{"id":34101,"date":"2019-10-31T21:56:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:56:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:25","slug":"ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah","title":{"rendered":"Despre anonimatul \u00een blockchain-urile bazate pe conturi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ne-am interesat demult de subiectul anonimatului \u00een criptomonede \u0219i am \u00eencercat s\u0103 urm\u0103rim evolu\u021bia tehnologiilor din acest domeniu. \u00cen articolele noastre am analizat deja \u00een detaliu principiile de func\u021bionare a tranzac\u021biilor confiden\u021biale<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een Monero, precum \u0219i am efectuat o recenzie comparativ\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> analize despre tehnologiile existente \u00een acest domeniu. Cu toate acestea, toate criptomonedele anonime de ast\u0103zi se bazeaz\u0103 pe modelul de date propus de Bitcoin \u2014 Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO). Pentru blockchain-urile bazate pe conturi, cum ar fi Ethereum, solu\u021biile existente pentru implementarea anonimatului \u0219i confiden\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii (de exemplu, Mobius<\/a><\/noindex> sau Aztec<\/a><\/noindex>) au \u00eencercat s\u0103 reproduc\u0103 modelul UTXO \u00een contractele inteligente.<\/p>\n

\u00cen februarie 2019, un grup de cercet\u0103tori de la Universitatea Stanford \u0219i Visa Research<\/a><\/noindex> au lansat a publicat un preprint<\/a><\/noindex> \u201eZether: Spre confiden\u021bialitate \u00een lumea contractelor inteligente\u201d. Autorii au propus pentru prima dat\u0103 o abordare pentru asigurarea anonimatului \u00een blockchain-urile bazate pe conturi \u0219i au prezentat dou\u0103 variante de contracte inteligente: pentru tranzac\u021bii confiden\u021biale (ascunderea soldurilor \u0219i sumelor transferurilor) \u0219i anonime (ascunderea destinatarului \u0219i expeditorului). Consider\u0103m tehnologia propus\u0103 interesant\u0103 \u0219i ne-ar pl\u0103cea s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219im modul s\u0103u de func\u021bionare, precum \u0219i s\u0103 discut\u0103m despre de ce problema anonimatului \u00een blockchain-urile bazate pe conturi este considerat\u0103 foarte complicat\u0103 \u0219i dac\u0103 autorii au reu\u0219it s\u0103 o rezolve complet.<\/p>\n

Despre structura acestor modele de date<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen modelul UTXO, o tranzac\u021bie este format\u0103 din \u201eintr\u0103ri\u201d \u0219i \u201eie\u0219iri\u201d. Analogia direct\u0103 pentru \u201eie\u0219iri\u201d este bancnotele din portofelul dumneavoastr\u0103: fiecare \u201eie\u0219ire\u201d are un anumit nominal. C\u00e2nd pl\u0103ti\u021bi cuiva (forma\u021bi o tranzac\u021bie), folosi\u021bi una sau mai multe \u201eie\u0219iri\u201d, care devin \u201eintr\u0103ri\u201d ale tranzac\u021biei, iar blockchain-ul le marcheaz\u0103 ca fiind utilizate. Destinatarul pl\u0103\u021bii dumneavoastr\u0103 (sau dumneavoastr\u0103, dac\u0103 ave\u021bi nevoie de rest) prime\u0219te \u201eie\u0219iri\u201d nou generate. Poate fi ilustrat schematic astfel:<\/p>\n

\"Despre
\n
\nBlockchain-urile bazate pe conturi sunt structurate aproximativ ca un cont bancar. Acestea opereaz\u0103 doar cu suma din contul dumneavoastr\u0103 \u0219i suma transferului. Atunci c\u00e2nd transfera\u021bi o sum\u0103 din contul dumneavoastr\u0103, nu arde\u021bi nicio \u201eie\u0219ire\u201d, re\u021beaua nu trebuie s\u0103 re\u021bin\u0103 ce monede au fost consumate \u0219i care nu. \u00cen cel mai simplu caz, verificarea tranzac\u021biei se reduce la verificarea semn\u0103turii expeditorului \u0219i a sumei din soldul s\u0103u:<\/p>\n

\"Despre
\n<\/p>\n

Analiza tehnologiei<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen continuare, vom discuta despre modul \u00een care Zether ascunde suma tranzac\u021biilor, primitorul \u0219i expeditorul. Pe parcursul descrierii principiilor sale de func\u021bionare, vom sublinia diferen\u021bele dintre varianta confiden\u021bial\u0103 \u0219i cea anonim\u0103. Deoarece este mult mai simplu s\u0103 asiguri confiden\u021bialitate \u00een blockchain-uri bazate pe conturi, unele dintre restric\u021biile impuse de anonimizare nu vor fi relevante pentru versiunea confiden\u021bial\u0103 a tehnologiei.<\/p>\n

Ascunderea soldurilor \u0219i sumelor transferurilor<\/h4>\n

\nPentru criptarea soldurilor \u0219i sumelor transferurilor \u00een Zether se folose\u0219te un sistem de criptare ElGamal<\/a><\/noindex>. Func\u021bioneaz\u0103 astfel. C\u00e2nd Alice vrea s\u0103-i trimit\u0103 lui Bob b<\/b><\/i> monede la adresa (cheia sa public\u0103) Y<\/b><\/i>, ea alege un num\u0103r aleatoriu r<\/b><\/i> \u0219i cripteaz\u0103 suma:<\/p>\n

\"Despre
\nunde C<\/b><\/i> \u2014 suma criptat\u0103, D<\/b><\/i> \u2014 un valoare auxiliar\u0103 necesar\u0103 pentru decriptarea acestei sume, G<\/b><\/i> \u2014 un punct fix pe o curb\u0103 eliptic\u0103, prin \u00eenmul\u021birea c\u0103ruia cu cheia secret\u0103 se ob\u021bine cheia public\u0103.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd Bob prime\u0219te aceste valori, el pur \u0219i simplu le adaug\u0103 la soldul s\u0103u criptat \u00een acela\u0219i mod, ceea ce face ca acest sistem s\u0103 fie convenabil.<\/p>\n

\u00cen mod similar, Alice scade din soldul s\u0103u acelea\u0219i valori, doar c\u0103 folose\u0219te Y<\/b><\/i> cheia sa public\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ascunderea destinatarului \u0219i expeditorului<\/h4>\n

\nAmestecarea \u201eie\u0219irilor\u201d \u00een UTXO a ap\u0103rut \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputurile criptomonedelor \u0219i ajut\u0103 la ascunderea expeditorului. Pentru aceasta, expeditorul \u00eensu\u0219i, atunci c\u00e2nd efectueaz\u0103 un transfer, selecteaz\u0103 aleatoriu \u201eie\u0219iri\u201d din blockchain \u0219i le amestec\u0103 cu ale sale. Apoi le semneaz\u0103 cu o semn\u0103tur\u0103 \u00een cerc \u2014 un mecanism criptografic care permite convingerea celor care verific\u0103 c\u0103 printre \u201eie\u0219irile\u201d amestecate se afl\u0103 monedele expeditorului. Monedele amestecate, desigur, nu sunt cheltuite.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, pentru a ascunde destinatarul, nu putem genera \u201eie\u0219iri\u201d false. Prin urmare, \u00een UTXO, fiecare \u201eie\u0219ire\u201d are propria adres\u0103 unic\u0103, care este legat\u0103 criptografic de adresa destinatarului acestor monede. \u00cen prezent, nu exist\u0103 nicio modalitate de a identifica leg\u0103tura dintre adresa unic\u0103 a \u201eie\u0219irii\u201d \u0219i adresa destinatarului, f\u0103r\u0103 a cunoa\u0219te cheile sale secrete.<\/p>\n

\u00cen modelul bazat pe conturi, nu putem folosi adrese unice (altfel ar deveni deja un model de \u201eie\u0219iri\u201d). Prin urmare, at\u00e2t destinatarul, c\u00e2t \u0219i expeditorul trebuie amesteca\u021bi printre alte conturi \u00een blockchain. \u00cen acest fel, conturile amestecate au un total de 0 monede cheltuite (sau se adaug\u0103 0 \u2014 \u00een cazul amestec\u0103rii destinatarului), f\u0103r\u0103 a le schimba efectiv soldul real.<\/p>\n

Deoarece at\u00e2t expeditorul, c\u00e2t \u0219i destinatarul au mereu o adres\u0103 constant\u0103, aici apare necesitatea, atunci c\u00e2nd se realizeaz\u0103 transferuri pe acelea\u0219i adrese, de a folosi acelea\u0219i grupuri pentru amestecare. Este mai u\u0219or s\u0103 analiz\u0103m acest lucru printr-un exemplu.<\/p>\n

S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 Alice a decis s\u0103 fac\u0103 o dona\u021bie la fondul caritabil al lui Bob, dar prefer\u0103 ca aceast\u0103 dona\u021bie s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 anonim\u0103 pentru un observator extern. Atunci, pentru a se masca \u00een c\u00e2mpul expeditorului, ea introduce \u0219i conturile lui Adam \u0219i Adele. Iar pentru a-l ascunde pe Bob \u2014 \u00een c\u00e2mpul destinatarului, adaug\u0103 conturile lui Ben \u0219i Bill. La urm\u0103toarea dona\u021bie, Alice a decis s\u0103 adauge l\u00e2ng\u0103 ea conturile lui Alex \u0219i Amanda, iar l\u00e2ng\u0103 Bob \u2014 pe Bruce \u0219i Benjen. \u00cen acest caz, la analiza blockchain-ului, \u00een aceste dou\u0103 tranzac\u021bii va exista o singur\u0103 pereche de participan\u021bi suprapuse \u2014 Alice \u0219i Bob, ceea ce va deanonimiza aceste tranzac\u021bii.<\/p>\n

\"Despre
\n<\/p>\n

Cursele tranzac\u021biilor<\/h4>\n

\nA\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat, pentru a-\u0219i ascunde soldul \u00een sistemele bazate pe conturi, utilizatorul \u00ee\u0219i cripteaz\u0103 soldul \u0219i suma transferului. \u00cen acest proces, el trebuie s\u0103 dovedeasc\u0103 c\u0103 soldul de pe contul s\u0103u r\u0103m\u00e2ne non-negativ. Problema este c\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd formeaz\u0103 o tranzac\u021bie, utilizatorul construie\u0219te o dovad\u0103 \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu starea sa curent\u0103 a contului. Ce se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla dac\u0103 Bob \u00eei trimite Alinei o tranzac\u021bie, iar aceasta este acceptat\u0103 \u00eenainte ca tranzac\u021bia Alinei s\u0103 fie procesat\u0103? Atunci tranzac\u021bia Alinei va fi considerat\u0103 invalid\u0103, deoarece dovada soldului a fost construit\u0103 \u00eenainte de acceptarea tranzac\u021biei lui Bob.<\/p>\n

\"Despre
\n
\nPrima solu\u021bie care vine \u00een astfel de situa\u021bii este \u00eenghe\u021barea contului p\u00e2n\u0103 la realizarea tranzac\u021biei. Dar aceast\u0103 abordare nu este viabil\u0103, deoarece, \u00een afar\u0103 de complexitatea solu\u021bion\u0103rii acestei probleme \u00eentr-un sistem distribuit, \u00een schema anonim\u0103 va fi neclar ce cont trebuie blocat.<\/p>\n

Pentru a rezolva aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, tehnologia separ\u0103 tranzac\u021biile de intrare \u0219i cele de ie\u0219ire: cheltuirea fondurilor are un efect imediat asupra st\u0103rii balan\u021bei, \u00een timp ce veniturile sunt am\u00e2nate. Pentru aceasta, este introdus conceptul de \u201eepoci\u201d - grupuri de blocuri de dimensiuni fixe. \u201eEpoca\u201d actual\u0103 este definit\u0103 prin \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea \u00een\u0103l\u021bimii blocului la dimensiunea grupului. Proces\u00e2nd o tranzac\u021bie, re\u021beaua actualizeaz\u0103 imediat balan\u021ba expeditorului, iar fondurile destinatarului sunt adunate \u00eentr-un depozit. Fondurile acumulate devin disponibile pentru destinatarul pl\u0103\u021bii doar la \u00eenceputul unei noi \u201eepoci\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ca rezultat, utilizatorul poate trimite tranzac\u021bii indiferent de c\u00e2t de des prime\u0219te fonduri (desigur, \u00een limita balan\u021bei sale). Dimensiunea epocii este determinat\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de c\u00e2t de repede se propag\u0103 blocurile prin re\u021bea \u0219i c\u00e2t de repede o tranzac\u021bie ajunge \u00eentr-un bloc. <\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 solu\u021bie func\u021bioneaz\u0103 bine \u00een cazul transferurilor confiden\u021biale, dar cu tranzac\u021biile anonime, a\u0219a cum vom vedea mai departe, creeaz\u0103 probleme serioase.<\/p>\n

Protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva atacurilor de replay<\/h4>\n

\n\u00cen blockchain-urile bazate pe cont, fiecare tranzac\u021bie este semnat\u0103 cu cheia privat\u0103 a expeditorului, ceea ce \u00eel convinge pe verificator c\u0103 tranzac\u021bia nu a fost modificat\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 a fost generat\u0103 de proprietarul acestei chei. Dar ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 un atacator care a interceptat canalul de transmisie capteaz\u0103 acest mesaj \u0219i trimite un al doilea identic? Verificatorul va compara semn\u0103tura tranzac\u021biei \u0219i va fi convins de autorul acesteia, iar re\u021beaua va deduce din nou aceea\u0219i sum\u0103 din balan\u021ba expeditorului.<\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 atac se nume\u0219te atac de replay. \u00cen modelul UTXO, astfel de atacuri nu sunt relevante, deoarece atacatorul ar \u00eencerca s\u0103 utilizeze ie\u0219irile deja cheltuite, ceea ce \u00een sine nu este valid \u0219i este respins de re\u021bea.<\/p>\n

Pentru a evita asta, \u00een tranzac\u021bie se \u00eencorporeaz\u0103 un c\u00e2mp cu date aleatoare, denumit nonce sau simplu \u201esare\u201d. La trimiterea din nou a tranzac\u021biei cu \u201esare\u201d, verificatorul verific\u0103 dac\u0103 acest nonce a fost folosit anterior \u0219i, dac\u0103 nu, consider\u0103 tranzac\u021bia valabil\u0103. Pentru a nu p\u0103stra \u00eentreaga istorie a nonce-urilor utilizatorilor \u00een blockchain, de obicei \u00een prima tranzac\u021bie acesta este setat la zero \u0219i apoi este crescut cu unul. Re\u021beaua trebuie doar s\u0103 verifice c\u0103 nonce-ul noii tranzac\u021bii este diferit de cel anterior cu unul.<\/p>\n

\u00cen schema anonim\u0103 de transferuri apare problema valid\u0103rii nonc-urilor tranzac\u021biilor. Nu putem lega nonc-ul din mod explicit de adresa expeditorului, deoarece, evident, acest lucru de-anonimizeaz\u0103 transferul. De asemenea, nu putem ad\u0103uga o unitate la nonc-urile tuturor conturilor implicate, deoarece acest lucru ar putea conflictua cu alte transferuri aflate \u00een procesare. <\/p>\n

Autorii Zether propun generarea nonc-ului criptografic \u2014 \u00een func\u021bie de \u201eepoc\u0103\u201d. De exemplu:<\/p>\n

\"Despre
\nAici x<\/i><\/b> \u2014 cheia secret\u0103 a expeditorului, iar Gepoch<\/i><\/b> \u2014 un generator suplimentar pentru epoc\u0103, ob\u021binut prin hasharea unui \u0219ir de forma ‘Zether + ‘. Acum, problema pare s\u0103 fie rezolvat\u0103 \u2014 nu divulg\u0103m nonce-ul expeditorului \u0219i nu intervenim \u00een nonce-urile participan\u021bilor neimplica\u021bi. Dar aceast\u0103 abordare impune o limitare serioas\u0103: un cont poate trimite nu mai mult de o tranzac\u021bie \u00een \u201eepoc\u0103\u201d. Aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, din p\u0103cate, r\u0103m\u00e2ne nerezolvat\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een prezent, face ca versiunea anonim\u0103 a Zether, din punctul nostru de vedere, s\u0103 fie foarte pu\u021bin utilizabil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dificultatea dovezilor cu dezv\u0103luire zero<\/h4>\n

\n\u00cen UTXO, expeditorul trebuie s\u0103 demonstreze re\u021belei c\u0103 nu cheltuie o sum\u0103 negativ\u0103, altfel devine posibil\u0103 generarea de monede noi din aer (de ce acest lucru este posibil, am scris \u00eentr-unul din articolele anterioare articolele noastre<\/a><\/noindex>). De asemenea, acesta trebuie s\u0103 semneze \u00abintr\u0103rile\u00bb cu o semn\u0103tur\u0103 \u00een cerc pentru a dovedi c\u0103 printre monedele amestecate se afl\u0103 fonduri ce \u00eei apar\u021bin.<\/p>\n

\u00cen versiunea anonim\u0103 a blockchain-ului bazat pe conturi, expresiile pentru dovezi devin mult mai complexe. Expeditorul dovede\u0219te c\u0103:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Suma trimis\u0103 este pozitiv\u0103;<\/li>\n
  2. Soldul r\u0103m\u00e2ne non-negativ;<\/li>\n
  3. Expeditorul a criptat corect sumele transferurilor (inclusiv zero);<\/li>\n
  4. Soldul pe cont se modific\u0103 doar pentru expeditor \u0219i destinatari;<\/li>\n
  5. Expeditorul de\u021bine cheia secret\u0103 a contului s\u0103u \u0219i acesta este, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, prezent pe lista expeditorilor (printre cei amesteca\u021bi);<\/li>\n
  6. Nonc-ul utilizat \u00een tranzac\u021bie este compus corect.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nPentru o astfel de dovad\u0103 complex\u0103, autorii folose\u0219te o combina\u021bie F\u0103r\u0103 ap\u0103rare<\/a><\/noindex> (unul dintre autori, apropo, a participat la crearea acesteia) \u0219i Sigma protocol<\/a><\/noindex>, pe care o numesc Sigma-bullets. Dovezile formale ale acestei afirma\u021bii sunt o sarcin\u0103 destul de complex\u0103 \u0219i limiteaz\u0103 semnificativ num\u0103rul celor care vor s\u0103 se implice \u00een implementarea tehnologiei.<\/p>\n

    Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00een final?<\/h4>\n

    \n\u00cen opinia noastr\u0103, partea Zether, care aduce confiden\u021bialitate blocchain-urilor bazate pe conturi, poate fi utilizat\u0103 deja acum. Dar, \u00een prezent, versiunea anonim\u0103 a tehnologiei impune restric\u021bii serioase asupra utiliz\u0103rii sale, iar complexitatea acesteia afecteaz\u0103 implementarea. Totu\u0219i, nu trebuie s\u0103 ignor\u0103m c\u0103 autorii au lansat-o cu doar c\u00e2teva luni \u00een urm\u0103 \u0219i, poate, altcineva va g\u0103si o solu\u021bie pentru problemele existente ast\u0103zi. A\u0219a se face \u0219tiin\u021ba.
    \n
    Sursa:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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