{"id":35500,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:41","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:41","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:41","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti","title":{"rendered":"Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 3. Portretul hackerului \u00een tinere\u021be","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 1. Printrul fatal<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/noindex>
\n<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 2. 2001: Odissea hackerilor<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

Portretul unui hacker \u00een tinere\u021be<\/h1>\n

Alice Lippman, mama lui Richard Stallman, \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te \u0219i acum momentul \u00een care fiul ei \u0219i-a ar\u0103tat talentul.<\/p>\n

«Cred c\u0103 s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat c\u00e2nd avea 8 ani», \u2013 spune ea.<\/p>\n

Era anul 1961. Lippman se divor\u021base recent \u0219i devenise mam\u0103 singur\u0103. S-a mutat cu fiul ei \u00eentr-un apartament mic cu o camer\u0103, situat \u00een Upper West Side din Manhattan. Aici a petrecut acea zi de weekend. R\u0103sfoind num\u0103rul Scientific American, Alice a dat peste coloana ei preferat\u0103 \u2013 «Jocurile matematice» de Martin Gardner. La acea vreme, ea lucra ca profesor de desen suplinitor, iar problemele lui Gardner erau perfecte pentru a-\u0219i antrena mintea. A\u0219ez\u00e2ndu-se pe canapea l\u00e2ng\u0103 fiul ei, care citea cu aten\u021bie o carte, Alice s-a apucat de puzzle-ul s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nii.<\/p>\n

«Nu pot fi considerat\u0103 un specialist \u00een rezolvarea puzzle-urilor, – recunoa\u0219te Lippman, – dar pentru mine, artist, erau utile deoarece \u00eemi antrenau intelectul \u0219i \u00eel f\u0103ceau mai flexibil».<\/p>\n

Doar c\u0103 ast\u0103zi toate \u00eencerc\u0103rile ei de a rezolva problema se sp\u0103rgeau \u00een buc\u0103\u021bi, ca \u0219i cum s-ar fi izbit de un zid. Alice era deja pe punctul de a arunca revista \u00een zadar, c\u00e2nd a sim\u021bit c\u0103 cineva o tr\u0103geau u\u0219or de m\u00e2nec\u0103. Era Richard. \u00centreba dac\u0103 are nevoie de ajutor.<\/p>\n

Alice s-a uitat la fiul ei, apoi la puzzle, apoi din nou la fiul ei, \u0219i a exprimat \u00eendoiala c\u0103 ar putea ajuta cu ceva. «L-am \u00eentrebat dac\u0103 a citit revista. A r\u0103spuns: da, am citit-o \u0219i chiar am rezolvat puzzle-ul. \u0218i \u00eencepe s\u0103-mi explice cum se rezolv\u0103. Acest moment mi-a r\u0103mas \u00eentip\u0103rit \u00een memorie pentru totdeauna».<\/p>\n

Ascult\u00e2nd solu\u021bia fiului ei, Alice a dat din cap \u2013 \u00eendoiala ei s-a transformat \u00eentr-o ne\u00eencredere evident\u0103. «Adic\u0103, a fost \u00eentotdeauna un b\u0103iat inteligent \u0219i capabil, – spune ea, – dar atunci am \u00eent\u00e2lnit pentru prima dat\u0103 manifestarea unei g\u00e2ndiri at\u00e2t de nea\u0219teptat de dezvoltate».<\/p>\n

Acum, 30 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu, Lippman \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te de asta cu r\u00e2s. «Sincer s\u0103 fiu, nici nu am \u00een\u021beles prea bine solu\u021bia lui, nici atunci, nici mai t\u00e2rziu, – poveste\u0219te Alice, – am fost pur \u0219i simplu impresionat\u0103 c\u0103 \u0219tie r\u0103spunsul».<\/p>\n

St\u0103m la masa de pr\u00e2nz \u00eentr-un apartament spa\u021bios din Manhattan cu trei dormitoare \u2013 aici, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Richard, s-a mutat Alice \u00een 1967, c\u0103s\u0103torindu-se cu Maurice Lipman. Amintindu-\u0219i de anii timpurii ai fiului s\u0103u, Alice eman\u0103 un tipic sentiment de m\u00e2ndrie pentru o mam\u0103 evreic\u0103, amestecat cu jen\u0103. De aici se vede un bufet cu fotografii mari, \u00een care Richard apare cu o barb\u0103 stufoas\u0103 \u0219i \u00een haine academice. Poze cu nepo\u021bii \u0219i nepoatele lui Lipman sunt \u00eempletite cu imagini cu gnomi. R\u00e2z\u00e2nd, Alice explic\u0103: \u201eRichard a insistat s\u0103 \u00eei cump\u0103r dup\u0103 ce a primit o diplom\u0103 de onoare de la Universitatea din Glasgow. Atunci mi-a spus: \u2018\u0218tii ce, mam\u0103? Aceasta este prima mea ceremonie de absolvire la care am participat.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00cen astfel de replici se reflect\u0103 umorul care este esen\u021bial pentru educa\u021bia unui copil-minune. Pute\u021bi fi siguri: pentru fiecare poveste cunoscut\u0103 despre \u00eenc\u0103p\u0103\u021b\u00e2narea \u0219i excentricitatea lui Stallman, mama lui poate povesti \u00eenc\u0103 o duzin\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u201eEl era un conservator \u00eenfocat\u201d, spune ea, gesticul\u00e2nd cu m\u00e2inile \u00eentr-un mod pictural de iritare, \u201ene-am obi\u0219nuit s\u0103 ascult\u0103m retorica reac\u021bionar\u0103 furioas\u0103 la pr\u00e2nz. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu al\u021bi profesori, am \u00eencercat s\u0103 ne \u00eenfiin\u021b\u0103m sindicatul, iar Richard s-a sup\u0103rat foarte tare pe mine. El considera sindicatele ca pe focare de corup\u021bie. Lupta \u0219i \u00eempotriva asigur\u0103rilor sociale. Credea c\u0103 ar fi mult mai bine dac\u0103 oamenii s-ar \u00eentre\u021bine singuri prin investi\u021bii. Cine \u0219tia c\u0103 dup\u0103 10 ani va deveni un astfel de idealist? \u00cemi amintesc c\u0103, odat\u0103, surioara lui vitreg\u0103 a venit la mine \u0219i m-a \u00eentrebat: \u2018Doamne, ce va ie\u0219i din el? Fascist?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

Alice s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu tat\u0103l lui Richard, Daniel Stallman, \u00een 1948, a divor\u021bat de el dup\u0103 10 ani \u0219i din acel moment a crescut fiul aproape singur\u0103, de\u0219i tat\u0103l r\u0103m\u00e2nea tutorele lui. A\u0219a c\u0103 Alice poate afirma cu mult\u0103 dreptate c\u0103 \u00eel cunoa\u0219te bine pe fiul s\u0103u, \u00een special \u2013 repulsia lui evident\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de autoritate. De asemenea, ea confirm\u0103 atrac\u021bia sa fanatic\u0103 pentru cunoa\u0219tere. Aceste calit\u0103\u021bi i-au provocat mult\u0103 nepl\u0103cere. Casa s-a transformat \u00eentr-un c\u00e2mp de lupt\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u201eExistau probleme chiar \u0219i cu m\u00e2ncarea, p\u0103rea c\u0103 nu \u00eei era niciodat\u0103 foame, \u2013 \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Lipman despre ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpla cu Richard \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu v\u00e2rsta de 8 ani \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la terminarea \u0219colii, \u2013 \u00eel chem la cin\u0103, iar el m\u0103 ignor\u0103, parc\u0103 nu aude. Abia dup\u0103 a noua sau a zecea oar\u0103 reu\u0219ea \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it s\u0103 se abat\u0103 de la activit\u0103\u021bile sale \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eemi acorde aten\u021bie. Era complet cufundat \u00een studiile lui, iar s\u0103 \u00eel scot de acolo era o provocare.\u201d<\/p>\n

La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, Richard descrie acele evenimente \u00eentr-un mod similar, dar le ofer\u0103 o nuan\u021b\u0103 politic\u0103.<\/p>\n

«\u00cemi pl\u0103cea foarte mult s\u0103 citesc, – spune el, – c\u00e2nd m\u0103 cufundam \u00een lectur\u0103, iar mama \u00eemi spunea s\u0103 merg s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nc sau s\u0103 dorm, pur \u0219i simplu nu o ascultam. Nu \u00een\u021belegeam de ce nu \u00eemi este permis s\u0103 citesc. Nu vedeam niciun motiv pentru care ar trebui s\u0103 fac ceea ce \u00eemi spuneau ei. De fapt, eu aplicam \u00een rela\u021biile din familie tot ceea ce citisem despre democra\u021bie \u0219i libertatea personal\u0103. Refuzam s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleg de ce aceste principii nu se aplic\u0103 \u0219i copiilor».<\/p>\n

Richard, \u0219i \u00een \u0219coal\u0103, prefera s\u0103 urmeze g\u00e2ndurile libert\u0103\u021bii personale \u00een locul cerin\u021belor venite din parte superioar\u0103. La 11 ani, a dep\u0103\u0219it colegii s\u0103i cu dou\u0103 trepte \u0219i a avut parte de multe dezam\u0103giri tipice pentru un copil talentat \u00een mediul \u0219colar mediu. Cur\u00e2nd dup\u0103 episodul memorabil cu rezolvarea puzzle-ului, pentru mama lui Richard a \u00eenceput o epoc\u0103 de dispute \u0219i explica\u021bii regulate cu profesorii.<\/p>\n

«El ignora complet lucr\u0103rile scrise, – \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Alice despre primele conflicte, – cred c\u0103 ultima lui lucrare din ciclul gimnazial a fost un eseu despre utilizarea sistemelor de numerotare \u00een Occident \u00een clasa a patra». Refuza s\u0103 scrie despre subiectele care nu \u00eel interesau. Stallman, av\u00e2nd o g\u00e2ndire analitic\u0103 fenomenal\u0103, s-a ad\u00e2ncit \u00een matematic\u0103 \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bele exacte \u00een detrimentul altor discipline. Unii profesori considerau c\u0103 aceasta este o determinare, dar Lippman o vedea ca pe o ner\u0103bdare \u0219i o impulsivitate. \u0218tiin\u021bele exacte erau deja prezentate \u00een program\u0103 mult mai generos dec\u00e2t cele pe care Richard nu le pl\u0103cea. C\u00e2nd Stallman avea 10 sau 11 ani, colegii s\u0103i au \u00eenceput un joc de fotbal american, dup\u0103 care Richard a venit acas\u0103 \u00eenfuriat. «\u00cei pl\u0103cea foarte mult s\u0103 joace, dar se dovedea c\u0103 coordonarea \u0219i alte abilit\u0103\u021bi fizice las\u0103 de dorit, – poveste\u0219te Lippman, – lucru care l-a enervat foarte tare».<\/p>\n

Enervat, Stallman s-a concentrat \u0219i mai mult pe matematic\u0103 \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bele exacte. Totu\u0219i, chiar \u0219i \u00een aceste domenii familiare pentru Richard, ner\u0103bdarea lui crea uneori probleme. Deja la \u0219apte ani, cufund\u00e2ndu-se \u00een manualele de algebr\u0103, nu considera necesar s\u0103 fie mai simplu \u00een comunicarea cu adul\u021bii. Odat\u0103, c\u00e2nd Stallman era la ciclul gimnazial, Alice a angajat pentru el un tutore din r\u00e2ndul studen\u021bilor de la Universitatea Columbia. Prima \u0219edin\u021b\u0103 a fost suficient\u0103 pentru ca studentul s\u0103 nu mai apar\u0103 vreodat\u0103 la u\u015fa apartamentului lor. «Se pare c\u0103 ceea ce \u00eei spunea Richard pur \u0219i simplu nu se \u00eencadra \u00een capul lui s\u0103r\u0103cu\u021b», – presupune Lippman.<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 amintire drag\u0103 a mamei se leag\u0103 de \u00eenceputul anilor '60, c\u00e2nd Stallman avea aproximativ \u0219apte ani. Dup\u0103 divorzul p\u0103rin\u021bilor, care avusese loc cu doi ani \u00een urm\u0103, Alice s-a mutat cu fiul ei din Queens \u00een Upper West Side, unde Richard a \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eei plac\u0103 s\u0103 mearg\u0103 \u00een parc pe Riverside Drive pentru a lansa modele de rachete. \u00cen cur\u00e2nd, acest divertisment s-a transformat \u00eentr-o activitate serioas\u0103 \u0219i temeinic\u0103 \u2013 a \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 chiar \u0219i un jurnal detaliat al fiec\u0103rui zbor. A\u0219a cum s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u0219i cu interesul s\u0103u pentru problemele matematicii, nimeni nu a acordat o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 acestei pasiuni, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd, \u00eentr-o zi, \u00een ajunul unei lans\u0103ri mari de la NASA, mama lui, \u00een glum\u0103, l-a \u00eentrebat dac\u0103 nu vrea s\u0103 verifice dac\u0103 agen\u021bia spa\u021bial\u0103 urmeaz\u0103 corect noti\u021bele lui.<\/p>\n

\u201eA explodat de furie\u201d, poveste\u0219te Lippman, \u201e\u0219i nu a reu\u0219it dec\u00e2t s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103: \u2018Nu le-am ar\u0103tat \u00eenc\u0103 noti\u021bele mele!\u2019. Probabil c\u0103 chiar se g\u00e2ndea s\u0103 le arate ceva NASA\u201d. Stallman \u00eensu\u0219i nu \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te aceast\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2mplare, dar spune c\u0103, \u00een asemenea situa\u021bii, ar fi fost ru\u0219inat c\u0103 nu are de ar\u0103tat nimic NASA.<\/p>\n

Aceste anecdote familiale au fost primele manifest\u0103ri ale caracteristicei obsesii a lui Stallman, care nu \u00eel p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te nici acum. C\u00e2nd copiii alergau spre mas\u0103, Richard continua s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 \u00een camera sa. C\u00e2nd copiii se jucau de-a fotbalul, imit\u00e2nd legendarul Johnny Unitas, Richard se pref\u0103cea c\u0103 este cosmonaut. \u201eAm fost ciudat\u201d, rezum\u0103 Stallman anii s\u0103i de copil\u0103rie \u00eentr-un interviu din 1999, \u201ela o anumit\u0103 v\u00e2rst\u0103, singurii mei prieteni au r\u0103mas profesorii\u201d. Richard nu s-a ru\u0219inat de tr\u0103s\u0103turile \u0219i \u00eenclina\u021biile sale ciudate, spre deosebire de incapacitatea sa de a se \u00een\u021belege cu oamenii, pe care o considera o adev\u0103rat\u0103 nenorocire. Cu toate acestea, ambele aspecte au dus \u00een mod egal la alienarea sa fa\u021b\u0103 de ceilal\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Alice a decis s\u0103 ofere verde pentru pasiunile fiului ei, de\u0219i acest lucru aducea noi dificult\u0103\u021bi la \u0219coal\u0103. La 12 ani, Richard a participat la tabere \u0219tiin\u021bifice pe tot parcursul verii, iar odat\u0103 cu \u00eenceputul anului \u0219colar a \u00eenceput s\u0103 frecventeze o \u0219coal\u0103 privat\u0103. Unul dintre profesori i-a sugerat lui Lippman s\u0103 \u00eel \u00eenscrie pe fiul s\u0103u \u00een Programul de realiz\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bifice de la Columbia, creat \u00een New York pentru elevii talenta\u021bi din clasele medii \u0219i superioare. Stallman a acceptat f\u0103r\u0103 ezitare s\u0103 includ\u0103 lec\u021bii din acest program la cursurile sale extracurriculare, iar \u00een cur\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput s\u0103 viziteze campusul Universit\u0103\u021bii Columbia, situat\u0103 printre zone reziden\u021biale, \u00een fiecare s\u00e2mb\u0103t\u0103.<\/p>\n

Potrivit amintirilor lui Dan Chess, unul dintre colegii de la programul de la Columbia al lui Stallman, Richard ie\u0219ea \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 chiar \u0219i \u00een acel grup de pasiona\u021bi de matematic\u0103 \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021be exacte. \u201eSigur, eram cu to\u021bii ciuda\u021bi \u0219i geek-eri acolo\u201d, poveste\u0219te Chess, acum profesor de matematic\u0103 la Hunter College, \u201edar Stallman era cu adev\u0103rat desprins de lumea aceasta. Era pur \u0219i simplu extrem de inteligent. Cunosc mul\u021bi oameni de\u0219tep\u021bi, dar cred c\u0103 Stallman este cel mai inteligent om pe care l-am \u00eent\u00e2lnit vreodat\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n

Programatorul Seth Brudbart, absolvent al acestui program, este de acord cu acest lucru. A avut o comunicare bun\u0103 cu Richard, deoarece, la fel ca el, era pasionat de science fiction \u0219i participa la conven\u021bii. Seth \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te de Stallman ca de un b\u0103iat de 15 ani, \u00een haine necorespunz\u0103toare, care l\u0103sa o \"imprimare creepy\" asupra oamenilor, \u00een special asupra celor de v\u00e2rsta lui.<\/p>\n

\"E greu de explicat, - spune Brudbart, - nu c\u0103 s-ar \u00eenchide complet \u00een sine, ci c\u0103 era pur \u0219i simplu prea obsedat. Richard impresiona prin cuno\u0219tin\u021bele sale profunde, dar deta\u0219area sa evident\u0103 nu-i ad\u0103uga deloc atractivitate.\"<\/p>\n

Aceste descrieri genereaz\u0103 \u00eentreb\u0103ri: exist\u0103 motive s\u0103 credem c\u0103 sub epitetul de \"obsesie\" \u0219i \"deta\u0219are\" s-ar putea ascunde ceea ce ast\u0103zi este considerat tulbur\u0103ri de comportament adolescentine? \u00cen decembrie 2001, \u00een revista Wired<\/em> a ap\u0103rut un articol intitulat \"Sindromul geek\", \u00een care sunt descri\u0219i copiii cu abilit\u0103\u021bi \u0219tiin\u021bifice, cu autism de \u00eenalt\u0103 func\u021bionalitate \u0219i sindrom Asperger. Amintirile p\u0103rin\u021bilor lor, prezentate \u00een articol, sunt \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 similare cu pove\u0219tile lui Alice Lippman. Stallman se g\u00e2nde\u0219te \u0219i el la asta. \u00centr-un interviu din anul 2000 pentru Toronto Star<\/em> el a sugerat c\u0103 ar putea avea \"tulburare autist\u0103 de tip limitrof\". Totu\u0219i, \u00een articol, presupunerea lui a fost expus\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 precau\u021bie ca o certitudine.<\/p>\n

Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 defini\u021biile multor a\u0219a-numite \"tulbur\u0103ri de comportament\" sunt \u00eenc\u0103 foarte vagi, aceast\u0103 presupunere pare deosebit de realist\u0103. Cum a observat Steve Silberman, autorul articolului \"Sindromul geek\", psihiatrii americani au recunoscut recent c\u0103 sub sindromul Asperger se ascunde un set foarte larg de tr\u0103s\u0103turi comportamentale, \u00eencep\u00e2nd de la abilit\u0103\u021bi motrice \u0219i sociale slabe \u0219i termin\u00e2nd cu obsesia pentru numere, calculatoare \u0219i structuri organizate.<\/p>\n

\"Poate c\u0103 am ceva de genul acesta, - spune Stallman, - pe de alt\u0103 parte, unul dintre simptomele sindromului Asperger este dificultatea de a sim\u021bi ritmul. Dar eu pot s\u0103 dansez. Ba mai mult, \u00eemi place s\u0103 urmez cele mai complexe ritmuri. \u00cen general, nu se poate spune cu certitudine.\" Se poate vorbi despre o anumit\u0103 grada\u021bie a sindromului Asperger, care \u00een mare parte se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een limitele normalit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n

Dan Chess, however, does not share the desire to diagnose Richard right now. \"I have never thought that he was really abnormal, in the medical sense,\" he says, \"he just seemed very detached from the people around him and their problems, he was quite unsociable, but if we get down to it - then we were all like that, to one extent or another.\"<\/p>\n

Alice Lippman actually finds all these debates about Richard's mental disorders amusing, although she remembers a couple of stories that could add to the 'for' arguments. A characteristic symptom of autistic disorders is intolerance to noise and bright colors, and when Richard was a baby and was taken to the beach, he would start crying two or three blocks away from the ocean. It was only later that they figured out that the sound of the waves was causing him pain in his ears and head. Another example: Richard's grandmother had bright fire-red hair, and every time she bent over the crib, he would scream as if in pain.<\/p>\n

In recent years, Lippman has read a lot about autism and often catches herself thinking that her son's traits are not random quirks. \"I really am starting to think that Richard could have been an autistic child,\" she says, \"it's a shame that at that time so little was known and said about it.\"<\/p>\n

However, according to her, over time Richard began to adapt. At the age of seven, he loved standing by the front window in subway trains to study the labyrinths of tunnels beneath the city. This hobby clearly contradicted his intolerance to the noise, which was abundant in the subway. \"But the noise only shocked him at first,\" Lippman recounts, \"then Richard's nervous system got used to adapting under the influence of his strong desire to explore the subway.\"<\/p>\n

Early Richard was remembered by his mother as a completely normal child - his thoughts, actions, and communication patterns were just like those of any ordinary little boy. It was only after a series of dramatic events in the family that he became withdrawn and detached.<\/p>\n

Prima astfel de experien\u021b\u0103 a fost divor\u021bul p\u0103rin\u021bilor. De\u0219i Alice \u0219i so\u021bul ei au \u00eencercat s\u0103-l preg\u0103teasc\u0103 pe fiul lor pentru asta \u0219i s\u0103 atenueze lovitura, nu au reu\u0219it. \u201eP\u0103rea c\u0103 a ratat toate conversa\u021biile noastre, \u2013 \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Lippman, \u2013 iar apoi realitatea l-a lovit brusc atunci c\u00e2nd s-a mutat \u00eentr-un alt apartament. Primul lucru pe care Richard l-a \u00eentrebat atunci a fost: 'Unde sunt lucrurile tat\u0103lui?'\"<\/p>\n

De atunci a \u00eenceput o perioad\u0103 de zece ani \u00een care a tr\u0103it \u00een dou\u0103 familii, c\u00e2nd Stollman se muta \u00een weekenduri de la mama sa din Manhattan la tata din Queens. Caracterul p\u0103rin\u021bilor era radical diferit, la fel \u0219i abord\u0103rile lor \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te educa\u021bia, care nu se sincronizau. Via\u021ba de familie era at\u00e2t de nefericit\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t Richard \u00eenc\u0103 ezit\u0103 s\u0103 se g\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 la a avea propri copii. \u00cel aminte\u0219te pe tat\u0103l s\u0103u, care a murit \u00een 2001, cu sentimente mixte \u2013 era un b\u0103rbat destul de aspru, un veteran din cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial. Stollman \u00eel respect\u0103 pentru responsabilitatea sa \u00eenalt\u0103 \u0219i sim\u021bul datoriei \u2013 de exemplu, tat\u0103l s\u0103u a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat bine limba francez\u0103 doar pentru c\u0103 asta erau cerin\u021bele misiunilor \u00eempotriva nazi\u0219tilor \u00een Fran\u021ba. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, Richard avea motive s\u0103 fie sup\u0103rat pe tat\u0103, deoarece acesta nu se zg\u00e2rcea la metodele dure de educa\u021bie.<\/p>\n

\u201eTat\u0103l avea un caracter greu, \u2013 poveste\u0219te Richard, \u2013 nu a strigat niciodat\u0103, dar \u00eentotdeauna g\u0103sea un motiv s\u0103 distrug\u0103 tot ceea ce spuneai sau f\u0103ceai printr-o critic\u0103 rece \u0219i detaliat\u0103.\"<\/p>\n

Rela\u021bia cu mama sa este descris\u0103 de Stollman \u00eentr-un mod clar: \u201eA fost un r\u0103zboi. A ajuns p\u00e2n\u0103 acolo \u00eenc\u00e2t, spun\u00e2ndu-mi 'vreau acas\u0103', \u00eemi imaginam un loc nerealist, un refugiu mirific de lini\u0219te, pe care l-am v\u0103zut doar \u00een vise.\"<\/p>\n

Primii c\u00e2\u021biva ani dup\u0103 divor\u021bul p\u0103rin\u021bilor, Richard a g\u0103sit refugiu la bunicii paterni. \u201eC\u00e2nd eram la ei, sim\u021beam dragoste \u0219i tandre\u021be, \u0219i m\u0103 lini\u0219team complet, \u2013 \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te el, \u2013 acesta a fost singurul loc pe care l-am iubit \u00eenainte de a merge la colegiu.\" C\u00e2nd a \u00eemplinit 8 ani, bunica a murit, iar dup\u0103 doar 2 ani a murit \u0219i bunicul, iar aceasta a fost a doua lovitur\u0103 greu de suportat de c\u0103tre Richard, de la care a avut dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een a se recupera.<\/p>\n

«Asta l-a traumatizat cu adev\u0103rat», spune Lippman. Stolman era foarte ata\u0219at de bunici. Exact dup\u0103 moartea lor, dintr-un tip sociabil, s-a transformat \u00eentr-un mut distant, mereu st\u00e2nd undeva \u00eentr-un col\u021b.<\/p>\n

Richard consider\u0103 c\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd s-a retras \u00een sine a fost un fenomen pur legat de v\u00e2rst\u0103, c\u00e2nd copil\u0103ria se \u00eencheie \u0219i multe lucruri sunt reinterpretate \u0219i reevaluate. El nume\u0219te anii adolescen\u021bei «o adev\u0103rat\u0103 co\u0219mar» \u0219i spune c\u0103 se sim\u021bea surd-mu\u021b \u00een mijlocul unei mul\u021bimi de iubitori de muzic\u0103 care vorbeau ne\u00eencetat.<\/p>\n

«Constant m\u0103 g\u0103seam g\u00e2ndindu-m\u0103 c\u0103 nu \u00een\u021beleg despre ce vorbe\u0219te toat\u0103 lumea din jur, – descrie el alienarea sa, – eram at\u00e2t de \u00een urm\u0103 cu via\u021ba, \u00eenc\u00e2t percepeam doar c\u00e2teva cuvinte din fluxul lor de slang. Dar s\u0103 m\u0103 implic \u00een conversa\u021biile lor nu-mi era de loc dor, nici m\u0103car nu puteam s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleg de ce \u00eei intereseaz\u0103 to\u021bi ace\u0219ti arti\u0219ti muzicali care erau populari atunci».<\/p>\n

\u00cens\u0103, \u00een aceast\u0103 alienare existau \u0219i lucruri utile \u0219i chiar pl\u0103cute – \u00eei cultivau lui Richard individualitatea. C\u00e2nd colegii s\u0103i \u00ee\u0219i doreau s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i lase p\u0103rul lung, el continua s\u0103 aib\u0103 o coafur\u0103 scurt\u0103 \u0219i aranjat\u0103. C\u00e2nd adolescen\u021bii din jur se \u00eennebuneau dup\u0103 rock and roll, Stolman asculta muzic\u0103 clasic\u0103. Un fan \u00eenfocat al \u0219tiin\u021bifico-fantasticului, revista Mad<\/em> \u0219i al emisiunilor nocturne, Richard nici nu se g\u00e2ndea s\u0103 fie la curent cu to\u021bi, iar asta amplifica ne\u00een\u021belegerea dintre el \u0219i cei din jur, inclusiv p\u0103rin\u021bii lui.<\/p>\n

«\u0218i aceste jocuri de cuvinte! – exclam\u0103 Alice, nelini\u0219tit\u0103 de amintirile legate de perioada adolescen\u021bei fiului s\u0103u, – la pr\u00e2nz nu putea s\u0103 spun\u0103 o fraz\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 \u021bi-o returneze, juc\u00e2ndu-se \u0219i r\u0103sturn\u00e2nd-o \u00een cele mai ciudate moduri».<\/p>\n

\u00cen afara familiei, Stallman p\u0103stra glumele pentru acei adul\u021bi care \u00eei simpatizau talentul. Unul dintre primii astfel de oameni din via\u021ba lui a fost educatorul de la tab\u0103ra de var\u0103, care i-a dat s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 manualul computerului IBM 7094. Richard avea atunci 8 sau 9 ani. Pentru un copil pasionat de matematic\u0103 \u0219i informatic\u0103, acesta era un adev\u0103rat cadou divin. Nu a trecut mult timp \u0219i Richard scria deja programe pentru IBM 7094, de\u0219i doar pe h\u00e2rtie, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 spere vreodat\u0103 c\u0103 le va rula pe un computer real. Era pur \u0219i simplu fascinat de crearea unei serii de instruc\u021biuni pentru a \u00eendeplini o sarcin\u0103. C\u00e2nd ideile proprii pentru programe s-au epuizat, Richard a \u00eenceput s\u0103 le cear\u0103 educatorului.<\/p>\n

Primele PC-uri au ap\u0103rut abia dup\u0103 10 ani, a\u0219a c\u0103 Stolman ar fi trebuit s\u0103 a\u0219tepte mul\u021bi ani pentru a lucra pe un computer. Totu\u0219i, destinul i-a f\u0103cut o favoare: \u00een ultimul an de liceu, Centrul \u0218tiin\u021bific IBM din New York i-a propus lui Richard s\u0103 scrie un program – un preprocesor pentru PL\/1, care ar ad\u0103uga limbajului capacitatea de a lucra cu algebra tensorial\u0103. «Mai \u00eent\u00e2i am scris acest preprocesor \u00een limbajul PL\/1, iar apoi l-am rescris \u00een limbaj de asamblare, pentru c\u0103 programul compilat \u00een PL\/1 era prea mare \u0219i nu \u00eenc\u0103pea \u00een memoria computerului», \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Stolman.<\/p>\n

\u00cen vara \u00een care Richard a terminat \u0219coala, Centrul \u0218tiin\u021bific IBM l-a invitat s\u0103 lucreze. Prima sarcin\u0103 pe care i-au dat-o a fost un program de analiz\u0103 numeric\u0103 \u00een Fortran. Stallman l-a scris \u00een c\u00e2teva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni \u0219i a ajuns s\u0103 urasc\u0103 at\u00e2t de tare Fortran, \u00eenc\u00e2t s-a jurat s\u0103 nu mai foloseasc\u0103 vreodat\u0103 acest limbaj. Restul verii a scris un editor de text \u00een APL.<\/p>\n

\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, Stallman lucra ca asistent la Facultatea de Biologie a Universit\u0103\u021bii Rockefeller. Mintea analitic\u0103 a lui Richard l-a impresionat foarte mult pe \u0219eful laboratorului, iar el a a\u0219teptat de la Stallman o munc\u0103 str\u0103lucit\u0103 \u00een biologie. Dup\u0103 c\u00e2\u021biva ani, c\u00e2nd Richard era deja student la colegiu, sunetul unui telefon s-a auzit \u00een apartamentul lui Alice Lippman. \u201eA fost acel profesor de la Rockefeller, \u0219eful laboratorului, \u2013 poveste\u0219te Lippman \u2013 voia s\u0103 afle cum se simte fiul meu. I-am spus c\u0103 Richard lucreaz\u0103 cu computere, iar profesorul a fost extrem de surprins. El credea c\u0103 Richard \u00ee\u0219i construie\u0219te cariera de biolog.\u201d<\/p>\n

Puterea intelectual\u0103 a lui Stallman \u00eei impresiona \u0219i pe profesorii din programul de la Columbia, chiar dac\u0103 el devenea enervant pentru mul\u021bi dintre ei. \u201eDe obicei, o dat\u0103 sau de dou\u0103 ori \u00een timpul unei prelegeri gre\u0219eau, iar Stallman \u00eei corecta mereu, \u2013 \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Breitbart \u2013 astfel cre\u0219tea respectul pentru mintea sa \u0219i antipatia fa\u021b\u0103 de Richard.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stallman z\u00e2mbe\u0219te cu re\u021binere c\u00e2nd \u00ee\u0219i aduce aminte de aceste cuvinte ale lui Breitbart. \u201eC\u00e2teodat\u0103, desigur, m\u0103 comportam ca un idiot, \u2013 recunoa\u0219te el \u2013 dar, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, asta m-a ajutat s\u0103 g\u0103sesc suflete pereche printre profesori care \u00eei pl\u0103cea de asemenea s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be lucruri noi \u0219i s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i clarifice cuno\u0219tin\u021bele. Elevii, de obicei, nu \u00ee\u0219i permiteau s\u0103 corecteze profesorul. Cel pu\u021bin, nu at\u00e2t de des.\u201d<\/p>\n

Comunicarea cu tinerilor mai avansa\u021bi \u00een zilele de s\u00e2mb\u0103t\u0103 l-a f\u0103cut pe Stallman s\u0103 reflecteze asupra beneficiilor rela\u021biilor sociale. Colegiul se apropia rapid, trebuia s\u0103 decid\u0103 unde s\u0103 studieze, iar Stallman, la fel ca mul\u021bi participan\u021bi la programul de descoperiri \u0219tiin\u021bifice de la Columbia, a restr\u00e2ns lista universit\u0103\u021bilor dorite la dou\u0103 \u2013 Harvard \u0219i MIT. Auzi c\u0103 fiul s\u0103u se g\u00e2nde\u0219te serios s\u0103 se \u00eenscrie \u00eentr-o universitate din Ivy League, Lippman a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se \u00eengrijoreze. La 15 ani, Stallman continua s\u0103 se lupte cu profesorii \u0219i cu oficialii. Cu un an \u00eenainte, el ob\u021binuse note maxime la istoria american\u0103, chimie, matematic\u0103 \u0219i limba francez\u0103, dar la englez\u0103 se l\u0103uda cu un \u201eneadmiz\u201d \u2013 Richard continua s\u0103 ignore lucr\u0103rile scrise. La MIT \u0219i \u00een multe alte universit\u0103\u021bi acest lucru putea fi trecut cu vederea, dar nu \u0219i la Harvard. Stallman se potrivea perfect cu aceast\u0103 universitate din punctul de vedere al inteligen\u021bei, dar nu corespundea deloc cerin\u021belor de disciplin\u0103.<\/p>\n

Psihoterapeutul care a observat comportamentul lui Richard \u00een \u0219coala primar\u0103 i-a propus s\u0103 urmeze o variant\u0103 de prob\u0103 a studiilor universitare, \u0219i anume \u2013 un an complet \u00een orice \u0219coal\u0103 din New York f\u0103r\u0103 note proaste \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 conflicte cu profesorii. A\u0219adar, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een toamn\u0103, Stallman a participat la lec\u021bii de var\u0103 la disciplinele umaniste \u0219i apoi s-a \u00eentors \u00een clasa a dou\u0103sprezecea a \u0219colii de pe strada 84 de Vest. A avut parte de multe dificult\u0103\u021bi, dar Lippman poveste\u0219te cu m\u00e2ndrie c\u0103 fiului s\u0103u i-a reu\u0219it s\u0103 se descurce.<\/p>\n

\u201eA cedat oarecum, \u2013 spune ea, \u2013 m-au chemat o singur\u0103 dat\u0103 din cauza lui Richard \u2013 el continua s\u0103 indice profesorului de matematic\u0103 gre\u0219elile din demonstra\u021bii. L-am \u00eentrebat: \u2018Ei bine, are dreptate?\u2019. Profesorul a r\u0103spuns: \u2018Da, dar altfel mul\u021bi nu vor \u00een\u021belege demonstra\u021bia\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n

La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul primului semestru, Stallman a ob\u021binut 96 de puncte la englez\u0103, note maxime la istoria american\u0103, microbiologie \u0219i cursul avansat de matematic\u0103. La fizic\u0103 a ob\u021binut chiar 100 din 100. Era printre cei mai buni din clas\u0103 la performan\u021be academice, dar tot un outsider \u00een via\u021ba personal\u0103.<\/p>\n

Richard continua s\u0103 participe cu mare pl\u0103cere la activit\u0103\u021bi extracurriculare, iar munca \u00een laboratorul de biologie \u00eei aducea, de asemenea, satisfac\u021bie, \u0219i acorda pu\u021bin\u0103 aten\u021bie la ceea ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpla \u00een jur. Pe drumul c\u0103tre Universitatea Columbia, se strecurase cu aceea\u0219i rapiditate \u0219i calm prin mul\u021bimea de trec\u0103tori, dar \u0219i prin demonstra\u021biile \u00eempotriva r\u0103zboiului din Vietnam. Odat\u0103, a mers la o \u00eent\u00e2lnire informal\u0103 cu colegii din programul de la Columbia. To\u021bi discutau despre care ar fi cea mai bun\u0103 universitate la care s\u0103 se \u00eenscrie.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te Braydbar: \u201eSigur, majoritatea elevilor se \u00eendreptau spre Harvard \u0219i MIT, dar unii au ales alte universit\u0103\u021bi din Ivy League. Atunci cineva l-a \u00eentrebat pe Stallman unde va merge s\u0103 studieze. C\u00e2nd Richard a r\u0103spuns c\u0103 la Harvard \u2013 to\u021bi au t\u0103cut \u0219i au \u00eenceput s\u0103 se priveasc\u0103. Richard a z\u00e2mbit u\u0219or, ca \u0219i cum ar fi spus: \u2018Da-da, nu ne desp\u0103r\u021bim \u00eenc\u0103!\u2019.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sursa: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 1. \u0420\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 2. 2001: \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0441 \u041b\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0420\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u044b\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. «\u041f\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e 8 \u043b\u0435\u0442», – \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b 1961 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 3. Portretul hackerului \u00een tinere\u021be | ProHoster","description":"Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 1.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 3. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 | ProHoster","og:description":"Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 1.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-3-portret-hakera-v-yunosti","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:04:41+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:04:41+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"35500","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-21 23:31:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 02:01:26","updated":"2026-01-21 23:31:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35500","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35500"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35500\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35500"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35500"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35500"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}