{"id":34382,"date":"2019-10-31T21:58:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:58:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sistemy-monitoringa-trafika-v-setyah-voip-chast-pervaya-obzornaya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:58:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:58:01","slug":"sistemy-monitoringa-trafika-v-setyah-voip-chast-pervaya-obzornaya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sistemy-monitoringa-trafika-v-setyah-voip-chast-pervaya-obzornaya","title":{"rendered":"Sisteme de monitorizare a traficului \u00een re\u021belele VoIP. Partea \u00eent\u00e2i \u2014 prezentare general\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cen acest material, vom \u00eencerca s\u0103 analiz\u0103m un element interesant \u0219i util al infrastructurii IT, \u0219i anume sistemul de monitorizare a traficului VoIP.<\/p>\n

\"Sisteme<\/a><\/noindex>
\nDezvoltarea re\u021belelor de telecomunica\u021bii moderne este impresionant\u0103: de la semnalele de alarm\u0103, au avansat mult, iar ceea ce p\u0103rea inimaginabil \u00eenainte, acum este ceva obi\u0219nuit. Numai profesioni\u0219tii \u0219tiu ce se ascunde \u00een spatele cotidianului \u0219i al utiliz\u0103rii pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 a realiz\u0103rilor din domeniul tehnologiilor informa\u021biei. Diversitatea mediilor de transmisie, a metodelor de comutare, a protocoalelor de interac\u021biune a dispozitivelor \u0219i a algoritmilor de codare \u00eei cople\u0219e\u0219te pe cei neini\u021bia\u021bi \u0219i poate deveni un adev\u0103rat co\u0219mar pentru oricine este implicat \u00een func\u021bionarea lor corect\u0103 \u0219i stabil\u0103: trecerea semnalelor tonale sau a traficului vocal, imposibilitatea de a se \u00eenregistra pe softswitch, testarea de echipamente noi, redactarea unei solicit\u0103ri c\u0103tre suportul furnizorului.<\/p>\n

Conceptul men\u021bionat mai sus de protocol este piatra de temelie a oric\u0103rei re\u021bele de comunica\u021bie, de la care depinde arhitectura sa, structura \u0219i complexitatea dispozitivelor sale, gama de servicii furnizate \u0219i multe altele. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, o regularitate evident\u0103, dar foarte important\u0103 este c\u0103 utilizarea unui protocol de semnalizare mai flexibil \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te scalabilitatea re\u021belei de comunica\u021bie, ceea ce duce la o cre\u0219tere rapid\u0103 a diferitelor dispozitive de re\u021bea. <\/p>\n

Chiar \u0219i cre\u0219terea necesar\u0103 \u0219i justificat\u0103 a num\u0103rului de elemente de re\u021bea interconectate, \u00een cadrul regularit\u0103\u021bii men\u021bionate, vine cu o serie de dificult\u0103\u021bi legate de \u00eentre\u021binerea \u0219i operarea re\u021belei. Mul\u021bi speciali\u0219ti s-au confruntat cu situa\u021bia \u00een care un dump extras nu permite localizarea clar\u0103 a problemei ap\u0103rute, deoarece a fost ob\u021binut \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 a re\u021belei neimplicat\u0103 \u00een apari\u021bia acesteia. <\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie este \u00een special caracteristic\u0103 re\u021belelor VoIP, care includ un num\u0103r de dispozitive mai mare dec\u00e2t o singur\u0103 PBX \u0219i mai multe telefoane IP. De exemplu, atunci c\u00e2nd solu\u021bia folose\u0219te mai multe controlere de sesiune pe margine, comutatoare flexibile sau softswitch-uri unice, dar func\u021bia de determinare a loca\u021biei utilizatorilor este separat\u0103 de celelalte \u0219i plasat\u0103 pe un dispozitiv distinct. Atunci, inginerul trebuie s\u0103 aleag\u0103 urm\u0103toarea sec\u021biune pentru analiz\u0103, ghid\u00e2ndu-se dup\u0103 experien\u021ba sa empiric\u0103 sau la \u00eent\u00e2mplare. <\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 abordare este extrem de obositoare \u0219i neproductiv\u0103, deoarece for\u021beaz\u0103 repetat pierderea timpului \u00een combaterea acelea\u0219i probleme: ce ar putea fi utilizat pentru colectarea pachetelor, cum s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 rezultatele \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Pe de o parte, dup\u0103 cum se \u0219tie, oamenii se obi\u0219nuiesc cu orice. Poate fi, de asemenea, obi\u0219nuit, 'antren\u00e2ndu-se' \u0219i antren\u00e2nd r\u0103bdarea. Cu toate acestea, pe de alt\u0103 parte, exist\u0103 o alt\u0103 complexitate care nu poate fi ignorat\u0103 - corelarea tras\u0103rilor preluate din diferite sec\u021biuni. Toate problemele men\u021bionate anterior, precum \u0219i multe alte sarcini de analiz\u0103 a re\u021belelor de comunica\u021bie, constituie obiectul de activitate al multor speciali\u0219ti, iar sistemele de monitorizare a traficului sunt menite s\u0103 ajute la rezolvarea acestora.<\/p>\n

Despre sistemele de monitorizare a traficului re\u021belelor de comunica\u021bie<\/h3>\n

\n\u0218i \u00eempreun\u0103 - facem o treab\u0103 comun\u0103: tu \u00een felul t\u0103u, iar eu \u00een felul meu.
\nIu. Detochkin
\n<\/i>
\nRe\u021belele moderne de transmisie a traficului multimedia sunt proiectate \u0219i construite prin implementarea diferitelor concepte, fundamentul c\u0103rora \u00eel constituie numeroasele protocoale de telecomunica\u021bie: CAS, SS7, INAP, H.323, SIP etc. Sistemul de monitorizare a traficului (SMT) este un instrument care are menirea de a captura mesajele men\u021bionate anterior (\u0219i nu numai) ale protocoalelor \u0219i dispune de un set de interfe\u021be convenabile, intuitive \u0219i informative pentru analiza acestora. Principala destina\u021bie a SMT-ului este de a face tras\u0103rile de semnalizare \u0219i dump-urile disponibile pentru speciali\u0219ti \u00een orice moment (inclusiv \u00een timp real) f\u0103r\u0103 utilizarea unor programe specializate (de exemplu, Wireshark). Pe de alt\u0103 parte, fiecare specialist calificat acord\u0103 o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 problemelor legate, de exemplu, de securitatea infrastructurii IT. <\/p>\n

Un aspect important, direct legat de aceast\u0103 problem\u0103, este capacitatea acestui specialist de a \u201e\u021bine pulsat\u201d situa\u021bia, ceea ce poate fi realizat inclusiv prin notificarea prompt\u0103 despre un anumit incident. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere acest subiect al notific\u0103rilor, discut\u0103m despre monitorizarea re\u021belei de comunica\u021bii. Revenind la defini\u021bia men\u021bionat\u0103 anterior, SMT permite controlul mesajelor, r\u0103spunsurilor \u0219i activit\u0103\u021bilor care pot indica un comportament anormal al re\u021belei (de exemplu, r\u0103spunsurile 403 sau 408 din grupa 4xx \u00een SIP sau o cre\u0219tere brusc\u0103 a num\u0103rului de sesiuni pe trunk), ob\u021bin\u00e2nd astfel infografica corespunz\u0103toare care ilustreaz\u0103 vizual ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103. <\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, este important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 sistemul de monitorizare a traficului VoIP nu este ini\u021bial un Fault Monitoring System clasic, care permite crearea de h\u0103r\u021bi de re\u021bea, monitorizarea disponibilit\u0103\u021bii elementelor sale, utilizarea resurselor, perifericele \u0219i multe alte aspecte (de exemplu, Zabbix).<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce am clarificat ce reprezint\u0103 un sistem de monitorizare a traficului \u0219i sarcinile pe care le \u00eendepline\u0219te, s\u0103 trecem la \u00eentrebarea despre modul \u00een care acesta poate fi aplicat \u00een beneficiul afacerii.<\/p>\n

Este evident c\u0103 SMT-ul, \u00een sine, nu poate colecta Call Flow \u201ela cerere\u201d. Pentru aceasta, este necesar s\u0103 se centralizeze traficul corespunz\u0103tor de pe toate dispozitivele utilizate \u00eentr-un singur punct \u2013 Capture Server. Astfel, ceea ce este scris define\u0219te o caracteristic\u0103 distinctiv\u0103 a sistemului, exprimat\u0103 \u00een necesitatea de a asigura centralizarea locului de colectare a traficului de semnal \u0219i permite r\u0103spunsul la \u00eentrebarea de mai sus: ce ofer\u0103 utilizarea \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443 \u00een re\u021beaua exploatat\u0103 sau implementat\u0103.<\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, de obicei, un inginer nu poate r\u0103spunde, a\u0219a cum se spune, dintr-o dat\u0103 la \u00eentrebarea \u2014 \u00een care loc anume se va afla sau ar putea fi punctul de centralizare a traficului. Pentru a oferi un r\u0103spuns mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin clar, speciali\u0219tii trebuie s\u0103 efectueze o serie de investiga\u021bii legate de analiza subiectiv\u0103 a re\u021belei VoIP. De exemplu, verifica din nou compunerea echipamentului, determinarea detaliat\u0103 a punctelor sale de conectare, precum \u0219i posibilit\u0103\u021bile din perspectiva trimiterii traficului corespunz\u0103tor c\u0103tre punctul de colectare. \u00cen plus, este clar c\u0103 succesul solu\u021bion\u0103rii acestei probleme depinde \u00een mod direct de modul de organizare a re\u021belei IP de transport. <\/p>\n

Prin urmare, primul beneficiu al implement\u0103rii SMT este acea revizie a re\u021belei, c\u00e2ndva planificat\u0103, dar care nu a fost realizat\u0103. Desigur, un cititor atent va \u00eentreba imediat \u2013 ce leg\u0103tur\u0103 are asta cu SMT? Nu exist\u0103 o leg\u0103tur\u0103 direct\u0103 aici \u0219i nu poate fi, dar... Psihologia majorit\u0103\u021bii oamenilor, inclusiv a celor din domeniul IT, este de obicei \u00eenclinat s\u0103 asocieze acest tip de activit\u0103\u021bi cu un fel de eveniment. Al doilea avantaj rezult\u0103 din precedentul \u0219i const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103, chiar \u00eenainte ca SMT s\u0103 fie desf\u0103\u0219urat, agen\u021bii de captur\u0103 fiind instala\u021bi \u0219i configura\u021bi, trimiterea mesajelor RTCP activat\u0103, pot fi descoperite probleme care necesit\u0103 interven\u021bie operativ\u0103. De exemplu, undeva a ap\u0103rut un \u201eg\u00e2t de sticl\u0103\u201d \u0219i acest lucru este evident \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 statistici, pe care SMT le poate oferi, utiliz\u00e2nd datele furnizate, de exemplu, de RTCP.<\/p>\n

Acum s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la procesul descris anterior de colectare a tras\u0103rilor at\u00e2t de necesare \u0219i s\u0103 z\u00e2mbim, amintindu-ne de cuvintele eroului, eviden\u021biate \u00een epigraful acestei p\u0103r\u021bi. O caracteristic\u0103 important\u0103, care nu a fost men\u021bionat\u0103, este c\u0103, de obicei, manipul\u0103rile enumerate pot fi realizate de personal de suficient\u0103 calificare, cum ar fi inginerii de baz\u0103. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, \u00eentreb\u0103rile care pot fi rezolvate cu ajutorul tras\u0103rilor pot cuprinde \u0219i a\u0219a-numitele sarcini de rutin\u0103. De exemplu, determinarea cauzei pentru care terminalul nu este \u00eenregistrat de instalator sau client. De aici, devine evident c\u0103 prezen\u021ba dorin\u021bei specifice de a colecta dump-uri de c\u0103tre speciali\u0219tii men\u021biona\u021bi impune asupra lor necesitatea de a \u00eendeplini aceste sarcini de produc\u021bie. Acest lucru nu este productiv deoarece consum\u0103 timp de la rezolvarea altor probleme mai importante. <\/p>\n

\u00cen majoritatea companiilor \u00een care utilizarea unui produs precum SMT este de dorit, exist\u0103 o unitate special\u0103, al c\u0103rei set de sarcini include tocmai \u00eendeplinirea opera\u021biunilor de rutin\u0103, \u00een scopul de a desc\u0103rca al\u021bi speciali\u0219ti \u2013 service desk, helpdesk sau suport tehnic. De asemenea, nu voi dezv\u0103lui nimic nou cititorului dac\u0103 men\u021bionez c\u0103 accesul inginerilor de la suportul tehnic, din motive de securitate \u0219i stabilitate a re\u021belei, la cele mai critice noduri este nedorit (de\u0219i este posibil s\u0103 nu fie interzis), iar aceste elemente de re\u021bea con\u021bin cele mai profitabile perspective din punctul de vedere al dump-urilor. SMT, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 este centrul de colectare a traficului \u0219i dispune de o interfa\u021b\u0103 intuitiv\u0103 \u0219i transparent\u0103, poate rezolva o serie de probleme men\u021bionate. Singura condi\u021bie este organizarea accesului la interfa\u021b\u0103 de pe sta\u021biile de lucru ale speciali\u0219tilor suportului tehnic \u0219i, posibil, redactarea unui articol \u00een baza de cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre utilizarea acesteia.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie, s\u0103 not\u0103m cele mai cunoscute \u0219i interesante produse care, \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, \u00eendeplinesc func\u021bionalitatea discutat\u0103 mai sus, printre care: Voipmonitor<\/a><\/noindex>, HOMER SIP Capture<\/a><\/noindex>, Oracle Communications Monitor<\/a><\/noindex>, SPIDER<\/a><\/noindex>De\u0219i exist\u0103 o abordare general\u0103 \u00een organizarea \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219urarea acestora, fiecare are nuan\u021bele sale, aspecte subiective pozitive \u0219i negative, \u0219i toate merit\u0103 o examinare separat\u0103. Aceasta va fi tema materialelor viitoare. V\u0103 mul\u021bumim pentru aten\u021bie!<\/p>\n

UPD (23.05.2019): la lista men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een concluzie, merit\u0103 ad\u0103ugat \u00eenc\u0103 un produs, despre care autorul a aflat relativ recent. SIP3<\/a><\/noindex> \u2013 un reprezentant t\u00e2n\u0103r \u0219i \u00een dezvoltare din lumea sistemelor de monitorizare a traficului SIP.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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