{"id":35174,"date":"2019-10-31T22:02:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:02:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/zimbra-i-zashhita-ot-mejl-bombinga\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:02:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:02:43","slug":"zimbra-i-zashhita-ot-mejl-bombinga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zimbra-i-zashhita-ot-mejl-bombinga","title":{"rendered":"Zimbra \u0219i protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva atacurilor de tip mail-bombing","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Bombardarea cu e-mailuri este una dintre cele mai vechi forme de atacuri cibernetice. \u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, aceasta este asem\u0103n\u0103toare unui atac obi\u0219nuit DoS, dar \u00een loc de un val de cereri din diverse adrese IP, serverului i se trimite un amalgam de e-mailuri, care sose\u0219te \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi enorme la una dintre adresele de po\u0219t\u0103, ceea ce duce la o cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a sarcinii asupra acesteia. Un astfel de atac poate determina imposibilitatea utiliz\u0103rii c\u0103su\u021bei po\u0219tale \u0219i, uneori, poate duce chiar la c\u0103derea \u00eentregului server. Istoria \u00eendelungat\u0103 a acestui tip de atacuri cibernetice a condus la o serie de consecin\u021be pozitive \u0219i negative pentru administratorii de sistem. Printre factorii pozitivi se num\u0103r\u0103 familiarizarea bun\u0103 cu bombardarea cu e-mailuri \u0219i existen\u021ba unor metode simple de ap\u0103rare \u00eempotriva acestui tip de atac. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, factorii negativi includ num\u0103rul mare de solu\u021bii software disponibile public pentru efectuarea acestor tipuri de atacuri \u0219i capacitatea atacatorului de a se ascunde eficient de detectare.<\/p>\n

\"Zimbra<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

O caracteristic\u0103 important\u0103 a acestui atac cibernetic este c\u0103 este aproape imposibil de utilizat pentru ob\u021binerea de profit. Ce dac\u0103 atacatorul a trimis la una dintre c\u0103su\u021bele de e-mail un val de mesaje, ce dac\u0103 a \u00eempiedicat persoana s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 \u00een mod normal e-mailul, ce dac\u0103 atacatorul a compromis o po\u0219t\u0103 corporativ\u0103 \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 trimit\u0103 \u00een mas\u0103 mii de mesaje prin GAL, din cauza c\u0103rora serverul a cr\u0103pat sau a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se blocheze at\u00e2t de mult \u00eenc\u00e2t a devenit imposibil de utilizat? Transformarea unei astfel de infrac\u021biuni cibernetice \u00een bani reali este aproape imposibil\u0103, prin urmare bombardarea cu e-mailuri este \u00een prezent un fenomen destul de rar, iar administratorii de sistem, atunci c\u00e2nd proiecteaz\u0103 infrastructura, pot pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 nu ia \u00een considerare necesitatea ap\u0103r\u0103rii \u00eempotriva acestui tip de atac cibernetic.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, de\u0219i bombardarea prin e-mail este, \u00een sine, o activitate destul de lipsit\u0103 de sens din punct de vedere comercial, ea face adesea parte din alte atacuri cibernetice mai complexe \u0219i \u00een mai multe etape. De exemplu, \u00een cazul hack-urilor de e-mail \u0219i utiliz\u0103rii acestora pentru furarea contului \u00eentr-un serviciu public, infractorii cibernetici bombard\u0103 adesea c\u0103su\u021ba po\u0219tal\u0103 a victimei cu mesaje lipsite de sens, pentru ca mesajul de confirmare s\u0103 se piard\u0103 \u00een fluxul lor \u0219i s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 neobservat. De asemenea, bombardarea prin e-mail poate fi folosit\u0103 ca un mijloc de presiune economic\u0103 asupra unei companii. Astfel, bombardarea activ\u0103 a unei c\u0103su\u021be po\u0219tale publice a unei companii, care prime\u0219te cereri de la clien\u021bi, poate \u00eengreuna serios interac\u021biunea cu ace\u0219tia \u0219i, ca urmare, poate duce la opriri de echipamente, comenzi nefinalizate, precum \u0219i la pierderi de reputa\u021bie \u0219i profit ratat.<\/p>\n

De aceea, administratorul de sisteme nu ar trebui s\u0103 uite de probabilitatea desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103rii bombard\u0103rii prin e-mail \u0219i s\u0103 ia \u00eentotdeauna m\u0103surile necesare de protec\u021bie \u00eempotriva acestei amenin\u021b\u0103ri. Dac\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare c\u0103 acest lucru poate fi realizat \u00eenc\u0103 din etapa de construire a infrastructurii de e-mail, precum \u0219i c\u0103 necesit\u0103 foarte pu\u021bin timp \u0219i efort din partea administratorului de sisteme, nu exist\u0103 motive obiective pentru a nu asigura infrastructura lor \u00eempotriva bombard\u0103rii prin e-mail. S\u0103 vedem cum este implementat\u0103 protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva acestui atac cibernetic \u00een Zimbra Collaboration Suite Open-Source Edition.<\/p>\n

La baza Zimbra st\u0103 Postfix - unul dintre cele mai fiabile \u0219i func\u021bionale Mail Transfer Agent cu cod surs\u0103 deschis \u00een acest moment. Unul dintre principalele sale avantaje ale deschiderii este c\u0103 suport\u0103 cele mai diverse solu\u021bii externe pentru extinderea func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii. \u00cen special, Postfix suport\u0103 pe deplin cbpolicyd - un utilitar avansat pentru asigurarea securit\u0103\u021bii cibernetice a serverului de e-mail. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva spamului \u0219i crearea de liste albe, negre \u0219i gri, cbpolicyd permite administratorului Zimbra s\u0103 configureze verificarea semn\u0103turii SPF \u0219i s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 limite pentru primirea \u0219i trimiterea de e-mailuri sau date. Acestea pot asigura o protec\u021bie solid\u0103 \u00eempotriva spamului \u0219i a mesajelor de phishing, precum \u0219i protejarea serverului \u00eempotriva bombard\u0103rii prin e-mail.<\/p>\n

Primul lucru pe care un administrator de sistem trebuie s\u0103-l fac\u0103 este activarea modulului cbpolicyd, care este preinstalat \u00een Zimbra Collaboration Suite OSE pe serverul MTA al infrastructurii. Acest lucru se realizeaz\u0103 cu comanda zmprov ms `zmhostname` +zimbraServiceEnabled cbpolicyd. Dup\u0103 aceasta, va trebui activat interfa\u021ba web, pentru a gestiona cbpolicyd \u00eentr-un mod confortabil. Pentru aceasta, este necesar s\u0103 permite\u021bi conexiunile pe portul web num\u0103rul 7780 \u0219i s\u0103 crea\u021bi un link simbolic cu comanda ln -s \/opt\/zimbra\/common\/share\/webui \/opt\/zimbra\/data\/httpd\/htdocs\/webui<\/b>, \u0219i apoi s\u0103 modifica\u021bi fi\u0219ierul de configurare cu comanda nano \/opt\/zimbra\/data\/httpd\/htdocs\/webui\/includes\/config.php<\/b>, unde trebuie s\u0103 introduce\u021bi urm\u0103toarele linii:<\/p>\n

$DB_DSN=\u201esqlite:\/opt\/zimbra\/data\/cbpolicyd\/db\/cbpolicyd.sqlitedb\u201d;
\n$DB_USER=\u201eroot\u201d;
\n$DB_TABLE_PREFIX=\u00ab\u00ab;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nDup\u0103 aceasta, va trebui doar s\u0103 reporni\u021bi serviciile Zimbra \u0219i Zimbra Apache folosind comenzile zmcontrol restart \u0219i zmapachectl restart. Dup\u0103 aceea, ve\u021bi avea acces la interfa\u021ba web la adresa example.com<\/a><\/noindex>:7780\/webui\/index.php<\/b>. Principalul aspect important este c\u0103 accesul la aceast\u0103 interfa\u021b\u0103 web nu este protejat \u00een prezent \u0219i, pentru a evita accesul persoanelor neautorizate, este recomandat s\u0103 \u00eenchide\u021bi conexiunile pe portul 7780 dup\u0103 fiecare acces la interfa\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pentru a v\u0103 proteja de fluxul de e-mailuri care provin din re\u021beaua intern\u0103, este posibil s\u0103 stabili\u021bi limite pentru trimiterea de e-mailuri prin intermediul cbpolicyd. Aceste limite permit stabilirea unei restric\u021bii asupra num\u0103rului maxim de e-mailuri care pot fi trimise dintr-o singur\u0103 c\u0103su\u021b\u0103 po\u0219tal\u0103 \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 unitate de timp. De exemplu, dac\u0103 managerii companiei dumneavoastr\u0103 trimite \u00een medie 60-80 de e-mailuri pe or\u0103, atunci se poate, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere un mic surplus, s\u0103 le stabili\u021bi o limit\u0103 de 100 de e-mailuri pe or\u0103. Pentru a atinge astfel de limite, managerii vor trebui s\u0103 trimit\u0103 c\u00e2te un e-mail la fiecare 36 de secunde. Pe de o parte, acest lucru este suficient pentru a lucra eficient, dar pe de alt\u0103 parte, cu o astfel de limit\u0103, persoanele r\u0103u inten\u021bionate care au ob\u021binut acces la e-mailul unuia dintre managerii dumneavoastr\u0103 nu vor putea s\u0103 lanseze atacuri de tip mail-bombing sau atacuri spam masive asupra companiei.<\/p>\n

Pentru a stabili o astfel de limit\u0103, este necesar s\u0103 crea\u021bi o nou\u0103 politic\u0103 de restric\u021bionare a trimiterii de e-mailuri \u00een interfa\u021ba web \u0219i s\u0103 specifica\u021bi c\u0103 aceasta se aplic\u0103 at\u00e2t mesajelor trimise \u00een interiorul domeniului, c\u00e2t \u0219i celor c\u0103tre adrese externe. Se face astfel:<\/p>\n

\"Zimbra
\n
\nDup\u0103 aceasta, va fi posibil s\u0103 se specifice mai detaliat restric\u021biile legate de trimiterea mesajelor, \u00een special s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 intervalul de timp dup\u0103 care restric\u021biile vor fi actualizate, precum \u0219i mesajul pe care \u00eel va primi utilizatorul care a dep\u0103\u0219it limita. Dup\u0103 aceea, poate fi stabilit\u0103 \u0219i restric\u021bia propriu-zis\u0103 pentru trimiterea mesajelor. Aceasta poate fi definit\u0103 fie ca num\u0103r de mesaje ie\u0219ite, fie ca num\u0103r de bytes de informa\u021bie transmis\u0103. Pentru mesajele trimise dincolo de limita stabilit\u0103, se pot lua m\u0103suri diferite. De exemplu, acestea pot fi pur \u0219i simplu \u0219terse imediat, sau pot fi p\u0103strate pentru a fi trimise imediat dup\u0103 actualizarea limitei de trimitere a mesajelor. A doua op\u021biune poate fi utilizat\u0103 \u00een timpul identific\u0103rii valorii optime a limitei de trimitere a mesajelor electronice de c\u0103tre angaja\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 restric\u021biile de trimitere a mesajelor, cbpolicyd permite configurarea unei limite pentru primirea mesajelor. O astfel de restric\u021bie, la prima vedere, pare a fi o solu\u021bie excelent\u0103 pentru protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva mail bombing-ului, \u00eens\u0103, \u00een realitate, stabilirea unei astfel de limite, chiar \u0219i una mare, poate duce la situa\u021bii \u00een care un mesaj important nu v\u0103 ajunge. Tocmai de aceea, activarea oric\u0103ror restric\u021bii pentru po\u0219ta primit\u0103 este extrem de nerecomandat\u0103. Totu\u0219i, dac\u0103 a\u021bi hot\u0103r\u00e2t s\u0103 v\u0103 asuma\u021bi riscul, configurarea limitei pentru mesajele primite trebuie realizat\u0103 cu o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103. De exemplu, se poate limita num\u0103rul mesajelor primite de la parteneri de \u00eencredere, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, \u00een cazul \u00een care serverul lor de po\u0219t\u0103 a fost compromis, s\u0103 nu se ini\u021bieze un atac de spam asupra companiei dumneavoastr\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pentru a v\u0103 proteja de valul de mesaje primite \u00een cazul mail bombing-ului, administratorul de sistem ar trebui s\u0103 ia m\u0103suri mai inteligente dec\u00e2t simpla limitare a mesajelor primite. O astfel de solu\u021bie poate fi utilizarea listelor gri. Principiul lor de func\u021bionare const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103, la prima \u00eencercare de a livra un mesaj de la un expeditor nesigur, conexiunea cu serverul este \u00eentrerupt\u0103 brusc, ceea ce duce la o livrare e\u0219uat\u0103 a mesajului. Totu\u0219i, dac\u0103, \u00eentr-un anumit interval de timp, serverul nesigur \u00eencearc\u0103 din nou s\u0103 trimit\u0103 acela\u0219i mesaj, serverul nu \u00eentrerupe conexiunea \u0219i livrarea are loc cu succes. <\/p>\n

Sensul tuturor acestor ac\u021biuni este c\u0103 programele pentru expedierea automat\u0103 a email-urilor \u00een mas\u0103 nu verific\u0103 de obicei succesul livr\u0103rii mesajelor trimise \u0219i nu fac \u00eencerc\u0103ri de a le trimite din nou, pe c\u00e2nd un om se va asigura cu siguran\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 mesajul s\u0103u a fost trimis la adresa corect\u0103 sau nu. <\/p>\n

List\u0103rile gri pot fi activate \u0219i \u00een interfa\u021ba web cbpolicyd. Pentru ca totul s\u0103 func\u021bioneze, este necesar s\u0103 crea\u021bi o politic\u0103 care s\u0103 includ\u0103 toate email-urile incoming destinate utilizatorilor de pe serverul nostru, iar apoi, pe baza acestei politici, s\u0103 crea\u021bi o regul\u0103 de Greylisting, unde pute\u021bi seta intervalul \u00een care cbpolicyd va a\u0219tepta un r\u0103spuns repetat de la un expeditor necunoscut. De obicei, acesta este de 4-5 minute. De asemenea, list\u0103rile gri pot fi configurate astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t toate \u00eencerc\u0103rile de livrare a mesajelor de la diferi\u021bi expeditori, fie ele reu\u0219ite sau nereu\u0219ite, s\u0103 fie luate \u00een considerare \u0219i, pe baza num\u0103rului acestora, s\u0103 se decid\u0103 automat ad\u0103ugarea expeditorului \u00een lista alb\u0103 sau neagr\u0103.<\/p>\n

V\u0103 atragem aten\u021bia asupra faptului c\u0103 utilizarea list\u0103rilor gri trebuie abordat\u0103 cu maxim\u0103 responsabilitate. Cel mai bine ar fi ca utilizarea acestei tehnologii s\u0103 mearg\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 cu \u00eentre\u021binerea constant\u0103 a listelor albe \u0219i negre, pentru a exclude posibilitatea pierderii mesajelor cu adev\u0103rat importante pentru afacere. <\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, pentru a v\u0103 proteja \u00eempotriva m\u0435\u0439l-bombing-ului, poate ajuta ad\u0103ugarea verific\u0103rilor SPF, DMARC \u0219i DKIM. De multe ori, mesajele care ajung \u00een timpul m\u0435\u0439l-bombing-ului nu trec aceste verific\u0103ri. Despre cum s\u0103 face\u021bi acest lucru s-a discutat deja. \u00een unul din articolele noastre anterioare<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Astfel, protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva unei amenin\u021b\u0103ri precum m\u0435\u0439l-bombing-ul este destul de simpl\u0103 \u0219i poate fi realizat\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 de la etapa de construc\u021bie a infrastructurii Zimbra pentru afacerea dumneavoastr\u0103. Cu toate acestea, este important s\u0103 urm\u0103ri\u021bi constant ca riscurile asociate cu utilizarea acestei protec\u021bii s\u0103 nu dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 niciodat\u0103 beneficiile pe care le ob\u021bine\u021bi.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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