{"id":34887,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/voprosy-prioriteta-najkvist-shennon-ili-kotelnikov\/"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:51:22","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:51:22","slug":"voprosy-prioriteta-najkvist-shennon-ili-kotelnikov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/voprosy-prioriteta-najkvist-shennon-ili-kotelnikov","title":{"rendered":"\u00centreb\u0103ri de prioritate: Nyquist, Shannon sau Kotelnikov?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Despre prioritatea lucr\u0103rilor \u00een domeniul transmiterii informa\u021biilor.<\/p>\n

Pionier \u00een aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 modern\u0103 este V.A. Kotelnikov. \u00cen timpul doctoratului s\u0103u la MEI, \u00een 1932, au fost publicate lucr\u0103ri, una dintre care se intitula \u201eDespre capacitatea de transmisie a 'eterului' \u0219i a firului \u00een telecomunica\u021bii\u201d \u0219i a fost propus\u0103 pentru prezentare la I Congres Uniunii pentru problemele reconstruc\u021biei tehnice a telecomunica\u021biilor \u0219i dezvolt\u0103rii industriei de mic\u0103 tensiune. Congresul nu a avut loc. A fost publicat\u0103 \u00een 1933 ca material pentru raport (aprobat pentru tipar \u00een
\nnoiembrie 1932). <\/a><\/noindex>Aceasta este confirmarea oficial\u0103 a prioritat\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen timp ce finaliza doctoratul, Vladimir \u0219i-a prezentat lucr\u0103rile la Consiliul \u0218tiin\u021bific. Raportul a fost aprobat; lucrarea \u201eDespre l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103\u201d a fost ne\u00een\u021beleas\u0103 - \u201e\u2026 pare corect, dar e \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 fic\u021bional\u0103.\u201d <\/p>\n

Pe de o parte, aceast\u0103 lucrare indica direc\u021biile promi\u021b\u0103toare de dezvoltare a telecomunica\u021biilor \u0219i excludea direc\u021biile f\u0103r\u0103 viitor. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, \u00een aspectul informa\u021bional al problemelor telecomunica\u021biilor, a fost fundamentat\u0103 matematic transmiterea digital\u0103 a informa\u021biei, celebra teorem\u0103
\nKotelnikov. De fapt, aceast\u0103 lucrare con\u021binea 7 teoreme.<\/p>\n

Aceea pe care Shannon \u0219i colegii s\u0103i o numesc \u201eteorema e\u0219antion\u0103rii\u201d, pe care el a publicat-o cu 15 ani mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een 1948. Apoi, \u00een anii 1970, odat\u0103 cu dezvoltarea electronicii, a avut loc o explozie natural\u0103 de interes pentru transmiterea digital\u0103 a informa\u021biei. \u00cen 1977, a ap\u0103rut \u00eentrebarea privind stabilirea priorit\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i a fost propus numele WKS - teorema, Whittaker-Kotelnikov-Shannon.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1999, Fondul Eduard Reyna, la evaluarea realiz\u0103rilor \u0219tiin\u021bifice remarcabile ale secolului XX, a acordat premiul savantului sovietic Kotelnikov Vladimir Alexandrovici \u00een domeniul \u201epentru cercet\u0103ri fundamentale\u201d pentru \u201eprima formulare \u0219i publicare matematic\u0103 exact\u0103 a teoremei e\u0219antion\u0103rii\u201d.<\/p>\n

Un alt aspect interesant. <\/p>\n

Numele lui H. Nyquist (eng. Harry Nyquist) apare, care probabil a fost unul dintre primii care a \u00een\u021beles \u0219i a exprimat g\u00e2ndul c\u0103 e\u0219antionarea semnalului trebuie s\u0103 fie separat\u0103 prin intervale de timp egale.
\naproape de banda de frecven\u021b\u0103 a l\u0103\u021bimii sale spectrale. Acest lucru d\u0103 deseori motive, \u00een special celor din Occident, s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 termenul \u201eregula e\u0219antion\u0103rii Nyquist\u201d. Dar ra\u021bionamentele sale se refereau la problema transmiterii nealterate a semnalului telegrafic, de\u0219i erau apropiate de problema transmiterii nealterate a semnalului analogic. Profesorul Luke D. \u00een articolul despre originile teoremei e\u0219antion\u0103rii men\u021bioneaz\u0103 c\u0103 \u201eprimul savant care a formulat cu exactitate teorema e\u0219antion\u0103rii \u0219i a aplicat-o la teoria \u0219i tehnica comunica\u021biilor este, probabil, V.A. Kotelnikov.\u201d<\/p>\n

O mic\u0103 digresiune \u0219i despre priorit\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1939, Vladimir Alexandrovici a creat echipamentul de comunica\u021bie pe o band\u0103 lateral\u0103 \u0219i l-a asamblat cu propriile sale resurse, bine\u00een\u021beles nu singur, deoarece industria a refuzat: \u201eNimeni niciodat\u0103 nu a f\u0103cut a\u0219a ceva.\u201d A fost instalat, dar nu acceptat pe linia Moscova - Habarovsk. Nerecunoscut: \u201eU\u0219or de interceptat.\u201d Citind articolul lui H. Dudley, Kotelnikov a creat un echipament de criptare a vorbirii \u0219i
\na prezentat ideea sa \u00een raportul \u201ePrincipiile cript\u0103rii automate\u201d din 19 iunie 1941. \u00cen acest document, pentru prima dat\u0103, au fost formulate cerin\u021bele pentru sistemele matematic nede\u0219ifrabie, cu dovada imposibilit\u0103\u021bii de decriptare. \u00cen publica\u021bia deschis\u0103 nu era (sau poate c\u0103 deja exist\u0103?).
\nK. Shannon a prezentat pe 1 septembrie 1945 abord\u0103rile pentru construirea sistemelor de criptare rezistente, iar publica\u021bia deschis\u0103 a fost v\u0103zut\u0103 \u00een 1949.
\nO revizuire scurt\u0103 a \u201eProgreselor \u0219tiin\u021belor fizice\u201d, conferin\u021be \u0219i simpozioane, iulie 2006, vol. 176, nr. 7.<\/p>\n

Materialul detaliat cu calcule matematice poate fi desc\u0103rcat la linkul<\/p>\n

\u00cen \u00eencheiere, pot spune c\u0103 foarte des \u00een literatura \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i practic\u0103, autorii str\u0103ini omit\u0103, \u00ee\u0219i aprob\u0103 realiz\u0103rile sau, \u00een cel mai bun caz, subestimeaz\u0103 realiz\u0103rile \u0219i priorit\u0103\u021bile rusoaice-sovietice-ruse\u0219ti.<\/p>\n

Urm\u0103toarea publica\u021bie va fi prezentarea materialelor referitoare la \u00eentrebarea \u201eCine este inventorul radio-ului, Popov sau Marconi?\u201d dac\u0103 voi avea un foc similar \u00een compartimentul de alimentare ca ast\u0103zi.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Despre prioritatea lucr\u0103rilor \u00een domeniul transmiterii informa\u021biilor. Pionier \u00een aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 modern\u0103 este V.A. Kotelnikov. \u00cen timpul studiilor de doctorat la MEI, au fost publicate \u00een 1932. <\/p>\n

\ud83e\udd47\u00centreb\u0103rile priorit\u0103\u021bii: Nyquist, Shannon sau Kotelnikov? | ProHoster
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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