{"id":34612,"date":"2019-10-31T21:59:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blokchejn-chto-nam-stoit-kejs-postroit\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:59:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:22","slug":"blokchejn-chto-nam-stoit-kejs-postroit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/blokchejn-chto-nam-stoit-kejs-postroit","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain: ce ne-ar costa s\u0103 construim un caz?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>\u00centreaga istorie a umanit\u0103\u021bii este o \u00eencercare de a distruge vechile ordini \u0219i de a construi unele noi, desigur, mai bune. (Autor anonim)<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen articolul precedent <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/443282\/\">\u201eCe ne cost\u0103 s\u0103 construim un blockchain?\u201d<\/a><\/noindex> am analizat tehnologiile pe care opereaz\u0103 toate blockhain-urile. A venit timpul s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem ce probleme pot rezolva blockhain-urile moderne. Pentru \u00eenceput, s\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la analiza st\u0103rii actuale a blockchain-ului \u0219i la perspectivele de viitor. Ca specialist tehnic, m\u0103 inspir\u0103 compania Gartner cu numeroasele sale cicluri de maturitate a tehnologiilor (Hype Cycles). Graficul arat\u0103 ciclul de maturitate al blockchain-ului \u00een afaceri la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2018. Ce concluzii putem trasa?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: ce ne-ar costa s\u0103 construim un caz?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/04333a58930b95f2e99fee0da1769e75.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Analiza de la Gartner<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Din grafic se poate observa c\u0103 multe industrii moderne \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 aplice blockchain-ul pentru a rezolva problemele de produc\u021bie, iar \u00een fiecare an apar industrii noi care \u00eencep s\u0103 exploreze blockchain-ul.<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, deocamdat\u0103, nicio industrie nu a atins un platou de productivitate, nici m\u0103car o pant\u0103 de iluminare. <\/li>\n<li>Desigur, nu toate industriile aflate acum pe drumul spre v\u00e2rful a\u0219tept\u0103rilor vor ajunge la platoul de productivitate, dar av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere amploarea mi\u0219c\u0103rii, \u00een 5-10 ani vom fi martorii utiliz\u0103rii pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 a unor cazuri. <\/li>\n<li>Dar unde este Bitcoin, mineritul \u0219i, \u00een general, criptomoneda, \u00eentreba\u021bi voi? Aceste tehnologii aduc profituri substan\u021biale? Ele au fost pe graficele anilor anteriori, dar anul acesta au p\u0103r\u0103sit deja platoul de productivitate \u00een cele 10 ani necesari.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nUrm\u0103torul grafic arat\u0103 maturitatea tehnologiilor blockchain: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: ce ne-ar costa s\u0103 construim un caz?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/2259bd38955f4b7c631fa7e20645405c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCe se poate spune despre acest grafic?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Majoritatea tehnologiilor blockchain moderne sunt de asemenea \u00een faza de discu\u021bie. Dar nu pentru c\u0103 ar fi tehnologii noi, ci pentru c\u0103 industriile le exploreaz\u0103 aplicabilitatea la structura lor de date, volumul \u0219i viteza de procesare, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd oportunit\u0103\u021bi de a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi eficien\u021ba \u0219i de a reduce costurile cu ajutorul tehnologiilor blockchain. <\/li>\n<li>Interesul fa\u021b\u0103 de mineritul de criptomonede, blockchain-ul clasic \u0219i, \u00een general, tehnologia registrului distribuit \u00eencepe s\u0103 scad\u0103. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAcum s\u0103 vedem pentru ce cazuri de industrie se \u00eencearc\u0103 aplicarea blockchain-ului. Gartner a realizat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2018 un studiu \u0219i a prezentat rezultatele sub form\u0103 de matrice, unde pe orizontal\u0103 sunt enumerate cazurile, pe vertical\u0103 industriile, iar cercurile de la intersec\u021bii arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de solicitat este un anumit caz \u00eentr-o industrie specific\u0103:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: ce ne-ar costa s\u0103 construim un caz?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/76c139d7039f3a05e8006a1f9921e2c8.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCe concluzii se pot trasa din acest tabel?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Majoritatea proiectelor folosesc blockchain-ul pentru \u00eenregistrarea, distribuirea \u0219i partajarea de date (Shared Record Keeping \u0219i Internal Record Keeping).<\/li>\n<li>O parte semnificativ\u0103 a proiectelor utilizeaz\u0103 blockchain-ul pentru a urm\u0103ri mi\u0219carea valorii sau schimbarea proprietarilor (Asset Tracking).<\/li>\n<li>Identificarea (Identity Management) este necesar\u0103, de\u0219i treptat, \u00een aproape toate industriile.<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen prezent, tokenizarea (Digital Tokens) nu este prea solicitat\u0103 \u0219i, ceea ce este surprinz\u0103tor, acela\u0219i lucru se poate spune \u0219i despre contractele inteligente (Smart Contracts).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Schema generalizat\u0103 a blockchain-ului<\/h2>\n<p>\nC\u00e2nd se deseneaz\u0103 blockchain-ul aplicat \u00een orice industrie, toate schemele sunt \u00een principiu identice: exist\u0103 o re\u021bea blockchain, iar participan\u021bii scriu \u0219i citesc informa\u021bii prin intermediul Dapp (aplica\u021bie descentralizat\u0103). Toate diferen\u021bele constau \u00een detalii, de exemplu, informa\u021biile \u00een blockchain pot fi scrise nu doar de oameni, ci \u0219i de dispozitivele platformei IoT (Internet of Things). S\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare schema generalizat\u0103 folosind IoT, deoarece este una dintre cele mai discutate aplica\u021bii ale blockchain-ului. Vom echipa suplimentar dispozitivele IoT cu un card SIM pentru transmiterea datelor, folosind re\u021beaua mobil\u0103 a operatorului de telefonie, sau mai bine, eSIM, pentru a putea utiliza diverse re\u021bele mobile. Re\u021beaua mobil\u0103 va fi, desigur, 5G, deoarece service-ul dispozitivelor IoT este una dintre aplica\u021biile de baz\u0103 ale re\u021belei 5G. Modulele GPS \/ GLONASS vor urm\u0103ri loca\u021bia. Pentru func\u021bionarea adecvat\u0103 a contractelor inteligente, este necesar s\u0103 avem informa\u021bii din surse externe, de exemplu, ratele actuale ale ac\u021biunilor sau valutelor. Pentru aceasta, se folosesc a\u0219a-numitele oracle-uri blockchain. Ultimul element este un modul de inteligen\u021b\u0103 artificial\u0103 pentru analiza datelor. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.oceanprotocol.com\/blockchains-for-artificial-intelligence-ec63b0284984\">Studiile spun<\/a><\/noindex>, c\u0103 algoritmii AI (Inteligen\u021b\u0103 Artificial\u0103) vor func\u021biona eficient pe datele din blockchain, deoarece acestea sunt complete, necontradictorii \u0219i ordonate temporal.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, am ob\u021binut un schelet general pentru proiectele blockchain. Acum, putem scrie orice titlu pentru el \u0219i transforma schema \u00een una potrivit\u0103 pentru diverse industrii. De exemplu, \u201eUrm\u0103rirea mi\u0219c\u0103rii cisternelor pentru industria petrolier\u0103\u201d sau \u201eProduc\u021bia de piese pentru industria auto\u201d sau \u201eLivr\u0103ri de carne de ferm\u0103 \u00een magazinele de retail\u201d.<\/p>\n<h2>Blockchain + IoT + 5G + GPS + AI<\/h2>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Blockchain: ce ne-ar costa s\u0103 construim un caz?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/af29e1cad5a1e06b3e5b85f082a79117.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTrecem la cazuri concrete.<\/p>\n<h2>Analiza cazurilor<\/h2>\n<p>\nHai s\u0103 g\u0103sim cazuri pentru industriile enumerate \u0219i s\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim pe ce blockchainuri le putem implementa. Se pare c\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 c\u0103ut\u0103m nimic, deoarece exist\u0103 actuala \u201e<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/sdlt.io\/cases\">Biblioteca de cazuri blockchain<\/a><\/noindex>\u201d cu exemple \u0219i linkuri. Aceasta cuprinde cazuri de utilizare a blockchainului \u00een urm\u0103toarele industrii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>industria auto<\/li>\n<li>sectorul public<\/li>\n<li>sectorul extractiv<\/li>\n<li>s\u0103n\u0103tate<\/li>\n<li>cultur\u0103 \u0219i art\u0103<\/li>\n<li>imobiliare<\/li>\n<li>produc\u021bie<\/li>\n<li>retail<\/li>\n<li>agricultur\u0103<\/li>\n<li>telecomunica\u021bii<\/li>\n<li>transport<\/li>\n<li>sectorul financiar<\/li>\n<li>sectorul energetic<\/li>\n<li>gestionarea drepturilor de autor <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Concluzii din analiza setului de cazuri<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Desigur, blockchain-ul se preteaz\u0103 bine pentru fintech, deoarece tranzac\u021biile \u0219i transferul de propriet\u0103\u021bi sunt fundamentale pentru sistemul financiar. <\/li>\n<li>Blockchain-ul este logic de aplicat \u00een cazurile \u00een care exist\u0103 \u201elan\u021buri de aprovizionare\u201d, de exemplu, transportul containerelor. Containerul este considerat un bun care este transferat \u00een proprietate de la o companie de transport la alta. Sau, de exemplu, etichetarea alimentelor \u0219i urm\u0103rirea \u00eentregului lan\u021b de aprovizionare a produselor de la ferma agricol\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la magazinele de retail. \u00cen acest caz, cump\u0103r\u0103torul poate verifica dac\u0103 produsul a fost fabricat de un anumit produc\u0103tor \u00een condi\u021bii specifice. \u00cen prezent, informa\u021biile de acest fel de pe etichete se pot crede doar pe cuv\u00e2nt.<\/li>\n<li>Un caz relevant pentru identificarea persoanelor IAM (Managementul Identit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i Accesului) \u0219i stocarea datelor personale. Odat\u0103 cu apari\u021bia blockchain-ului, a ap\u0103rut o modalitate de solu\u021bionare bazat\u0103 pe stocarea datelor personale \u00eentr-un registru distribuit, iar prin intermediul protocolului Zero Knowledge Proof, o persoan\u0103 poate decide ce date s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103. De exemplu, un exemplu clasic este confirmarea c\u0103 un cet\u0103\u021bean a \u00eemplinit 18 ani. Acum, pentru acest lucru se utilizeaz\u0103 un pa\u0219aport sau un permis de conducere, care con\u021bin date nerelevante pentru verificare, cum ar fi adresa de \u00eenregistrare. Folosind blockchain-ul, se va putea verifica c\u0103 o persoan\u0103 are 18 ani, f\u0103r\u0103 a dezv\u0103lui alte informa\u021bii.<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen aceea\u0219i zon\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u0219i cazul \u00eenregistr\u0103rii \u00een blockchain a datelor medicale ale pacien\u021bilor, pentru a putea fi transferate \u00eentre institu\u021bii, f\u0103r\u0103 a \u00eenc\u0103lca confiden\u021bialitatea. \u0218i aceasta este o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 comun\u0103 a multor cazuri, unde, pe de o parte, este necesar\u0103 identificarea persoanelor \u0219i posibilitatea de a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi informa\u021biile f\u0103r\u0103 obstacole, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte este esen\u021bial s\u0103 se protejeze (s\u0103 se cripeze) datele personale \u0219i private. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Blockchain \u0219i statul<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen multe \u021b\u0103ri, exist\u0103 programe guvernamentale pentru dezvoltarea blockchain-ului. Inclusiv \u00een Rusia, exist\u0103 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/data-economy.ru\">un program de transformare digital\u0103 a statului<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00een cadrul c\u0103ruia blockchain-ul (registrul distribuit) este considerat o direc\u021bie de dezvoltare. Pentru stat, dezvoltarea blockchain-ului este relevant\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103toarele direc\u021bii: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crearea de registre ale tranzac\u021biilor imobiliare, cum ar fi propriet\u0103\u021bile;<\/li>\n<li>Crearea de registre pentru \u00eenregistrarea actelor de stare civil\u0103, cum ar fi \u00eenregistrarea na\u0219terilor, c\u0103s\u0103toriilor \u0219i divor\u021burilor;<\/li>\n<li>\u00cenregistrarea rezultatelor alegerilor \u0219i voturilor \u00een blockchain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Blockchain \u0219i Telecom<\/h3>\n<p>\nCazurile implementate \u00een industria Telecom vor influen\u021ba majoritatea oamenilor. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tmforum.org\/catalysts\/blockchain-unleashed\">Potrivit TM Forum<\/a><\/noindex> pentru operatorii de telecomunica\u021bii, cel mai relevant este utilizarea blockchain-ului pentru a rezolva urm\u0103toarele probleme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Operatorii pot elimina intermediarii (centrele de decontare) \u00een furnizarea de roaming \u0219i pot efectua pl\u0103\u021bi direct \u00eentre ei. <\/li>\n<li>Identificarea persoanelor \u0219i a dispozitivelor IoT.<\/li>\n<li>Num\u0103rarea automat\u0103 a \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rilor reglement\u0103rilor SLA (Acordul de Nivel de Serviciu) pe baza unui contract smart \u0219i plata compensa\u021biilor. <\/li>\n<li>\u00centre\u021binerea unei baze de date distribuite cu telefoane furate.<\/li>\n<li>Gestionarea unei baze de date distribuite pentru MNP (Portabilitatea Num\u0103rului Mobil) \u0219i eliminarea intermediarului sub forma unei baze de date centralizate. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Analiza blockchain-urilor<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen scopuri de sistematizare, am \u00eencercat s\u0103 g\u0103sesc o clasificare a blockchain-urilor pe genera\u021bii. Nu am g\u0103sit o clasificare general acceptat\u0103, dar toat\u0103 lumea este de acord c\u0103 prima genera\u021bie este Bitcoin, a doua Ethereum, iar de aici \u00eencolo totul depinde de preferin\u021bele personale. Mi se pare logic\u0103 urm\u0103toarea clasificare: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prima genera\u021bie (Bitcoin): suport\u0103 doar func\u021bionalitatea de transfer a criptovalutei de la un cont la altul.<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen a doua genera\u021bie au fost ad\u0103ugate contractele inteligente (Ethereum) \u0219i multivaluta (BitShares).<\/li>\n<li>A treia genera\u021bie permite operarea nu doar cu criptovalute, ci \u0219i cu orice active digitale, implementarea unei logici de afaceri arbitrare, flexibilitatea \u00een configurarea algoritmului de consens. Un exemplu de blockchain universal este Hyperledger Fabric. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nS\u0103 analiz\u0103m reprezentan\u021bii tuturor genera\u021biilor, din perspectiva caracteristicilor care ajut\u0103 la \u00een\u021belegerea cazurilor de utilizare care pot fi implementate pe blockchain-uri diferite:<\/p>\n<p>Bitcoin<br \/>\nEthereum<br \/>\nBitshares<br \/>\nHyperledger Fabric<br \/>\nExonum<\/p>\n<p>Genera\u021bia blockchain-ului<br \/>\n1<br \/>\n2<br \/>\n2<br \/>\n3<br \/>\n3<\/p>\n<p>Site<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/en\/\">bitcoin.org\/en<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ethereum.org\/\">ethereum.org<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bitshares.org\/\">bitshares.org<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hyperledger.org\/projects\/fabric\">www.hyperledger.org<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/exonum.com\">exonum.com<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Performan\u021ba \u00een TPS<br \/>\n7<br \/>\n20-30<br \/>\n10,000<br \/>\n1000<br \/>\n10,000<\/p>\n<p>Se poate face un blockchain privat?<br \/>\nnu<br \/>\nnu<br \/>\nda<br \/>\nda<br \/>\nda<\/p>\n<p>Num\u0103rul de noduri \u00een re\u021bea<br \/>\nPeste 10.000<br \/>\nPeste 10.000<br \/>\nEficient 20-30 de noduri<br \/>\nEficien\u021ba este determinat\u0103 de sistemul Apache Kafka<br \/>\nEficien\u021ba este determinat\u0103 de consensul BFT: 10-20 de noduri<\/p>\n<p>Comisionul mediu pentru tranzac\u021bii<br \/>\n0.5$<br \/>\n0.1$<br \/>\nmai pu\u021bin dec\u00e2t \u00een Ethereum<br \/>\nnu<br \/>\nnu<\/p>\n<p>Sistemele de operare acceptate pentru noduri<br \/>\nWindows, Linux, MacOS<br \/>\nWindows, Linux, MacOS, Raspberry Pi<br \/>\nUbuntu, Windows<br \/>\nWindows, Linux, MacOS<br \/>\nLinux, MacOS<\/p>\n<p>Implementarea nodurilor<br \/>\nManual<br \/>\nManual, Docker<br \/>\nManual<br \/>\nDocker, docker-compose<br \/>\nManual, Docker<\/p>\n<p>Consens<br \/>\nPoW<br \/>\nPoW<br \/>\nDPoS<br \/>\nSistem de votare, folose\u0219te Apache Kafka<br \/>\nBFT<\/p>\n<p>Contract inteligent<br \/>\nNu \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea general acceptat\u0103<br \/>\nLimbaj de programare Solidity<br \/>\nPreinstalate \u0219i num\u0103rul acestora este limitat. Se poate ad\u0103uga \u00een C++<br \/>\nLimbaje de programare Go, JS<br \/>\nRust<\/p>\n<p>Limbaj de programare pe care este scris blockchain-ul<br \/>\nC++<br \/>\nC++<br \/>\nC++<br \/>\nGo<br \/>\nRust<\/p>\n<p>DB pentru stocarea datelor blockchain-ului<br \/>\nLevelDB<br \/>\nLevelDB<br \/>\nLevelDB<br \/>\ngoleveldb - LevelDB \u00een Go<br \/>\nRocksDB<\/p>\n<p>Dezvoltare \u0219i suport<br \/>\nSatoshi Nakamoto &amp; Co<br \/>\nVitalik Buterin &amp; Co<br \/>\nDan Larimer &amp; Co<br \/>\nThe Linux Foundation, IBM, Oracle<br \/>\nBitfury Group<\/p>\n<p>Limit\u0103ri \u00een implementarea cazurilor<br \/>\nPerforman\u021ba \u0219i existen\u021ba comisionului.<br \/>\nPerforman\u021ba \u0219i existen\u021ba comisionului. Potrivit pentru teste pilot \u0219i PoC-uri.<br \/>\nExisten\u021ba comisionului \u0219i un num\u0103r limitat de scenarii de utilizare implementate.<br \/>\nHyperledger Fabric \u2014 nu exist\u0103 limite dac\u0103 nu te a\u0219tep\u021bi la performan\u021be excelente.<br \/>\nExonum limiteaz\u0103 consensul BFT \u0219i are un prag de intrare ridicat, deoarece pentru implementarea contractelor inteligente acestea trebuie \u00eencorporate \u00een codul surs\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Concluzie<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen prezent, utilizarea oric\u0103rei tehnologii noi este adesea prezentat\u0103 ca o solu\u021bie pentru probleme. De aceea, trebuie s\u0103 ne asigur\u0103m, mai \u00eent\u00e2i, c\u0103 \u00een acest caz avem nevoie \u00eentr-adev\u0103r de blockchain. Pentru asta, trebuie s\u0103 r\u0103spundem la \u00eentreb\u0103rile: este necesar\u0103 toat\u0103 func\u021bionalitatea men\u021bionat\u0103?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Criptografie<\/li>\n<li>Imutabilitatea \u0219i integritatea istoricului de date<\/li>\n<li>Distribu\u021bie <\/li>\n<li>Decentralizare <\/li>\n<li>Tokenizare <\/li>\n<li>Contracte inteligente <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 nu ave\u021bi nevoie de toate caracteristicile men\u021bionate, atunci poate fi mai eficient s\u0103 aplica\u021bi tehnologii diferite de blockchain. Dac\u0103 totu\u0219i a fost decis s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 blockchain, trebuie avut \u00een vedere aspectele specifice ale blockchain-ului, care, datorit\u0103 naturalit\u0103\u021bii sale, nu pot fi modificate: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diferite blockchain-uri au caracteristici tehnice \u0219i limit\u0103ri diferite, a\u0219a c\u0103, \u00een func\u021bie de caz, trebuie ales blockchain-ul corespunz\u0103tor.<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen func\u021bie de consens, performan\u021ba blockchain-ului difer\u0103 \u00een mod semnificativ. \u0218i dac\u0103 este ales un anumit blockchain, este foarte probabil c\u0103 nu va putea fi \u201eoptimizat\u201d. <\/li>\n<li>Scalabilitatea liniar\u0103 este o cerin\u021b\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103 pentru sistemele informa\u021bionale. Blockchain-ul poate scala mai prost dec\u00e2t linear. <\/li>\n<li>Datele care trebuie p\u0103strate pot avea o structur\u0103 care reduce eficien\u021ba utiliz\u0103rii blockchain-ului. <\/li>\n<li>\u00cen blockchain-urile private, trebuie asigurat\u0103 o securitate cel pu\u021bin la fel de bun\u0103 ca \u00een sistemele IT corporative utilizate. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDin cauza acestor limit\u0103ri, \u00een prezent blockchain-ul este folosit, \u00een principal, \u00een cele mai simple cazuri, \u00een care trebuie eliminat intermediari sau trebuie atins\u0103 verificarea autenticita\u021bii \u0219i imutabilit\u0103\u021bii datelor \u00eentre participan\u021bi care nu sunt sub un control comun. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen partea urm\u0103toare, vom desf\u0103\u0219ura blockchain-ul \u00een cloud \u0219i vom vedea cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 totul. <\/p>\n<p><b>Acesta este doar \u00eenceputul! <\/b><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449986\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0439. 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