\u0103 se preg\u0103te\u0219te s\u0103 devin\u0103 Master. Apoi, trimite un mesaj VRRP de tip broadcast, \u00een care adresa MAC a sursei este egal\u0103 cu adresa acestui router virtual. \u00cen acest mesaj, routerul \u00ee\u0219i indic\u0103 prioritatea.<\/p>\n
\u00cen starea Master, routerul proceseaz\u0103 pachetele adresate routerului virtual. De asemenea, r\u0103spunde la \u00eentreb\u0103rile ARP pentru VIP. Master-ul trimite mesaje VRRP la fiecare Adver Timer pentru a confirma c\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103. <\/p>\n
*May 13 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Init -> Backup\n*May 13 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP permite de asemenea echilibrarea \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii \u00eentre mai multe routere. Pentru aceasta, pe o singur\u0103 interfa\u021b\u0103 se creeaz\u0103 dou\u0103 grupuri VRRP. Unei grupi i se atribuie o prioritate mai mare dec\u00e2t celeilalte. Astfel, pe al doilea router, prioritatea este setat\u0103 invers. Adic\u0103, dac\u0103 pe un router prioritatea primei grupi este 100, iar a celei de-a doua \u2014 200, pe cel\u0103lalt router prioritatea primei grupi va fi 200, iar a celei de-a doua 100. <\/p>\n
A\u0219a cum s-a men\u021bionat anterior, fiecare grup\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 propriul VIP unic. \u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103, ob\u021binem dou\u0103 adrese IP, gestionate de dou\u0103 routere, fiecare dintre care poate servi drept gateway implicit. <\/p>\n
\"Principiul
\nJum\u0103tate dintre computere primesc o adres\u0103 de gateway implicit, iar jum\u0103tate alta. Astfel, jum\u0103tate din trafic va trece printr-un router, iar jum\u0103tate prin cel\u0103lalt. \u00cen cazul \u00een care unul dintre routere cedeaz\u0103, cel\u0103lalt preia responsabilitatea ambelor VIP-uri.<\/p>\n
\"Principiul
\nAstfel, VRRP permite organizarea redundan\u021bei gateway-ului implicit, sporind fiabilitatea re\u021belei. Iar \u00een cazul utiliz\u0103rii mai multor routere virtuale, se poate realiza \u0219i echilibrul de \u00eenc\u0103rcare \u00eentre routerele reale. Viteza de reac\u021bie \u00een caz de defec\u021biune poate fi redus\u0103 prin scurtarea temporizatoarelor.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Principiul de func\u021bionare al protocolului VRRP | ProHoster","description":"FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 o familie de protocoale destinate cre\u0103rii redundan\u021bei gateway-ului implicit.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 VRRP | ProHoster","og:description":"FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T18:55:54+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T18:55:54+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"34006","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-21 17:33:19","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 02:29:44","updated":"2026-01-21 17:33:19","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34006"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34006\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25663"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}