{"id":34775,"date":"2019-10-31T22:00:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/eksperiment-kak-zamaskirovat-ispolzovanie-tor-dlya-obhoda-blokirovok\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:00:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:18","slug":"eksperiment-kak-zamaskirovat-ispolzovanie-tor-dlya-obhoda-blokirovok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/eksperiment-kak-zamaskirovat-ispolzovanie-tor-dlya-obhoda-blokirovok","title":{"rendered":"Experiment: Cum s\u0103 maschezi utilizarea Tor pentru a ocoli blocajele","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/454002\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Experiment: Cum s\u0103 maschezi utilizarea Tor pentru a ocoli blocajele\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/35921a936c3b9237cb346e52899dfdc8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Cenzura pe internet devine o problem\u0103 din ce \u00een ce mai important\u0103 \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. Aceasta duce la intensificarea \"cursei \u00eenarm\u0103rilor\" \u2013 autorit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i corpora\u021biile private din diferite \u021b\u0103ri \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 blocheze con\u021binutul divers \u0219i lupt\u0103 \u00eempotriva mijloacelor de a ocoli aceste restric\u021bii, \u00een timp ce dezvoltatorii \u0219i cercet\u0103torii \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 creeze instrumente eficiente pentru combaterea cenzurii. <\/p>\n<p>Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 de la universit\u0103\u021bile Carnegie Mellon, Stanford \u0219i SRI International au realizat <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frankwang.org\/files\/papers\/ccs2012.pdf\">un experiment<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00een cadrul c\u0103ruia au dezvoltat un serviciu special pentru mascare utiliz\u0103rii Tor \u2013 unul dintre cele mai populare instrumente pentru ocolirea blocajelor. V\u0103 prezent\u0103m un raport despre munca desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Tor \u00eempotriva blocajelor<\/h2>\n<p>\nTor asigur\u0103 anonimatul utilizatorilor prin intermediul unor relee speciale \u2013 adic\u0103 servere intermediare \u00eentre utilizator \u0219i site-ul dorit. De obicei, \u00eentre utilizator \u0219i site se afl\u0103 mai multe relee, fiecare dintre ele put\u00e2nd decripta doar o mic\u0103 parte din datele transmise \u00eentr-un pachet \u2013 suficient pentru a cunoa\u0219te urm\u0103toarea destina\u021bie din lan\u021b \u0219i a trimite pachetul acolo. Prin urmare, chiar dac\u0103 se adaug\u0103 relee controlate de infractori sau cenzori \u00een lan\u021b, ace\u0219tia nu vor reu\u0219i s\u0103 afle nici destina\u021bia, nici punctul de sosire al traficului. <\/p>\n<p>Ca instrument de combatere a cenzurii, Tor func\u021bioneaz\u0103 eficient, \u00eens\u0103 cenzorii au posibilitatea de a-l bloca complet. Iranul \u0219i China au desf\u0103\u0219urat campanii de succes pentru blocarea acestuia. Au reu\u0219it s\u0103 identifice traficul Tor prin scanarea TLS handshakes \u0219i a altor caracteristici distinctive ale Tor. <\/p>\n<p>Ulterior, dezvoltatorilor le-a reu\u0219it s\u0103 adapteze sistemul pentru a ocoli blocajele. Cenzorii au r\u0103spuns prin blocarea conexiunilor HTTPS c\u0103tre numeroase site-uri, inclusiv Tor. Dezvoltatorii proiectului au creat un program numit obfsproxy, care cripteaz\u0103 suplimentar traficul. Aceast\u0103 competi\u021bie continu\u0103 constant.<\/p>\n<h2>Datele ini\u021biale ale experimentului<\/h2>\n<p>\nCercet\u0103torii au decis s\u0103 dezvolte un instrument care s\u0103 permit\u0103 mascare utiliz\u0103rii Tor, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t utilizarea acestuia s\u0103 fie posibil\u0103 chiar \u0219i \u00een regiunile \u00een care sistemul este complet blocat. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ca ipoteze ini\u021biale, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au formulat urm\u0103toarele:<\/li>\n<li>Cenzura controleaz\u0103 un segment izolat al re\u021belei interne, care se conecteaz\u0103 la internetul extern necontrolat.<\/li>\n<li>Autorit\u0103\u021bile responsabile cu bloc\u0103rile controleaz\u0103 toat\u0103 infrastructura de re\u021bea din interiorul segmentului cenzurat, dar nu software-ul de pe computerele utilizatorilor finali. <\/li>\n<li>Cenzura \u00ee\u0219i propune s\u0103 previn\u0103 accesul utilizatorilor la materiale pe care le consider\u0103 nedorite, presupun\u00e2ndu-se c\u0103 toate aceste materiale sunt stocate pe servere \u00een afara segmentului de re\u021bea controlat. <\/li>\n<li>Routerele de la periferia acestui segment analizeaz\u0103 datele necriptate din toate pachetele pentru a bloca con\u021binutul nedorit \u0219i a \u00eempiedica p\u0103trunderea pachetelor corespunz\u0103toare \u00een interiorul perimetrului.<\/li>\n<li>Toate releele Tor se afl\u0103 \u00een afara perimetrului. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nPentru a masca utilizarea Tor, cercet\u0103torii au creat instrumentul StegoTorus. Principala sa sarcin\u0103 este de a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi capacit\u0103\u021bile Tor de a rezista analizei automate a protocolului. Instrumentul se afl\u0103 \u00eentre client \u0219i primul releu din lan\u021b, folose\u0219te un protocol propriu de criptare \u0219i module de steganografie pentru a \u00eengreuna identificarea traficelor Tor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen prima etap\u0103, intr\u0103 \u00een func\u021biune un modul numit chopper \u2013 el transform\u0103 traficul \u00eentr-o secven\u021b\u0103 de blocuri de diferite lungimi, care sunt trimise mai departe \u00een ordine aleatorie. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Experiment: Cum s\u0103 maschezi utilizarea Tor pentru a ocoli blocajele\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f229ce95f4ed0513d091a43d6d868850.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDatele sunt criptate folosind AES \u00een modul GCM. Antetul blocului con\u021bine un num\u0103r de secven\u021b\u0103 de 32 de bi\u021bi, dou\u0103 c\u00e2mpuri de lungime (d \u0219i p) \u2013 care indic\u0103 volumul de date, un c\u00e2mp special F \u0219i un c\u00e2mp de verificare de 56 de bi\u021bi, al c\u0103rui valoare trebuie s\u0103 fie zero. Lungimea minim\u0103 a blocului este de 32 de octe\u021bi, iar lungimea maxim\u0103 de 217+32 de octe\u021bi. Lungimea este controlat\u0103 de modulele de steganografie. <\/p>\n<p>La stabilirea conexiunii, primele c\u00e2teva octe\u021bi de informa\u021bie sunt un mesaj handshake, prin care serverul \u00een\u021belege dac\u0103 se confrunt\u0103 cu o conexiune existent\u0103 sau nou\u0103. Dac\u0103 conexiunea apar\u021bine unei noi leg\u0103turi, serverul r\u0103spunde prin handshake, iar fiecare participant la schimbul de date extrage din acesta cheile de sesiune. \u00cen plus, \u00een sistem este implementat un mecanism de rekeying \u2013 acesta este similar cu extragerea cheii de sesiune, dar \u00een locul mesajelor handshake se folosesc blocuri. Acest mecanism schimb\u0103 num\u0103rul secven\u021bei, dar nu atinge ID-ul leg\u0103turii. <\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 ce ambele p\u0103r\u021bi care schimb\u0103 datele au trimis \u0219i primit blocul fin, conexiunea este \u00eenchis\u0103. Pentru a se proteja \u00eempotriva atacurilor replay sau a \u00eent\u00e2rzierilor de livrare a blocurilor, ambele p\u0103r\u021bi trebuie s\u0103 re\u021bin\u0103 ID-ul pentru o anumit\u0103 perioad\u0103 dup\u0103 \u00eenchidere. <\/p>\n<p>Modulul \u00eencorporat de steganografie ascunde traficul Tor \u00een interiorul protocolului p2p \u2013 similar cu modul \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 Skype \u00een comunic\u0103rile VoIP securizate. Modulul de steganografie HTTP simuleaz\u0103 traficul HTTP nesecurizat. Sistemul mimeaz\u0103 un utilizator real cu un browser obi\u0219nuit. <\/p>\n<h2>Rezisten\u021b\u0103 la atacuri<\/h2>\n<p>\nPentru a verifica c\u00e2t de eficient este metoda propus\u0103 pentru \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea func\u021bion\u0103rii Tor, cercet\u0103torii au dezvoltat dou\u0103 tipuri de atacuri. <\/p>\n<p>Primul dintre acestea const\u0103 \u00een extragerea fluxurilor Tor din fluxurile TCP pe baza caracteristicilor fundamentale ale protocolului Tor \u2013 aceast\u0103 metod\u0103 a fost utilizat\u0103 pentru blocarea sistemului de c\u0103tre autorit\u0103\u021bile din China. Al doilea atac const\u0103 \u00een studierea fluxurilor Tor deja cunoscute pentru a extrage informa\u021bii despre ce site-uri a vizitat utilizatorul. <\/p>\n<p>Cercet\u0103torii au confirmat eficien\u021ba atacului de primul tip \u00eempotriva \u201eTor-ului standard\u201d \u2013 pentru aceasta, ei au colectat urmele vizitelor pe site-uri din top 10 Alexa.com de dou\u0103zeci de ori prin Tor obi\u0219nuit, obfsproxy \u0219i StegoTorus cu modulul de steganografie HTTP. Ca referin\u021b\u0103 pentru compara\u021bie, a fost utilizat setul de date CAIDA cu date despre portul 80 \u2013 aproape cu certitudine toate acestea fiind conexiuni HTTP.<\/p>\n<p>Experimentul a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 calcularea traficului normal Tor este destul de simpl\u0103. Protocolul Tor este prea specific \u0219i are o serie de caracteristici care sunt u\u0219or de identificat \u2013 de exemplu, utiliz\u00e2ndu-l, conexiunile TCP dureaz\u0103 20-30 de secunde. Instrumentul Obfsproxy aproape c\u0103 nu ascunde aceste momente evidente. StegoTorus, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, genereaz\u0103 trafic care este mult mai apropiat de referin\u021ba CAIDA.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Experiment: Cum s\u0103 maschezi utilizarea Tor pentru a ocoli blocajele\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bc75182d731dc854d96d8041d3a2d494.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen cazul atacului cu determinarea site-urilor vizitate, cercet\u0103torii au comparat probabilitatea unei astfel de divulg\u0103ri de date \u00een cazul \u201eTor-ului standard\u201d \u0219i solu\u021bia lor StegoTorus. Pentru evaluare, au fost utilizate scala <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/fastml.com\/what-you-wanted-to-know-about-auc\/\">AUC<\/a><\/noindex> (Area Under Curve). Din analiza rezultatelor a reie\u0219it c\u0103, \u00een cazul Tor-ului obi\u0219nuit f\u0103r\u0103 protec\u021bie suplimentar\u0103, probabilitatea divulg\u0103rii datelor despre site-urile vizitate este semnificativ mai mare.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Experiment: Cum s\u0103 maschezi utilizarea Tor pentru a ocoli blocajele\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/74dc8cc047ef7a38d7ae6947e23e8aa9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Concluzie<\/h2>\n<p>\nIstoria confrunt\u0103rii dintre autorit\u0103\u021bile statelor care introduc cenzura pe internet \u0219i dezvoltatorii sistemelor de ocolire a restric\u021biilor arat\u0103 c\u0103 m\u0103surile de protec\u021bie complexe pot fi singurele eficiente. Utilizarea unui singur instrument nu poate garanta accesul la datele necesare \u0219i c\u0103 informa\u021biile despre ocolirea restric\u021biilor nu vor ajunge la cenzori. <\/p>\n<p>Prin urmare, atunci c\u00e2nd folosi\u021bi orice instrumente pentru asigurarea confiden\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i accesului la con\u021binut, este important s\u0103 nu uita\u021bi c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 solu\u021bii ideale \u0219i, atunci c\u00e2nd este posibil, s\u0103 combina\u021bi diferite metode pentru a ob\u021bine cea mai mare eficien\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Linkuri utile \u0219i materiale de la <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/infatica.io\">Infatica<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/453168\/\">Studiu: Crearea unui serviciu proxy rezistent la bloc\u0103ri folosind teoria jocurilor<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452438\/\">Istoria luptei \u00eempotriva cenzurii: cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 metoda flash proxy creat\u0103 de cercet\u0103torii de la MIT \u0219i Stanford<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/451832\/\">Cum s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi c\u00e2nd proxy-urile sunt necorespunz\u0103toare: verificarea loca\u021biilor fizice ale proxy-urilor de re\u021bea folosind un algoritm de geolocalizare activ\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452334\/\">Cum s\u0103 te maschezi pe internet: compar\u0103m proxy-urile serverului \u0219i cele rezidente<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/454002\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 Carnegie Mellon, \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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