{"id":35442,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-prolog\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:23","slug":"the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-prolog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-prolog","title":{"rendered":"The Dream Machine: Istoria revolu\u021biei computerizate. Prolog","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"The
\nAceast\u0103 carte este recomandat\u0103 de Alan Kay<\/a><\/noindex>. El spune adesea fraza \u201eRevolu\u021bia computerelor nu a avut \u00eenc\u0103 loc.\u201d<\/a><\/noindex> Dar revolu\u021bia computerelor a \u00eenceput. Mai exact \u2014 a fost \u00eenceput\u0103. A fost ini\u021biat\u0103 de anumite persoane, cu valori specifice \u0219i cu o viziune, idei, plan. Pe ce fel de premise au construit revolu\u021bionarii acest plan? Din ce motive? \u00cen ce direc\u021bie au inten\u021bionat s\u0103 conduc\u0103 umanitatea? \u00cen ce etap\u0103 ne afl\u0103m acum?<\/p>\n

(Mul\u021bumiri pentru traducere Oxoron<\/a><\/noindex>, cei care doresc s\u0103 ajute cu traducerea \u2014 scrie\u021bi \u00een privat sau la adresa de email magisterludi2016@yandex.ru)<\/i>
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"The
\nBiciclete cu trei ro\u021bi. <\/p>\n

Iat\u0103 ce i-a r\u0103mas \u00een minte lui Tracy la Pentagon. <\/p>\n

Era sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 1962 sau poate \u00eenceputul lui 1963. \u00cen orice caz, a trecut foarte pu\u021bin timp de c\u00e2nd familia Tracy s-a mutat din Boston din cauza noii slujbe a tat\u0103lui la ministerul ap\u0103r\u0103rii. Aerul din Washington era electrizat de energia \u0219i impulsul noului guvern t\u00e2n\u0103r. Criza cubanez\u0103, Zidul Berlinului, mar\u0219uri pentru drepturile omului \u2014 toate acestea \u00eei r\u0103v\u0103\u0219eau mintea lui Tracy, de cincisprezece ani. Nu este de mirare c\u0103 b\u0103iatul s-a prins cu bucurie de oferta tat\u0103lui s\u0103 mearg\u0103 s\u00e2mb\u0103ta la birou pentru ni\u0219te h\u00e2rtii uitate. Tracy era \u00eenfiorat de Pentagon.<\/p>\n

Pentagonul este \u00eentr-adev\u0103r un loc uimitor, mai ales dac\u0103 \u00eel prive\u0219ti de aproape. Laturile de aproximativ 300 de metri lungime stau pe un mic deal, ca un ora\u0219 \u00een spatele zidurilor. Tracy \u0219i tat\u0103l s\u0103u au l\u0103sat ma\u0219ina pe un parc imens \u0219i s-au \u00eendreptat direct c\u0103tre u\u0219a principal\u0103. Dup\u0103 ce au trecut prin proceduri de securitate impresionante, la postul unde Tracy s-a semnat \u0219i a primit un ecuson, ei au p\u0103truns pe coridor spre inima ap\u0103r\u0103rii Lumei Libere. \u0218i prima persoan\u0103 pe care a v\u0103zut-o Tracy a fost un soldat t\u00e2n\u0103r, cu o fa\u021b\u0103 serioas\u0103, care mergea \u00een sus \u0219i \u00een jos pe coridor \u2014 pedal\u00e2nd o biciclet\u0103 cu trei ro\u021bi m\u0103rit\u0103. El livra coresponden\u021ba.<\/p>\n

Absurditate. Complet absurd. Cu toate acestea, soldatul pe bicicleta cu trei ro\u021bi ar\u0103ta extrem de serios \u0219i concentrat asupra muncii. \u0218i Tracy a fost nevoit s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103: bicicletele cu trei ro\u021bi chiar aveau sens, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere coridoarele foarte lungi. El deja \u00eencepea s\u0103 b\u0103nuiasc\u0103 c\u0103 vor ajunge la birou o ve\u0219nicie.<\/p>\n

Tracey era uimit de faptul c\u0103 tat\u0103l s\u0103u lucreaz\u0103 la Pentagon. Era un om complet obi\u0219nuit, nici func\u021bionar, nici politician. Tat\u0103l sem\u0103na mai mult cu un copil crescut brusc, un b\u0103iat \u00eenalt, u\u0219or rotunjor, \u00eembr\u0103cat \u00eentr-o jachet\u0103 sport din tweed \u0219i ochelari cu ram\u0103 neagr\u0103. Avea, de asemenea, o expresie juc\u0103u\u0219\u0103 pe fa\u021b\u0103, ca \u0219i cum ar fi pl\u0103nuit mereu o \u0219otie. De exemplu, la pr\u00e2nz, nimeni nu l-ar fi numit normal dac\u0103 tata se apuca serios de el. \u00cen ciuda muncii la Pentagon (adic\u0103 \u00een afara ora\u0219ului), tat\u0103l se \u00eentorcea mereu acas\u0103 pentru a lua pr\u00e2nzul cu familia, apoi pleca din nou la birou. Era distractiv: tata povestea \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103ri, lan\u021ba glume groaznice, uneori \u00eencep\u00e2nd s\u0103 r\u00e2d\u0103 \u00eenainte de a termina; cu toate acestea, r\u00e2dea at\u00e2t de molipsitor \u00eenc\u00e2t nu putea s\u0103 nu r\u00e2zi \u0219i tu \u00eempreun\u0103 cu el. \u00cenc\u0103 din prima sa \u00eentrebare, la \u00eentoarcerea acas\u0103, \u00eentreba pe Tracey \u0219i pe sora sa de 13 ani, Lindsey: \u201eCe a\u021bi f\u0103cut ast\u0103zi \u00een mod altruist, inventiv sau interesant?\u201c, \u0219i chiar era interesat. Tracey \u0219i Lindsey \u00ee\u0219i aminteau despre \u00eentreaga zi trecut\u0103, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 sorteze faptele \u00een func\u021bie de categoriile men\u021bionate.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e2nzurile au fost de asemenea impresionante. Mama \u0219i tata adorau s\u0103 \u00eencerce noi preparate \u0219i s\u0103 viziteze noi restaurante. \u00cen acest timp, tata, care a\u0219tepta comanda, nu le permitea lui Lindsey \u0219i Tracy s\u0103 se plictiseasc\u0103, distr\u00e2ndu-le cu \u00eentreb\u0103ri precum \u201eDac\u0103 trenul se deplaseaz\u0103 spre vest cu viteza de 40 de mile pe or\u0103, iar avionul \u00eel dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te cu ...\u201d. Tracy era at\u00e2t de bun la acestea \u00eenc\u00e2t le rezolva din minte. Lindsey, pe de alt\u0103 parte, se comporta doar ca o feti\u021b\u0103 timid\u0103 de treisprezece ani.<\/p>\n

\u201eBine, Lindsey,\u201d \u00eentreba tata atunci, \u201edac\u0103 roata bicicletei se rostogole\u0219te pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt, se mi\u0219c\u0103 toate spi\u021bele cu aceea\u0219i vitez\u0103?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201eSigur!\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201eDin p\u0103cate, nu,\u201d r\u0103spundea tata, explic\u00e2nd de ce spi\u021ba de la sol e practic nemi\u0219cat\u0103, \u00een timp ce spi\u021ba de la cel mai \u00eenalt punct se mi\u0219c\u0103 de dou\u0103 ori mai repede dec\u00e2t bicicleta \u2014 desen\u00e2nd grafice \u0219i diagrame pe \u0219erve\u021bele care i-ar fi f\u0103cut cinste lui Leonardo da Vinci. (Odat\u0103, la o conferin\u021b\u0103, un tip i-a oferit tat\u0103lui 50 de dolari pentru desenele sale).<\/p>\n

Dar expozi\u021biile pe care le vizitau? \u00cen weekenduri, mama \u00eei pl\u0103cea s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i dedice pu\u021bin timp sie\u0219i, iar tata o lua pe Tracy \u0219i pe Lindsay s\u0103 admire picturile, de obicei la Galeria Na\u021bional\u0103 de Art\u0103. De obicei, acestea erau impresionistele preferate ale tat\u0103lui: Hugo, Monet, Picasso, C\u00e9zanne. \u00cei pl\u0103cea lumina, str\u0103lucirea care p\u0103rea s\u0103 str\u0103bat\u0103 aceste p\u00e2nze. Totodat\u0103, tata explica cum s\u0103 prive\u0219ti picturile baz\u00e2ndu-te pe tehnica \u201e\u00eenlocuirii culorilor\u201d (era psiholog la Harvard \u0219i MIT). De exemplu, dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi \u00eenchizi un ochi cu m\u00e2na, te \u00eendep\u0103rtezi de pictur\u0103 cu 5 metri, iar apoi \u00ee\u021bi dai repede m\u00e2na la o parte \u0219i prive\u0219ti pictura cu am\u00e2ndoi ochii, suprafa\u021ba neted\u0103 se va curba \u00een trei dimensiuni. \u0218i func\u021bioneaz\u0103! El se plimba cu Tracy \u0219i Lindsay ore \u00eentregi prin galerie, iar fiecare dintre ei privea picturile cu ochiul \u00eenchis. <\/p>\n

Ar\u0103tau ciudat. Dar au fost mereu o familie pu\u021bin neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 (\u00een sensul bun al cuv\u00e2ntului). Comparativ cu prietenii lor de la \u0219coal\u0103, Tracy \u0219i Lindsay erau diferite. Speciale. Experte. Tata iubea s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toreasc\u0103, de exemplu, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t Tracy \u0219i Lindsay au crescut g\u00e2ndindu-se c\u0103 este absolut firesc s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103tore\u0219ti prin Europa sau California timp de o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 sau o lun\u0103. De fapt, p\u0103rin\u021bii lor cheltuiau mult mai mul\u021bi bani pe c\u0103l\u0103torii dec\u00e2t pe mobil\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t marele lor bungalow \u00een stil victorian din Massachusetts era decorat \u00een stilul \u201ecutii portocalii \u0219i sc\u00e2nduri\u201d. \u00cen plus, mama cu tata umpleau casa cu actori, scriitori, arti\u0219ti \u0219i al\u021bii ciuda\u021bi, f\u0103r\u0103 a mai men\u021biona studen\u021bii tat\u0103lui, pe care \u00eei puteai \u00eent\u00e2lni pe oricare etaj. Mama \u00eei trimitea pe ace\u0219tia direct \u00een biroul tat\u0103lui de la etajul 3, unde se afla un birou \u00eenconjurat de teancuri de foi. Tata nu prindea niciodat\u0103 nimic. Pe biroul lui, \u00eens\u0103, p\u0103stra un bol cu bomboane dietetice, menite s\u0103-i st\u0103vileasc\u0103 pofta de m\u00e2ncare, pe care le m\u00e2nca ca pe ni\u0219te dulciuri obi\u0219nuite.<\/p>\n

\u00cen alte cuvinte, tata nu era genul de om pe care l-ai a\u0219tepta s\u0103 lucreze la Pentagon. Cu toate acestea, aici se plimba cu Tracy pe lungile coridoare.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd au ajuns \u00een cele din urm\u0103 la biroul tat\u0103lui, Tracy a sim\u021bit c\u0103 au parcurs distan\u021ba unor c\u00e2teva terenuri de fotbal. Dar, c\u00e2nd a v\u0103zut biroul, a sim\u021bit... dezam\u0103gire? Doar o alt\u0103 u\u0219\u0103 \u00eentr-un coridor plin de u\u0219i. \u00cen spatele ei era o camer\u0103 obi\u0219nuit\u0103, vopsit\u0103 \u00eentr-o nuan\u021b\u0103 verde militar, cu o mas\u0103, c\u00e2teva scaune \u0219i c\u00e2teva dulapuri pline cu dosare. Era \u0219i o fereastr\u0103, prin care putea s\u0103 vad\u0103 un perete plin de feronerie similar\u0103. Tracy nu \u0219tia cum ar trebui s\u0103 arate un birou \u00een Pentagon, dar cu siguran\u021b\u0103 nu a\u0219a ar\u0103ta aceasta.<\/p>\n

De fapt, Tracy nu era chiar sigur ce f\u0103cea tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u00een acel birou toat\u0103 ziua. Munca sa nu era secret\u0103, dar lucra \u00een Ministerul Ap\u0103r\u0103rii \u0219i tat\u0103l s\u0103u lua aceast\u0103 responsabilitate foarte \u00een serios, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 spun\u0103 prea multe despre munc\u0103 acas\u0103. \u0218i, adev\u0103rul e c\u0103, la 15 ani, pe Tracy nu \u00eel interesa prea mult ce f\u0103cea tat\u0103l s\u0103u acolo. Singurul lucru de care era sigur era c\u0103 tat\u0103l s\u0103u era pe drumul c\u0103tre o munc\u0103 important\u0103 \u0219i petrecea mult timp \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 fac\u0103 oamenii s\u0103 realizeze diverse lucruri, toate av\u00e2nd o leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu computerele. <\/p>\n

Nu e de mirare. Tat\u0103l s\u0103u era fascinat de computere. La Cambridge, la compania Bolt Beranek and Newman<\/a><\/noindex> membrii grupului de cercetare al tat\u0103lui s\u0103u aveau un computer pe care l-au construit singuri. Era o ma\u0219in\u0103 imens\u0103, de dimensiunea c\u00e2torva frigidere. L\u00e2ng\u0103 ea era o tastatur\u0103, un ecran care ar\u0103ta ceea ce scriai, un stilou optic\u0103 - tot ce \u00ee\u021bi puteai dori. Chiar aveau un software special care permitea mai multor oameni s\u0103 lucreze simultan folosind mai multe terminale. Tat\u0103l s\u0103u se juca cu ma\u0219ina zi \u0219i noapte, \u00eenregistr\u00e2nd programe. \u00cen weekend, \u00eei lua pe Tracy \u0219i pe Lindsay ca s\u0103 poat\u0103 s\u0103 se joace \u0219i ei (apoi mergeau s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce hamburgeri \u0219i cartofi pr\u0103ji\u021bi la cafeneaua Howard Johnson de peste drum; au ajuns \u00een situa\u021bia \u00een care chelneri\u021bele nici nu mai a\u0219teptau comenzile lor, preg\u0103tind hamburgerii de cum \u00eei vedeau pe clien\u021bii fideli). Tat\u0103l s\u0103u a scris chiar \u0219i un profesor electronic pentru ei. Dac\u0103 tastai cuv\u00e2ntul corect - el r\u0103spundea cu \u201eAcceptabil\u201d. Dac\u0103 gre\u0219eai - \u201eDumbkopf\u201d. (Acest lucru se \u00eent\u00e2mpla cu ani \u00eenainte ca cineva s\u0103-i atrag\u0103 aten\u021bia tat\u0103lui c\u0103 \u00een cuv\u00e2ntul german \u201eDummkopf\u201d nu era litera b.)<\/p>\n

Tracy a privit astfel de lucruri ca fiind ceva natural; a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat chiar s\u0103 programeze. Dar acum, privind \u00een urm\u0103 mai bine de 40 de ani, din perspectiva noului secol, el \u00ee\u0219i d\u0103 seama c\u0103 poate tocmai din acest motiv nu a acordat o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 la ce f\u0103cea tat\u0103l s\u0103u \u00een Pentagon. Era r\u0103sf\u0103\u021bat. Sem\u0103na cu copiii de ast\u0103zi, care sunt \u00eenconjura\u021bi de grafic\u0103 3D, se joac\u0103 cu DVD-uri \u0219i navigheaz\u0103 pe internet, percep\u00e2ndu-le ca pe ceva firesc. Deoarece \u00ee\u0219i vedea tat\u0103l interac\u021bion\u00e2nd cu computerul (interac\u021bion\u00e2nd cu pl\u0103cere), Tracy presupunea c\u0103 computerele sunt pentru toat\u0103 lumea. Nu \u0219tia (nu avea motive serioase s\u0103 se g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103) c\u0103 pentru majoritatea oamenilor cuv\u00e2ntul computer \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00een continuare o cutie uria\u0219\u0103, semi-mistic\u0103, de dimensiunea unui perete, un mecanism sinistru, implacabil, necru\u021b\u0103tor, care le serve\u0219te \u2014 marilor institu\u021bii \u2014 reduc\u00e2nd oamenii la simple cifre pe perforate. Tracy nu avea timp s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i dea seama c\u0103 tat\u0103l s\u0103u era unul dintre pu\u021binii oameni din lume care privea tehnologia \u0219i vedea oportunit\u0103\u021bi pentru ceva cu totul nou.<\/p>\n

Tat\u0103l a fost \u00eentotdeauna un vis\u0103tor, un tip care se \u00eentreba mereu \u201ece-ar fi dac\u0103\u2026?\u201d. Credea c\u0103 \u00eentr-o zi toate computerele vor ar\u0103ta ca ma\u0219ina lui din Cambridge. Vor deveni u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles \u0219i bine cunoscute. Vor putea r\u0103spunde oamenilor, \u00ee\u0219i vor c\u00e2\u0219tiga personalitatea. Vor deveni un nou mediu de (auto)exprimare. Vor asigura acces democratic la informa\u021bie, vor permite comunica\u021bii, vor oferi un nou mediu pentru comer\u021b \u0219i interac\u021biune. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103 \u2014 se vor contopi cu oamenii, form\u00e2nd o leg\u0103tur\u0103 capabil\u0103 s\u0103 g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 mult mai profund dec\u00e2t \u0219i-ar putea imagina omul, dar s\u0103 prelucreze informa\u021bia \u00een moduri la care nicio ma\u0219in\u0103 nu ar putea ajunge.<\/p>\n

\u0218i tat\u0103l din Pentagon f\u0103cea tot posibilul pentru a-\u0219i transforma credin\u021ba \u00een realitate. De exemplu, la MIT el a lansat Project MAC<\/a><\/noindex>, primul experiment de scar\u0103 larg\u0103 al calculatoarelor personale. Managerii proiectului nu aveau nici m\u0103car speran\u021ba de a oferi fiec\u0103rui om un computer personal, nu \u00eentr-o lume \u00een care cel mai ieftin computer costa sute de mii de dolari. Dar puteau dispersa o duzin\u0103 de terminale remote prin campusuri \u0219i c\u0103mine. Iar atunci, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bind timpul, puteau ordona ma\u0219inii centrale s\u0103 aloce mici buc\u0103\u021bi de timp de procesor foarte repede, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t fiecare utilizator s\u0103 simt\u0103 c\u0103 ma\u0219ina r\u0103spunde individual. Schema a func\u021bionat surprinz\u0103tor de bine. \u00cen doar c\u00e2\u021biva ani, Project MAC nu numai c\u0103 a implicat sute de oameni \u00een interac\u021biunea cu calculatoarele, dar a devenit \u0219i prima comunitate online din lume, extinz\u00e2ndu-se \u00een prima tabl\u0103 de anun\u021buri online, email, schimb de \u201efreeware\u201d - \u0219i hackerii. Acest fenomen social s-a manifestat mai t\u00e2rziu \u0219i \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile online din era internetului. Mai mult, terminalele remote au \u00eenceput s\u0103 fie percepute ca un \u201ecentru informa\u021bional de acas\u0103\u201d, o idee care circul\u0103 \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile tehnologice din anii 1970. O idee care a inspirat o pleiad\u0103 de tineri geeks precum Jobs \u0219i Wozniak s\u0103 aduc\u0103 pe pia\u021b\u0103 ceva numit microcomputer.<\/p>\n

\u00centre timp, tat\u0103l lui Tracy era \u00een rela\u021bii apropiate cu tipul timid care l-a abordat practic \u00een prima zi de munc\u0103 la Pentagon, iar ideile sale despre \u201e\u00cembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea inteligen\u021bei umane\u201d erau similare cu conceptele simbiozei om-computer. Douglas Engelbart<\/a><\/noindex> a fost p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci vocea celor mai \u00eendr\u0103zne\u021be vise. \u0218efii s\u0103i de la SRI International (care ulterior a devenit Valea Silliconului) l-au considerat pe Douglas un nebun f\u0103r\u0103 speran\u021b\u0103. Cu toate acestea, tat\u0103l lui Tracy a oferit prima sus\u021binere financiar\u0103 lui Engelbart (protej\u00e2ndu-l astfel de \u0219efii s\u0103i), iar Engelbart, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu echipa sa, a inventat mouse-ul, feroneria, hyperlink-urile, editorul de text \u0219i fundamentele altor inova\u021bii. Prezentarea lui Engelbart din 1968 la conferin\u021ba din San Francisco a impresionat mii de oameni \u2014 \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu a devenit un moment de cotitur\u0103 \u00een istoria calculatoarelor, un moment c\u00e2nd tineretul din domeniul informaticii a realizat \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it ce se poate ob\u021bine interac\u021bion\u00e2nd cu un calculator. Nu este \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor c\u0103 reprezentan\u021bii acelei genera\u021bii au primit ajutor \u00een formarea lor cu sprijin din partea tat\u0103lui lui Tracy \u0219i a sus\u021bin\u0103torilor s\u0103i din Pentagon \u2014 o parte din aceast\u0103 genera\u021bie s-a adunat mai t\u00e2rziu \u00een PARC, legendarul Palo Alto Research Center de\u021binut de Xerox. Acolo, au dat via\u021b\u0103 viziunii p\u0103rintelui despre \"simbiot\u0103\", \u00een forma pe care o folosim decenii mai t\u00e2rziu: un calculator personal, cu un ecran grafic \u0219i mouse, o interfa\u021b\u0103 grafic\u0103 cu utilizatorul cu feronerie, pictograme, meniuri, bare de derulare, etc. Imprimante cu laser. \u0218i re\u021bele Ethernet locale pentru a conecta toate acestea \u00eempreun\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u0218i \u00een cele din urm\u0103, a existat comunicarea. Lucr\u00e2nd la Pentagon, tat\u0103l lui Tracy \u00ee\u0219i petrecea cea mai mare parte a timpului de lucru \u00een zboruri, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd constant grupuri de cercetare izolate care lucrau la subiecte corelate cu viziunea sa de simbioz\u0103 \u00eentre om \u0219i calculator. Obiectivul s\u0103u era s\u0103 le uneasc\u0103 \u00eentr-o comunitate unic\u0103, un nou curent capabil s\u0103 progreseze spre visul s\u0103u, chiar \u0219i dup\u0103 ce ar fi p\u0103r\u0103sit Washingtonul. Pe 25 aprilie 1963 la noti\u021ba c\u0103tre \u201emembrii \u0219i sus\u021bin\u0103torii Re\u021belei Intergalactice de Calculatoare\u201d<\/a><\/noindex> El a marcat o parte cheie a strategiei sale: s\u0103 uneasc\u0103 toate computerele individuale (precizare: nu personale - pentru acestea nu a venit \u00eenc\u0103 vremea) \u00eentr-o re\u021bea informatic\u0103 unic\u0103, care s\u0103 acopere \u00eentregul continent. Tehnologiile de re\u021bea primitive existente nu permiteau crearea unui astfel de sistem, cel pu\u021bin \u00een acel moment. Cu toate acestea, mintea tat\u0103lui era deja cu mult \u00eenainte. \u00cen cur\u00e2nd, el vorbea despre Re\u021beaua Intergalactic\u0103 ca despre un mediu electronic deschis tuturor, \"mediul principal \u0219i fundamental de interac\u021biune informa\u021bional\u0103 pentru guverne, organiza\u021bii, corpora\u021bii \u0219i oameni\". Uniunea electronic\u0103 va sus\u021bine bankingul electronic, comer\u021bul, bibliotecile digitale, \"Ghiduri pentru investi\u021bii, consultan\u021b\u0103 fiscal\u0103, distribu\u021bia selectiv\u0103 a informa\u021biilor \u00een domeniul dumneavoastr\u0103 de specializare, anun\u021buri despre evenimente culturale, sportive, de divertisment\" - \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1960, aceast\u0103 viziune a inspirat c\u00e2\u021biva ale\u0219i de c\u0103tre papa s\u0103 realizeze Re\u021beaua Intergalactic\u0103, cunoscut\u0103 ast\u0103zi sub numele de Arpanet. Mai mult, \u00een 1970 au mers mai departe, extinz\u00e2nd Arpanet \u00eentr-o re\u021bea de re\u021bele, ast\u0103zi cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de Internet.<\/p>\n

Pe scurt, tat\u0103l Tracy a fost implicat \u00een mi\u0219carea for\u021belor care, esen\u021bial, au f\u0103cut computerele s\u0103 fie ceea ce sunt ast\u0103zi: distribu\u021bia timpului, computerele personale, mouse-ul, interfa\u021ba grafic\u0103 cu utilizatorul, explozia de creativitate de la Xerox PARC, \u0219i Internetul - ca v\u00e2rful tuturor. Desigur, chiar \u0219i el nu \u00ee\u0219i putea imagina astfel de rezultate, cel pu\u021bin nu \u00een 1962. Dar acesta era scopul lui. La urma urmei, de aceea \u0219i-a scos familia din casa preferat\u0103 \u0219i de aceea s-a dus la Washington pentru un post cu o cantitate considerabil\u0103 din birocratia at\u00e2t de ur\u00e2t\u0103 de el: el credea \u00een visul s\u0103u.<\/p>\n

Pentru c\u0103 a decis s\u0103 vad\u0103 cum devine realitate.<\/p>\n

Pentru c\u0103 Pentagonul - chiar dac\u0103 unii dintre conduc\u0103tori nu au realizat \u00eenc\u0103 asta - pl\u0103tea pentru ca aceasta s\u0103 devin\u0103 realitate.<\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 ce tat\u0103l lui Tracy \u0219i-a str\u00e2ns h\u00e2rtiile \u0219i s-a preg\u0103tit s\u0103 plece, a scos o m\u00e2n\u0103 de etichete verzi din plastic. \u201eA\u0219a \u00eei faci ferici\u021bi pe birocra\u021bi\u201d, a explicat el. De fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd p\u0103r\u0103sea biroul, trebuia s\u0103 marcheze toate dosarele de pe mas\u0103 cu eticheta: verde pentru materialele publice, apoi galben, ro\u0219u \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe, \u00een ordinea cre\u0219terii confiden\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii. E un pic stupid, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 rar se cere ceva \u00een afar\u0103 de verde. Totu\u0219i, aceasta este regula, a\u0219a c\u0103\u2026<\/p>\n

Tat\u0103l lui Tracy a lipit etichete verzi prin birou, doar ca oricine le-ar vedea s\u0103 penseze: \u201eGazda local\u0103 se g\u00e2nde\u0219te cu seriozitate la siguran\u021b\u0103\u201d. \u201eBine\u201d, a spus el, \u201eputem pleca.\u201d <\/p>\n

Tracy \u0219i tat\u0103l s\u0103u au l\u0103sat \u00een urm\u0103 u\u0219a biroului, pe care era un semn<\/p>\n

\"The
\n
\n \u2014 \u0219i au \u00eenceput drumul \u00eenapoi pe coridoarele lungi, foarte lungi ale Pentagonului, unde tineri serio\u0219i pe biciclete cu trei ro\u021bi livrau informa\u021bii vizitelor celei mai puternice birocra\u021bii din lume.<\/p>\n

Continuarea urmeaz\u0103... Capitolul 1. Baietii din Missouri<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

(Mul\u021bumiri pentru traducere Oxoron<\/a><\/noindex>, cei care doresc s\u0103 ajute cu traducerea \u2014 scrie\u021bi \u00een privat sau la adresa de email magisterludi2016@yandex.ru)<\/i><\/p>\n

\"The
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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