{"id":35229,"date":"2019-10-31T22:03:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:03:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:05","slug":"aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","title":{"rendered":"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bun\u0103 ziua tuturor! \u00cen acest articol vreau s\u0103 v\u0103 povestesc despre cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 motoarele turboreactive aviatice (GTD). Voi \u00eencerca s\u0103 explic \u00eentr-un limbaj c\u00e2t mai simplu \u0219i clar. <\/p>\n<p>Motoarele GTP aviatice pot fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>motoare turboreactive (TRD)<\/li>\n<li>motoare turboreactive cu dou\u0103 circuite (TRDD)<\/li>\n<li>motoare turboventilate (TVD)<\/li>\n<li>motoare turbovalve (TVaD)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00cen plus, TRD \u0219i TRDD pot con\u021bine o camer\u0103 de ardere, caz \u00een care vor fi denumite TRDF \u0219i TRDDF, respectiv. \u00cen acest articol, nu le vom analiza. <\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 \u00eencepem cu motoarele turboreactive. <\/p>\n<h2>Motoarele turboreactive<\/h2>\n<p>\nAcest tip de motoare a fost creat \u00een prima jum\u0103tate a secolului XX \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie utilizat pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 c\u0103tre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul celui de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial. Primul avion turboreactiv din lume \u00een serie a fost germanul Me.262. Motoarele TRD au fost populare p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een anii '60, dup\u0103 care au fost \u00eenlocuite de TRDD.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/acc5ee1cf2b516e893fdef157a16ea2b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fotografie modern\u0103 a Me-262, realizat\u0103 \u00een 2016<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Cel mai simplu motor turboreactiv include urm\u0103toarele elemente:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dispozitiv de admisie <\/li>\n<li>Compresor <\/li>\n<li>Camer\u0103 de ardere <\/li>\n<li>Turbina <\/li>\n<li>Duza de reac\u021bie (\u00een continuare doar duz\u0103)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSe poate spune c\u0103 acesta este setul minim necesar pentru func\u021bionarea normal\u0103 a motorului. <\/p>\n<p>Acum s\u0103 analiz\u0103m ce este necesar \u0219i de ce. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nDispozitivul de admisie este un canal care se l\u0103rge\u0219te*, \u00een care aerul este dirijat spre compresor \u0219i este comprimat preliminar. \u00cen acesta, energia cinetic\u0103 a aerului care intr\u0103 este par\u021bial transformat\u0103 \u00een presiune.<\/p>\n<p>*aici \u0219i mai departe vom discuta despre viteze sub-sunet. La viteze supersonice, fizica se schimb\u0103 \u0219i totul este complet diferit. <\/p>\n<p>Compresorul este un dispozitiv \u00een care se cre\u0219te presiunea aerului. Compresorul poate fi caracterizat printr-o m\u0103rime numit\u0103 grad de cre\u0219tere a presiunii. \u00cen motoarele moderne, acesta dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te deja 40 de unit\u0103\u021bi. \u00cen plus, temperatura cre\u0219te (poate ajunge p\u00e2n\u0103 la 400 de grade Celsius).<\/p>\n<p>Camera de ardere \u2014 un dispozitiv \u00een care aerului comprimat (dup\u0103 compresor) i se aduce c\u0103ldur\u0103 datorit\u0103 arderii combustibilului. Temperatura \u00een camera de ardere este foarte ridicat\u0103, put\u00e2nd atinge 2000 de grade Celsius. S-ar putea s\u0103 vi se par\u0103 c\u0103 presiunea gazului \u00een camer\u0103 cre\u0219te semnificativ, dar nu este a\u0219a. Teoretic, se consider\u0103 c\u0103 aducerea c\u0103ldurii se face la o presiune constant\u0103. \u00cen realitate, aceasta scade u\u0219or din cauza pierderilor (problem\u0103 de imperfec\u021biune a construc\u021biei). <\/p>\n<p>Turbina \u2014 un dispozitiv care transform\u0103 o parte din energia gazului dup\u0103 camera de ardere \u00een energie pentru antrenarea compresorului. Deoarece turbinele sunt utilizate nu doar \u00een avia\u021bie, putem oferi o defini\u021bie mai general\u0103: acesta este un dispozitiv care transform\u0103 energia intern\u0103 a corpului de lucru (\u00een cazul nostru, corpul de lucru este gazul) \u00een munc\u0103 mecanic\u0103 pe ax. A\u0219a cum a\u021bi \u00een\u021beles, turbina \u0219i compresorul se afl\u0103 pe aceea\u0219i ax \u0219i sunt legate rigid \u00eentre ele. Dac\u0103 \u00een compresor se produce o cre\u0219tere a presiunii gazului, \u00een turbina, dimpotriv\u0103, are loc o sc\u0103dere, adic\u0103 gazul se extinde. <\/p>\n<p>Duza \u2014 un canal \u00eengustat, \u00een care are loc transformarea energiei poten\u021biale a gazului \u00een energie cinetic\u0103 (rezerva r\u0103mas\u0103 de energie a gazului dup\u0103 turbin\u0103). La fel ca \u00een turbina, gazul se extinde \u00een duz\u0103. Se formeaz\u0103 un jet, care, ie\u0219ind din duz\u0103, mi\u0219c\u0103 avionul. <\/p>\n<p>Am clarificat principalele elemente. Dar tot nu este foarte clar cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103? Atunci s\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m din nou, pe scurt. <\/p>\n<p>Aerul din atmosfer\u0103 p\u0103trunde \u00een dispozitivul de intrare, unde este pu\u021bin comprimat \u0219i ajunge la compresor. \u00cen compresor, presiunea aerului cre\u0219te \u0219i mai mult, iar temperatura de asemenea. Dup\u0103 compresor, aerul ajunge \u00een camera de ardere \u0219i, amestec\u00e2ndu-se cu combustibilul, se aprinde, ceea ce duce la o cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a temperaturii, men\u021bin\u00e2nd o presiune aproape constant\u0103. Dup\u0103 camera de ardere, gazul comprimat \u0219i fierbinte ajunge la turbin\u0103. O parte din energia gazului este utilizat\u0103 pentru a roti compresorul cu ajutorul turbinei (pentru ca aceasta s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 func\u021bia men\u021bionat\u0103 mai sus), iar cealalt\u0103 parte a energiei este folosit\u0103 pentru mi\u0219carea aeronavei, deoarece gazul, dup\u0103 ce trece prin turbin\u0103, se transform\u0103 \u00eentr-un jet de reac\u021bie \u00een duz\u0103 \u0219i se elibereaz\u0103 \u00een atmosfer\u0103. Astfel se \u00eencheie ciclul. Desigur, \u00een realitate, toate procesele ciclului se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 continuu.<\/p>\n<p>Acest ciclu se nume\u0219te ciclu Brayton sau ciclu termodinamic cu caracter continuu al procesului de lucru \u0219i aport de c\u0103ldur\u0103 la presiune constant\u0103. Toate GTD-urile func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe baza acestui ciclu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/86f04b95963142395a33b47ac809fd34.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Ciclul Brayton \u00een coordonatele P-V<\/i><\/p>\n<p>N-V \u2013 proces de compresie \u00een dispozitivul de intrare <br \/>\nV-K \u2013 proces de compresie \u00een compresor<br \/>\nK-G \u2013 aport izobaric de c\u0103ldur\u0103<br \/>\nG-T \u2013 proces de expansiune a gazului \u00een turbin\u0103<br \/>\nG-S \u2013 proces de expansiune a gazului \u00een duz\u0103<br \/>\nS-N \u2013 evacuare izobaric\u0103 de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u00een atmosfer\u0103<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/1efa852beab907ca1c0a92f80deee463.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Construc\u021bia schematic\u0103 a motorului turbo-jet, unde 0-0 reprezint\u0103 axa motorului<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Motorul turbo-reactiv poate avea \u0219i dou\u0103 axe. \u00cen acest caz, compresorul este format dintr-un compresor cu presiune joas\u0103 (CPJ) \u0219i un compresor cu presiune \u00eenalt\u0103 (CPH), iar aportul de lucru va fi realizat de o turbin\u0103 cu presiune joas\u0103 (TPJ) \u0219i o turbin\u0103 cu presiune \u00eenalt\u0103 (TPH) respectiv. Aceast\u0103 schem\u0103 este mai avantajoas\u0103 din punct de vedere gazodinamic.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/d956b0cd38d35dc4833207a5dc62eea4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Motorul real de acest tip \u00een sec\u021biune<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Am analizat principiul de func\u021bionare al celei mai simple scheme a motorului turbojet de avia\u021bie. Este evident c\u0103 la modernele \"Airbus-uri \u0219i Boeing-uri\" sunt instalate TRDD-uri, a c\u0103ror construc\u021bie este semnificativ mai complex\u0103, dar func\u021bioneaz\u0103 conform acelora\u0219i legi. S\u0103 le analiz\u0103m.<\/p>\n<h2>Motorul turbo-jet cu dou\u0103 circuite<\/h2>\n<p>\nTRDD, \u00een primul r\u00e2nd, se deosebe\u0219te de TRD prin faptul c\u0103 are dou\u0103 circuite: unul extern \u0219i unul intern. Circuitul intern con\u021bine acelea\u0219i componente ca TRD: compresor (\u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een KND \u0219i KVD), camer\u0103 de ardere, turbin\u0103 (\u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een TVD \u0219i TND) \u0219i duza. Circuitul extern reprezint\u0103 un canal, cu o duz\u0103 la cap\u0103t. Nu con\u021bine camer\u0103 de ardere sau turbin\u0103. \u00cen fa\u021ba ambelor circuite (imediat dup\u0103 dispozitivul de admisie al motorului) se afl\u0103 o etap\u0103 de compresie care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pentru ambele circuite. <\/p>\n<p>Nu este o imagine foarte clar\u0103, nu-i a\u0219a? S\u0103 vedem cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/4e61a8bd224cc09abf0f4f209323935c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Structura schematic\u0103 a motorului turborreactor cu dou\u0103 arbori \u0219i dou\u0103 circuite<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Aerul care intr\u0103 \u00een motor, trec\u00e2nd prin prima etap\u0103 a compresorului de presiune joas\u0103, se \u00eemparte \u00een dou\u0103 fluxuri. O parte a aerului merge prin circuitul intern, unde au loc acelea\u0219i procese descrise atunci c\u00e2nd am analizat TRD. A doua parte a aerului ajunge \u00een circuitul extern, primind energie de la prima etap\u0103 a KND (cea care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pentru ambele circuite). \u00cen circuitul extern, energia aerului este consumat\u0103 doar pentru a dep\u0103\u0219i pierderile hidraulice (din cauza frec\u0103rii). La final, acest aer ajunge \u00een duza circuitului extern, gener\u00e2nd o for\u021b\u0103 de trac\u021biune uria\u0219\u0103. For\u021ba de trac\u021biune generat\u0103 de circuitul extern poate reprezenta 80% din for\u021ba total\u0103 a motorului. <\/p>\n<p>Una dintre cele mai importante caracteristici ale TRDD este gradul de bicircuitare. Gradul de bicircuitare este raportul \u00eentre debitul de aer din circuitul extern \u0219i debitul de aer din circuitul intern. Acest num\u0103r poate fi mai mare sau mai mic dec\u00e2t unu. La motoarele moderne, acest num\u0103r dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te valoarea de 12 unit\u0103\u021bi.<br \/>\nMotoarele al c\u0103ror grad de bicircuitare este mai mare de dou\u0103 sunt denumite turbofan, iar prima etap\u0103 a compresorului (cea care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pentru ambele circuite) este un ventilator. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/f7b18824efddab58aa7c8b7b947c6f62.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>TRDD-ul avionului Boeing 757-200. \u00cen prim-plan se vede dispozitivul de admisie \u0219i ventilatorul<\/i><\/p>\n<p>La unele motoare, ventilatorul este ac\u021bionat de o turbin\u0103 separat\u0103, care este plasat\u0103 cel mai aproape de duza circuitului intern. Astfel, motorul devine triliniar. De exemplu, dup\u0103 acest principiu sunt construite motoarele Rolls Royce RB211 (instalate pe L1011, B747, B757, B767), D-18T (An-124), D-36 (Yak-42)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/5beaac3f80b6f29b8dd0214e2cd90fa0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>D-18T \u00een sec\u021biune interioar\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Principala calitate a TRED este capacitatea de a genera o trac\u021biune mare \u0219i o eficien\u021b\u0103 bun\u0103, comparativ cu TRD. <\/p>\n<p>Aici a\u0219 dori s\u0103 \u00eenchei cu TRED \u0219i s\u0103 trec la urm\u0103toarea categorie de motoare \u2014 TVD.<\/p>\n<h2>Motoare turboventilate<\/h2>\n<p>\nMotorul turboventilat, la fel ca cel turborreactor, apar\u021bine motoarelor cu turbin\u0103 de gaz. Func\u021bioneaz\u0103 aproape exact ca un turborreactor. Motorul turboventilat elementar este compus din elementele deja cunoscute: compresor, camer\u0103 de ardere, turbin\u0103 \u0219i nozzle. La acestea se adaug\u0103 un reducer \u0219i o elice. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/3f49eab074ea4dbe840a11bd9c83ec99.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPrincipiul de func\u021bionare este similar cu cel al turborreactorului, cu diferen\u021ba c\u0103 aproape toat\u0103 energia gazului este folosit\u0103 de turbin\u0103 pentru a roti compresorul \u0219i pentru a roti elicea prin intermediul reductorului (aici elicea \u0219i reductorul sunt pe acela\u0219i ax cu compresorul). Elica genereaz\u0103 cea mai mare parte a trac\u021biunii. Partea de energie r\u0103mas\u0103, dup\u0103 turbin\u0103, este direc\u021bionat\u0103 c\u0103tre nozzle, gener\u00e2nd o trac\u021biune reactiv\u0103, dar aceasta este mic\u0103, put\u00e2nd reprezenta o zecime din total. Reductorul \u00een acest sistem este necesar pentru a reduce tura\u021bia \u0219i a transfera momentul, deoarece turbina poate func\u021biona la o frecven\u021b\u0103 foarte mare, de exemplu, 10.000 de rota\u021bii pe minut, \u00een timp ce elicei \u00eei trebuie doar 1.500. \u0218i elicea este destul de grea. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/fc999b26d744f4dc5748bfee2d4e23e4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Construc\u021bia schematic\u0103 a TVD<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Dar exist\u0103 \u0219i un alt tip de motoare turboventilate: cu turbin\u0103 liber\u0103. <br \/>\nConceptul este acela c\u0103 \u00een spatele turbinii standard a compresorului se afl\u0103 o turbin\u0103 separat\u0103, care nu este legat\u0103 mecanic de turbina compresorului. Aceast\u0103 turbin\u0103 se nume\u0219te liber\u0103. Leg\u0103tura dintre turbina compresorului \u0219i turbina liber\u0103 este pur gazodinamic\u0103. De la turbina liber\u0103 iese un ax separat, pe care se monteaz\u0103 reductorul cu elicea. Totul func\u021bioneaz\u0103 la fel ca \u00een cazul anterior. Majoritatea motoarelor moderne sunt realizate exact dup\u0103 acest principiu. Unul dintre avantajele acestui tip de schem\u0103 este posibilitatea de a folosi motorul la sol, ca sistem auxiliar de energie (SAE), f\u0103r\u0103 a activa elicea.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/cebe421dbc204833e5153dc956dd897c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Construc\u021bia schematic\u0103 a TVD cu turbin\u0103 liber\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Vreau s\u0103 subliniez c\u0103 nu ar trebui s\u0103 privim motoarele turboventilate ca pe o relicv\u0103 ineficient\u0103 a trecutului. Am auzit de c\u00e2teva ori astfel de afirma\u021bii, dar acestea sunt false. <br \/>\nMotorul turboventilator, \u00een unele cazuri, are cea mai mare eficien\u021b\u0103, de obicei, pe avioane cu viteze mici (de exemplu, la 500 km\/h), av\u00e2nd totodat\u0103 dimensiuni considerabile. \u00centr-un astfel de caz, motorul turboventilator poate fi de mai multe ori mai avantajos dec\u00e2t motorul turbinei cu reac\u021bie discutat anterior.<\/p>\n<p>Pute\u021bi \u00eencheia aici discu\u021bia despre motoarele turboventilatoare. A\u0219adar, am ajuns treptat la conceptul de motor turboval.<\/p>\n<h2>Motorul turboval<\/h2>\n<p>\nProbabil c\u0103 majoritatea cititorilor aude acest termen pentru prima dat\u0103. Acest tip de motoare este folosit pe elicoptere. <\/p>\n<p>Motorul turboval este foarte asem\u0103n\u0103tor cu motorul turboventilator cu turbine libere. De asemenea, este compus dintr-un compresor, o camer\u0103 de ardere, o turbina compresorului, urmat\u0103 de o turbin\u0103 liber\u0103 legat\u0103 de tot ce a fost men\u021bionat anterior doar prin gazodinamica. Totu\u0219i, acest motor nu genereaz\u0103 trac\u021biune reactiv\u0103, nu are duz\u0103 reactiv\u0103, ci doar un sistem de evacuare. Turbina liber\u0103 are un ax propriu, care se leag\u0103 de reductorul principal al elicopterului (rotorul portant). Da, toate elicopterele pe care le cunosc au un astfel de reductor, care este, de obicei, de dimensiuni considerabile. Motivul este c\u0103 num\u0103rul de rota\u021bii al rotorului portant al elicopterului este foarte sc\u0103zut. Dac\u0103 la avion, a\u0219a cum am scris mai sus, acest num\u0103r poate ajunge la 1500 rpm, la elicopter, de exemplu, la Mi-8, doar 193 rpm.<br \/>\nNum\u0103rul de rota\u021bii al motorului la elicopter este adesea foarte mare (din cauza dimensiunilor reduse), iar acesta trebuie redus de o sut\u0103 sau mai multe ori. Exist\u0103 cazuri \u00een care reductorul este montat at\u00e2t pe motor, c\u00e2t \u0219i pe elicopter, de exemplu, la Mi-2 \u0219i motorul s\u0103u GTD-350. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/618ecb3c441c153994ee9334d12ca8ce.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Structura schematic\u0103 a motorului turboval<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Motoare aviatice cu turbin\u0103 cu gaz\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/338cfff60d6135efb8d04acf45f8c474.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Motorul TV3-117 de pe elicopterul Mi-8. \u00cen dreapta se pot observa \u021beava de evacuare \u0219i axul de transmisie.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, am discutat despre patru tipuri de motoare gaze-turbine. Sper c\u0103 textul meu a fost clar \u0219i util pentru voi. Toate \u00eentreb\u0103rile \u0219i observa\u021biile pot fi scrise \u00een comentarii. <\/p>\n<p>V\u0103 mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/455774\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0413\u0422\u0414). \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0413\u0422\u0414 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430: \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0420\u0414) \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0420\u0414\u0414) \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0412\u0414) \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0412\u0430\u0414) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0422\u0420\u0414 \u0438 \u0422\u0420\u0414\u0414 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! 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