{"id":34586,"date":"2019-10-31T21:59:12","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-6-usiliteli-rf-signala\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:59:12","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:12","slug":"seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-6-usiliteli-rf-signala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-6-usiliteli-rf-signala","title":{"rendered":"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/36bcd73dffd731737aa78687864b4475.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen acest articol vom analiza amplificatoarele de semnal radio de \u00eenalt\u0103 frecven\u021b\u0103 pentru televiziunea prin cablu \u00een partea coaxial\u0103 a magistralei.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Con\u021binutul seriei de articole<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449322\/\">Partea 1: Arhitectura general\u0103 a re\u021belei CATV<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449902\/\">Partea 2: Compozi\u021bia \u0219i forma semnalului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450256\/\">Partea 3: Componenta analogic\u0103 a semnalului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450258\/\">Partea 4: Componenta digital\u0103 a semnalului<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450278\/\">Partea 5: Re\u021beaua de distribu\u021bie coaxial\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Partea 6: Amplificatoarele de semnal RF<\/li>\n<li>Partea 7: Recep\u021bionerele optice<\/li>\n<li>Partea 8: Re\u021beaua optic\u0103 magistral\u0103<\/li>\n<li>Partea 9: Sta\u021bia de cap<\/li>\n<li>Partea 10: Diagnosticul \u0219i repararea re\u021belei CATV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00cen cazul \u00een care \u00een cl\u0103dire (sau chiar \u00een \u00eentregul cartier) exist\u0103 un singur recep\u021bioner optic \u0219i toat\u0103 bran\u0219area c\u0103tre st\u00e2lpi este realizat\u0103 cu cablu coaxial, este absolut necesar s\u0103 se amplifice semnalul la \u00eenceputul acestuia. \u00cen re\u021beaua noastr\u0103 se folosesc \u00een principal echipamente de la firma Teleste, a\u0219a c\u0103 voi ilustra cu exemplul lor, dar principiile de baz\u0103 ale echipamentelor altor produc\u0103tori sunt similare, iar setul de func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bi pentru configurare este de obicei asem\u0103n\u0103tor.<\/p>\n<p>Modelul CXE180M are un num\u0103r minim de set\u0103ri:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/7bb8b53563084681625326a0bff20e70.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDup\u0103 cum probabil v\u0103 aminti\u021bi din p\u0103r\u021bile anterioare, semnalul are doi parametri cantitativi importan\u021bi: nivelul \u0219i \u00eenclina\u021bia. Acestea sunt exact ceea ce pot ajuta s\u0103 fie corectate set\u0103rile amplificatorului. Hai s\u0103 \u00eencepem cu ordinea: imediat dup\u0103 conectorul de intrare se afl\u0103 <b>atenuatorul<\/b>. Acesta permite reducerea semnalului de intrare cu p\u00e2n\u0103 la 31 dB (c\u00e2nd comutatorul albastru este setat conform schemei, intervalul de reglare se schimb\u0103 de la 0-15 la 16-31 dB). Acest lucru este necesar \u00een cazul \u00een care semnalul care ajunge la amplificator este mai mare de 70 dB\u00b5V. Problema este c\u0103 etajul amplificatorului asigur\u0103 o cre\u0219tere a nivelului semnalului cu 40 dB, iar la ie\u0219ire ar trebui s\u0103 ob\u021binem nu mai mult de 110 dB\u00b5V (la un nivel mai mare, raportul semnal\/zgomot scade semnificativ \u0219i acest num\u0103r este valabil pentru toate amplificatoarele broadband \u0219i recep\u021bionerele cu amplificator \u00eencorporat). Astfel, dac\u0103 la intrarea amplificatorului ajunge un semnal de 80 dB\u00b5V, de exemplu, la ie\u0219ire acesta ne va oferi 120 dB\u00b5V de zgomot \u0219i semnale degradate. Pentru a evita acest lucru, trebuie s\u0103 set\u0103m atenuatorul de intrare la pozi\u021bia de atenuare de 10 dB.<\/p>\n<p>\u00centre atenuator, vedem <b>equalizatorul<\/b>Este necesar pentru a elimina reversibilitatea, dac\u0103 aceasta exist\u0103. Acest lucru se realizeaz\u0103 prin reducerea nivelului semnalului \u00een zona frecven\u021belor joase cu p\u00e2n\u0103 la 20 dB. Este important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 nu putem elimina reversibilitatea cresc\u00e2nd nivelul frecven\u021belor \u00eenalte, ci doar atenu\u00e2nd frecven\u021bele joase.<\/p>\n<p>Aceste dou\u0103 instrumente sunt adesea suficiente pentru a corecta abateri minore ale semnalului de la normal. Dac\u0103 nu este cazul, se pot utiliza urm\u0103toarele:<\/p>\n<p><b>Simulator de cablu<\/b>, conceput sub forma unei inser\u021bii care poate fi montat\u0103 orizontal sau vertical, dup\u0103 cum sugereaz\u0103 denumirea, simuleaz\u0103 includerea unei por\u021biuni lungi de cablu, pe care ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 loc atenuarea predominant a frecven\u021belor \u00eenalte ale domeniului. Acest lucru permite reducerea, dac\u0103 este necesar, a \u00eenclina\u021biei directe, atenu\u00e2nd cu 8 dB \u00een zona frecven\u021belor \u00eenalte. Acest lucru este util \u00een cazul instal\u0103rii amplificatoarelor \u00een cascad\u0103 pe distan\u021be scurte, de exemplu.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 aceste manipul\u0103ri, semnalul trece prin prima etap\u0103 a cascad\u0103 amplificatoare, dup\u0103 care vedem o alt\u0103 inser\u021bie care permite reducerea suplimentar\u0103 a coeficientului de amplificare. Jumperul de dup\u0103 acesta ne va ajuta din nou s\u0103 atenu\u0103m frecven\u021bele joase pentru a ob\u021bine \u00eenclina\u021bia necesar\u0103. Aceste dou\u0103 set\u0103ri sunt, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, echivalente cu atenuatoarele de intrare \u0219i egalizatoarele, dar care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu a doua etap\u0103 a cascadei.<\/p>\n<p>La ie\u0219irea cascadei amplificatoare vedem <b>o priz\u0103 de test<\/b>. Aceasta este o muf\u0103 standard cu filete, la care se poate conecta un instrument de m\u0103surare sau un receptor TV pentru a controla calitatea semnalului de ie\u0219ire. Nu toate instrumentele \u0219i aproape toate televizoarele nu pot procesa corect semnalul cu un nivel de o sut\u0103 sau mai mult de dBmV, a\u0219a c\u0103 prizele de testare pe orice echipament sunt \u00eentotdeauna realizate cu o atenuare de 20-30 dB de la valoarea real\u0103 a ie\u0219irii. Acest lucru trebuie mereu avut \u00een vedere atunci c\u00e2nd efectua\u021bi m\u0103sur\u0103tori.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cenainte de ie\u0219ire este montat\u0103 o alt\u0103 inser\u021bie. \u00cen fotografia amplificatorului se observ\u0103 c\u0103 s\u0103geata reprezentat\u0103 pe aceasta indic\u0103 doar ie\u0219irea din dreapta. \u0218i asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu va exista semnal pe cea st\u00e2ng\u0103. Astfel de inser\u021bii sunt instalate pe aceste amplificatoare \u201edin cutie\u201d, iar \u00een interiorul cutiei de livrare se afl\u0103 o alt\u0103 inser\u021bie:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4981c7492e6304d7d1bbbdbc1cdc0720.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAceasta permite utilizarea celei de-a doua ie\u0219iri, dar introduce inevitabil o atenuare a semnalului \u00een valoare de 4 dB.<\/p>\n<p>Amplificatorul modelului CXE180RF pare, la prima vedere, s\u0103 aib\u0103 de dou\u0103 ori mai multe set\u0103ri:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/31464579dfc395537a4f38fde05b7efd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDe fapt, lucrurile nu sunt at\u00e2t de \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare: cu c\u00e2teva diferen\u021be minore, aici este tot acela\u0219i lucru ca \u0219i \u00een analiza de mai sus.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, a ap\u0103rut un deviere de test la intrare. Acesta este necesar pentru a controla semnalul f\u0103r\u0103 a deconecta cablul de la intrarea amplificatorului \u0219i, prin urmare, f\u0103r\u0103 a \u00eentrerupe emisia.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, filtrele diplex, precum \u0219i atenuatorul \u0219i egalizatorul de ie\u0219ire sunt necesare pentru ajustarea canalelor de trecere DOCSIS, prin urmare, \u00een cadrul acestui articol, voi men\u021biona doar c\u0103 filtrele taie frecven\u021bele indicate pe ele, ceea ce poate deveni o problem\u0103 dac\u0103 \u00een spectrul semnalului pe aceste frecven\u021be se emit canale TV. Din fericire, produc\u0103torul le ofer\u0103 cu valori diferite, iar \u00eenlocuirea lor, la nevoie, nu este o problem\u0103.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0a1001ad14d9c4ddb09fe80b8cb2548f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRoti\u021bele (la fel ca \u0219i jumperul care aduce o atenuare de 10 dB) influen\u021beaz\u0103 exclusiv canalul de \u00eentoarcere \u0219i nu pot schimba semnalul televizorului.<\/p>\n<p>Celelalte trei jumperuri ne prezint\u0103 o tehnologie precum <b>alimentarea de la distan\u021b\u0103<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd se proiecteaz\u0103 cl\u0103diri, amplificatoarele sunt adesea plasate \u00een locuri unde pot exista probleme cu furnizarea de electricitate din tablouri electrice. \u00cen plus, fiecare pereche de \u201epriz\u0103-fi\u015f\u0103\u201d, care implic\u0103 de asemenea un \u00eentrerup\u0103tor automat (care poate fi instalat \u00een cel mai nea\u0219teptat loc), reprezint\u0103 un punct poten\u021bial de defectare. Din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, exist\u0103 posibilitatea de a alimenta echipamentele direct prin cablul coaxial. De fapt, a\u0219a cum se poate vedea din marcajele de pe capacul blocului de alimentare, aceasta poate fi fie alternativ\u0103, fie curent continuu, cu un interval destul de larg de tensiuni. A\u0219adar, aceste trei jumperuri includ capacitatea de a permite curentului de alimentare s\u0103 treac\u0103 la intrare, precum \u0219i pe fiecare dintre cele dou\u0103 ie\u0219iri separat, dac\u0103 avem nevoie s\u0103 aliment\u0103m urm\u0103torul amplificator din cascada. La activarea st\u00e2lpului cu abona\u021bi, tensiunea la ie\u0219ire, desigur, nu trebuie s\u0103 fie furnizat\u0103!<\/p>\n<p>Am men\u021bionat deja \u00een <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450278\/\">partea anterioar\u0103, c\u0103 \u00een acest sistem se folosesc bifurca\u021bii speciale:<\/a><\/noindex> Acestea utilizeaz\u0103 elemente mai mari \u0219i mai fiabile, iar carcasa masiv\u0103 asigur\u0103 disiparea c\u0103ldurii \u0219i protec\u021bia.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/55ec9e0e4779d8e9f7a0e055e469ffda.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/ff4ea47c231ed19a57b6033992cb4029.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAcestea utilizeaz\u0103 elemente mai mari \u0219i mai fiabile, iar corpul masiv asigur\u0103 disiparea c\u0103ldurii \u0219i protec\u021bia.<\/p>\n<p>Sursa de alimentare \u00een acest caz este un bloc cu un transformator masiv integrat:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/7df95edc73042c88fc3b7efbeb11159a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTrebuie men\u021bionat c\u0103, \u00een ciuda aparentei optimiz\u0103ri a schemei de alimentare la distan\u021b\u0103, amplificatoarele care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 astfel supravie\u021buiesc mai rar accidentelor de alimentare f\u0103r\u0103 consecin\u021be, iar atunci c\u00e2nd sunt \u00eenlocuite, personalul tehnic trebuie s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 deconecteze alimentarea blocului \u00eensu\u0219i pentru a nu lucra cu cabluri sub tensiune. Astfel, \u00een timpul \u00eenlocuirii unui amplificator, \u00eentre timp \u00eentreaga cas\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne f\u0103r\u0103 semnal. Din acelea\u0219i motive, la aceste amplificatoare este necesar\u0103 o linie de testare la intrare: altfel, ar trebui s\u0103 lucr\u0103m cu cablul sub tensiune.<\/p>\n<p>Ar fi interesant s\u0103 aflu de la colegi c\u00e2t de r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite sunt sistemele de alimentare la distan\u021b\u0103; v\u0103 rug\u0103m s\u0103 scrie\u021bi \u00een comentarii dac\u0103 le folosi\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 este necesar s\u0103 conecta\u021bi un num\u0103r mare de televizoare \u00een interiorul unei apartamente sau birou, este posibil s\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lni\u021bi o lips\u0103 de nivel dup\u0103 lan\u021bul de distribuitoare. \u00cen acest caz, trebuie s\u0103 instala\u021bi un amplificator pe teritoriul abonatului, pentru care se folosesc dispozitive mici cu un num\u0103r minim de set\u0103ri \u0219i un nivel de amplificare mai sc\u0103zut. <br \/>\nDe exemplu, acesta:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Re\u021bele de cablu TV pentru cei mai mici. Partea 6: Amplificatoare RF ale semnalului\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a0cca80a889e1a54602fefdceaf09126.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450452\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0422\u0412 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 3: \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 4: \u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 5: \u041a\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 6: \u0423\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 RF-\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 7: \u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 8: \u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26062,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34586","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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