{"id":35514,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:46","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sisadmin-v-neajtishnoj-kompanii-nevynosimaya-tyazhest-bytiya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:46","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:46","slug":"sisadmin-v-neajtishnoj-kompanii-nevynosimaya-tyazhest-bytiya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sisadmin-v-neajtishnoj-kompanii-nevynosimaya-tyazhest-bytiya","title":{"rendered":"Admin de sistem \u00eentr-o companie non-IT. O greutate insuportabil\u0103 a existen\u021bei?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A fi administrator de sistem \u00eentr-o mic\u0103 companie din afara domeniului IT este o adev\u0103rat\u0103 aventur\u0103. \u0218eful te consider\u0103 un lene\u0219, angaja\u021bii \u00een momente dificile \u2013 un zeu al re\u021belei \u0219i hardware-ului, \u00een momente bune \u2013 un iubitor de bere \u0219i jocuri, contabilitatea \u2013 o extensie a 1C, iar \u00eentreaga companie \u2013 un driver pentru func\u021bionarea corect\u0103 a imprimantelor. \u00cen timp ce visezi la un Cisco bun, nu la un mic box Yosh pentru a organiza un punct de acces corporativ, ei deja preg\u0103tesc o nou\u0103 nepl\u0103cere: un virus din colec\u021bia de acas\u0103, m\u00e2ini st\u00e2ngace care se \u00eencurc\u0103 \u00een cabluri (sau invers), un joc pe serverul de lucru, Photoshop piratat \u0219i desc\u0103rcarea \u00eentregului nou serial, pentru a-l viziona \u00een drum spre birou. Ah, da, te-au mai rugat s\u0103 repari \u0219i fierb\u0103torul. Aici nu e timp de Kubernetes \u0219i DevOps \u2013 trebuie s\u0103 supravie\u021buim, s\u0103 ne men\u021binem \u0219i s\u0103 ie\u0219im din acest raid ca \u0219efi. Oh, scuz\u0103-m\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 \u00eendeplinim KPI \u0219i s\u0103 nu murim. Alegoric? Nu, a\u0219a e.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/regionsoft\/blog\/456818\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Admin de sistem \u00eentr-o companie non-IT. O greutate insuportabil\u0103 a existen\u021bei?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/772639f894ea4fb18abd411e900523aa.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Companii non-IT: b\u0103ie\u021bi \u00een pericol<\/h2>\n<p>\nCompaniile mici \u0219i mijlocii din afara domeniului IT folosesc uneori realiz\u0103rile acestei industrii cu precau\u021bie, pe scurt \u0219i cu o dozare mare de scepticism \u2013 ce va face oare acel software pe acel server, iar noi trebuie s\u0103 cur\u0103\u021b\u0103m dup\u0103 el, s\u0103 repar\u0103m cablurile... \u0218i, cumva, rela\u021biile cu administratorii de sistem se dezvolt\u0103 foarte diferit, iar ei sunt cei care determin\u0103 c\u00e2t de eficient\u0103 este compania, cum \u00ee\u0219i gestioneaz\u0103 clien\u021bii \u0219i dac\u0103 poate supravie\u021bui pe pia\u021b\u0103 \u00een general. S\u0103 enumer\u0103m posibilele combina\u021bii.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00cen companie nu exist\u0103 administrator de sistem, toat\u0103 munca depinde de angaja\u021bi sau de un tehnician chemat prin telefon. \u00cen acest caz, amenin\u021b\u0103rile sunt evidente: nefunc\u021bionarea proceselor de lucru, costuri excesive din cauza haosului \u0219i, adesea, urgenta interven\u021biilor, bre\u0219e de securitate, absen\u021ba unei infrastructuri IT adecvate. Practic, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 principiul 'fiecare este propriul s\u0103u admin', iar despre tehnologie te face s\u0103 reflectezi doar o defec\u021biune \u00een telefonie sau internet. \n<\/li>\n<li>Compania are un tehnician IT angajat \u2014 un student, un administrator de sistem novice sau un dezvoltator mai pu\u021bin norocos. \u00centr-un astfel de caz, multe depind de dorin\u021ba \u0219i interesul persoanei responsabile, dar cel mai adesea se limiteaz\u0103 la rezolvarea sarcinilor de baz\u0103 \u0219i asigurarea minim\u0103 a proceselor IT din companie. De obicei, nu se discut\u0103 despre infrastructur\u0103. \n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Admin de sistem \u00eentr-o companie non-IT. O greutate insuportabil\u0103 a existen\u021bei?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/23df8c4ff0b1c2f54cfc1fda18b52007.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Preg\u0103ti\u021bi sistemul de r\u0103cire corect<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Compania are un programator, care este de asemenea un presupus programator, \u0219i totodat\u0103 administrator de sistem. <\/b>Aceasta este o op\u021biune ceva mai bun\u0103 dec\u00e2t cea anterioar\u0103, m\u0103car datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 programatorul se descurc\u0103 u\u0219or cu configurarea \u0219i personalizarea softului corporativ (de exemplu, 1C sau CRM), \u0219i, fiind dezvoltator, \u00ee\u0219i automatizeaz\u0103 activitatea cu ajutorul scripturilor, cmdlet-urilor etc. Problema principal\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie este supra\u00eenc\u0103rcarea angajatului, a doua problem\u0103 este \u00eendeplinirea superficial\u0103 a sarcinilor de administrator de sistem (cu alte cuvinte, de ce ar trebui s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 cu grij\u0103 topologia unei re\u021bele mici pentru companie, c\u00e2nd este cople\u0219it de cereri de extragere a datelor sau modificarea software-ului de afaceri? Func\u021bioneaz\u0103, nu pic\u0103 \u2014 \u0219i e bine, s\u0103 spun\u0103 mul\u021bumesc). \n<\/li>\n<li><b>Compania nu are un administrator de sistem, dar a \u00eencheiat un contract cu o companie de outsourcing. <\/b>Aceasta este o op\u021biune decent\u0103 pentru micile \u0219i mijlociile afaceri: oameni cu experien\u021b\u0103 (nu ve\u021bi economisi \u0219i nu ve\u021bi angaja un outsourcer pe baza unui anun\u021b lipit pe u\u0219\u0103?) se ocup\u0103 de infrastructura IT, iar dumneavoastr\u0103 pl\u0103ti\u021bi lunar \u0219i respira\u021bi liber (sau pl\u0103ti\u021bi pe ore \u0219i respira\u021bi nu at\u00e2t de liber). Avantajele sunt multe: promptitudine, experien\u021b\u0103, cele mai bune instrumente, responsabilitate. Dezavantajele sunt la fel de multe: costuri mari, un volum de munc\u0103 strict reglementat (pu\u021bin mai mult \u2014 pl\u0103ti\u021bi), impunerea serviciilor \u0219i software-ului (de exemplu, v-ar conveni, pentru c\u0103 v\u0103 intereseaz\u0103 procesele de afaceri, planificarea, KPI \u0219i documentele primare, dar vi se va vinde Romashka CRM f\u0103r\u0103 aceste elemente, pentru c\u0103 SRL \u201eRomashka-Soft\u201d pl\u0103te\u0219te un comision outsourcer-ului), taxele suplimentare pentru urgen\u021b\u0103 \u00een cazuri de for\u021b\u0103 major\u0103 \u0219i pentru complexitate \u00een cazul modific\u0103rilor importante \u00een companie. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.regionsoft.ru\/\">RegionSoft CRM<\/a><\/noindex>pentru c\u0103 v\u0103 sunt importante procesele de afaceri, planificarea, KPI \u0219i documentele primare, iar vi se va vinde Romashka CRM f\u0103r\u0103 aceste elemente, pentru c\u0103 SRL \u201eRomashka-Soft\u201d pl\u0103te\u0219te un comision outsourcer-ului), taxe suplimentare pentru urgen\u021b\u0103 \u00een cazuri de for\u021b\u0103 major\u0103 \u0219i taxe pentru complexitate \u00een cazul modific\u0103rilor semnificative \u00een companie.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u00cen companie lucreaz\u0103 un administrator de sistem bun \u0219i experimentat, la nivel CIO. <\/b>\u2014 o persoan\u0103 responsabil\u0103 pentru dezvoltarea \u00eentregii infrastructuri IT. Este logic, convenabil, dar destul de rar \u00eent\u00e2lnit. Este \u00eentotdeauna disponibil, toat\u0103 infrastructura se afl\u0103 \u00een acelea\u0219i m\u00e2ini, el este responsabil pentru securitatea fizic\u0103 \u0219i informa\u021bional\u0103, este activ implicat \u00een procesele de afaceri \u0219i \u0219tie din interior cum s\u0103 optimizeze costurile \u0219i ce este cu adev\u0103rat necesar pentru afacere. Cu toate acestea, dintr-un motiv oarecare, conducerea companiilor mici consider\u0103 c\u0103 men\u021binerea unui astfel de administrator este costisitoare, uit\u00e2nd c\u0103 nu pl\u0103tesc doar bani, ci contribuie simultan la stabilitatea echipamentelor \u0219i software-ului, securitate, disponibilitatea solu\u021biilor rapide pentru incidente, comunicarea calificat\u0103 cu furnizorii, absen\u021ba problemelor de licen\u021biere etc. \u00cen domeniul IT, acest lucru este \u00een\u021beles mult mai bine (pentru dreptate \u2014 nu \u00eentotdeauna).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Admin de sistem \u00eentr-o companie non-IT. O greutate insuportabil\u0103 a existen\u021bei?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/87f1ce623654075229174382653a518d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, \u00een astfel de companii exist\u0103 o serie de probleme care trebuie rezolvate, altfel se pot \u00eent\u00e2lni cheltuieli neplanificate, amenzi sau munc\u0103 ineficient\u0103. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een organizarea infrastructurii \u2014 trebuie respectat un echilibru \u00eentre cerin\u021be, calitate, economii \u0219i comoditate. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, conducerea poate considera IT-ul un moft modern, nu un instrument de prim\u0103 necesitate.\n<\/li>\n<li>Costuri ridicate pentru tehnologie. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, achizi\u021bionarea de echipamente, servere, actualizarea parcului de calculatoare \u2014 o cheltuial\u0103 semnificativ\u0103 pentru o companie mic\u0103.\n<\/li>\n<li>Dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een implementarea \u0219i suportul software-ului pentru afaceri. Este necesar\u0103 o expertiz\u0103 intern\u0103 care s\u0103 ajute la realizarea acestuia corect, conform cerin\u021belor \u0219i proceselor de afaceri (care pot s\u0103 nu existe de asemenea).\n<\/li>\n<li>Viteza sc\u0103zut\u0103 de remediere a problemelor: fie furnizorul de servicii externe cere bani pentru urgen\u021b\u0103, fie administratorul este cople\u0219it de sarcini, fie problemele sunt identificate cu \u00eent\u00e2rziere. \u0218i dac\u0103 mai trebuie c\u0103utat vreun resurs, considera\u021bi c\u0103 a\u021bi r\u0103mas bloca\u021bi.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nApropo, s\u0103 clarific\u0103m imediat despre outsourcing, pentru ca nimeni s\u0103 nu-l considere o pastil\u0103 magic\u0103 pentru toate problemele.<\/p>\n<h2>Administrator de sistem sau outsourcing \u2014 ce este mai bine?<\/h2>\n<p>\nO \u00eentrebare care preocup\u0103 multe companii. Am \u00eencercat s\u0103 analiz\u0103m pre\u021burile \u0219i s\u0103 formul\u0103m concluzii.<\/p>\n<p>Am analizat site-urile agen\u021biilor IT de outsourcing din Moscova de categorie standard (nu integratori sistemici mari \u0219i nu firme renumite), am calculat pe calculatoarele lor de pe site pre\u021bul mediu pentru responsabilit\u0103\u021bile unui administrator av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere o configura\u021bie de 15 oameni \u0219i 1 server. Dispersia a fost colosal\u0103, \u00eentre 6300 \u0219i \u201ewow, nu acesta este domeniul nostru\u201d, dar pre\u021bul mediu pe lun\u0103 a fost de 19.700 r. cu 2 vizite planificate, minimum pentru 1C. Valoarea median\u0103 a salariului administratorului de sistem, conform serviciului \u201eMoy Krug\u201d, este de 70.000 r. \u0219i, conform datelor Trud.com \u2014 35.000 \u2014 50.000 r., potrivit datelor noastre pentru domeniul specificat \u2014 40.000 \u2014 50.000 r. S\u0103 ne oprim la un optimist moderat de 60.000 r. \u00centr-o lun\u0103 normal\u0103, sunt 176 de ore lucr\u0103toare, totaliz\u00e2nd 340 r.\/ora. \u201eDe ce calcula\u021bi orele, c\u00e2nd este evident c\u0103 60.000 este mai mult dec\u00e2t 19.700?!\u201d \u2014 se poate g\u00e2ndi cineva dintre cititori. Iat\u0103 de ce. Dac\u0103 pachetul de servicii de baz\u0103 \u00eenceteaz\u0103 brusc s\u0103 rezolve problemele companiei, la agen\u021bii de outsourcing pre\u021bul mediu este de 1.200 r.\/ora pentru servicii de baz\u0103 \u0219i 1.800 r.\/ora pentru servicii server (aproape to\u021bi cu men\u021biunea c\u0103 este necesar\u0103 o minim\u0103 de 2 ore). Deci, agen\u021bia de outsourcing este mai ieftin\u0103 exact p\u00e2n\u0103 la primul caz excep\u021bional (care apare destul de repede). <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen plus, agen\u021bia de outsourcing, cu o probabilitate mare, nu va face deloc sau va face contra unei taxe suplimentare:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>s\u0103 colecteze cerin\u021bele \u0219i s\u0103 comunice cu furnizorul la implementarea software-ului de \u00eentreprindere;\n<\/li>\n<li>s\u0103 lucreze cu periferice, consumabile \u0219i fiecare USB;\n<\/li>\n<li>s\u0103 rezolve diverse probleme legate de cloud \u0219i s\u0103 se dispute cu furnizorul pentru respectarea SLA;\n<\/li>\n<li>s\u0103 ajute angaja\u021bii cu probleme personale \u0219i, ceea ce este deosebit de important, conducerea;\n<\/li>\n<li>s\u0103 nu fac\u0103 doar backupuri, ci \u0219i s\u0103 le testeze;\n<\/li>\n<li>s\u0103 rezolve problemele de securitate, dac\u0103 au ap\u0103rut din cauza factorului uman sau ca urmare a comportamentului ilegal al angaja\u021bilor.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDe fapt, aceast\u0103 list\u0103 poate continua u\u0219or, deoarece agen\u021biile de outsourcing v\u0103d majoritatea serviciilor ca fiind \u201e\u00eentre pachete\u201d, \u0219i ar fi ciudat s\u0103 le judec\u0103m \u2014 este pur \u0219i simplu afacerea. <\/p>\n<p>Un administrator de sistem \u00een personal \u2014 este un profesionist care va cunoa\u0219te \u00eentreaga infrastructur\u0103, va asigura securitatea, va lucra cu utilizatorii \u0219i din el ve\u021bi putea cere r\u0103spunsuri, deoarece el poart\u0103 responsabilitate profesional\u0103. Dar aceasta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103-l transforma\u021bi \u00eentr-un servitor al serverului \u0219i re\u021belei. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Admin de sistem \u00eentr-o companie non-IT. O greutate insuportabil\u0103 a existen\u021bei?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/c2f242b430a0d5491ae1767ac2c17fed.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><i>\u0218i are o \u00een\u021belegere figurativ\u0103 a inelului puterii.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 analiz\u0103m ce sarcini sunt incluse \u00een atribu\u021biile unui administrator de sistem \u00eentr-o companie non-IT din sectorul mic \u0219i mediu.<\/p>\n<h2>Obliga\u021bia administratorului de sistem \u00een companie<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>El este cu adev\u0103rat obligat<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u0103 asigure securitatea re\u021belei \u0219i a informa\u021biilor. Ca dezvoltatori de software sensibile la problemele de securitate, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/regionsoft.ru\/\">sistemele CRM<\/a><\/noindex>, \u0219tim problema nu doar prin auzite. Aceasta este, desigur, tema \u00eentregului hub \"Securitate informa\u021bional\u0103\", dar \u00een general exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva sarcini de baz\u0103. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, este necesar s\u0103 se configureze politicile de securitate pentru utilizatori \u0219i s\u0103 se asigure \"protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva prostiei\", pentru a minimiza influen\u021ba angaja\u021bilor asupra sistemului IT. Apoi, trebuie protejate datele afacerii, baza de clien\u021bi \u0219i procesele: s\u0103 se configureze un firewall, s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 sisteme de detec\u021bie a intruziunilor etc. \u00cen sistemele corporative, cum ar fi CRM, este esen\u021bial s\u0103 se asigure separarea drepturilor de acces, s\u0103 se fac\u0103 backup-uri \u0219i verificarea acestora, iar, dac\u0103 este necesar, s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 m\u0103suri suplimentare de protec\u021bie, cum ar fi un USB fizic pentru acces etc. O sarcin\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103 distinct\u0103 este gestionarea parolelor \u0219i accesului la toate sistemele, protec\u021bia \u00eempotriva spam-ului \u00een e-mail, antivirusuri etc. Pentru a nu rata nimic, desena\u021bi \u00eentreaga re\u021bea, marca\u021bi punctele slabe \u0219i posibilele bre\u0219e \u0219i \u00eencepe\u021bi s\u0103 le proteja\u021bi. \u0218i un sfat banal: aminti\u021bi-v\u0103, cea mai mare bre\u0219\u0103 \u00een securitate st\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba fiec\u0103rui monitor.\n<\/li>\n<li>S\u0103 crea\u021bi o infrastructur\u0103 IT de birou bine organizat\u0103. Infrastructura trebuie s\u0103 fie coerent\u0103, robust\u0103, stabil\u0103. Nu ar trebui s\u0103 fie o aglomerare de ma\u0219ini, dispozitive \u0219i re\u021bele disparate \u2014 \u00een mare parte pentru c\u0103 o structur\u0103 logic\u0103 \u0219i unic\u0103 este mai u\u0219or de \u00eentre\u021binut, monitorizat \u0219i administrat.\n<\/li>\n<li>S\u0103 men\u021bine\u021bi serviciile cloud. Doar furnizorii de solu\u021bii cloud spun c\u0103 \"ai instalat \u0219i ai uitat\". Nu, dac\u0103 e\u0219ti preg\u0103tit s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi stochezi datele \u00een cloud public, atunci da, este adev\u0103rat \u2014 doar interfa\u021ba ta (at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t o \u00eenchiriezi). Dar, de fapt, cloud-ul necesit\u0103 management, configurare, securitate (acela\u0219i backup). Prin urmare, este mai bine s\u0103 alegi serverul t\u0103u cloud, s\u0103 configurezi politicile \u0219i configura\u021bia dup\u0103 nevoile tale \u0219i apoi s\u0103 implementezi serviciile. \n<\/li>\n<li>Sprijini utilizatorii \u0219i rezolv\u0103 problemele lor tehnice \u00een cadrul sarcinilor de munc\u0103. Administratorul de sistem trebuie s\u0103 creeze \u0219i s\u0103 configureze profiluri de utilizator la angajare, s\u0103 gestioneze politicile, s\u0103 finalizeze sau s\u0103 arhiveze \u00eenregistr\u0103rile dup\u0103 ce un angajat p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te compania. \u00cen procesul de lucru, o sarcin\u0103 important\u0103 (\u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 esen\u021bial\u0103) este gestionarea incidentelor, ideal \u00eentr-un sistem de ticketing, pentru ca toate cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u0219i datele s\u0103 fie p\u0103strate centralizat, iar sarcinile \u0219i problemele s\u0103 fie descrise c\u00e2t mai clar posibil. \n<\/li>\n<li>Planific\u0103 dezvoltarea infrastructurii \u0219i ofer\u0103 date pentru bugetare (buget\u00e2nd singur). Acesta este un punct obligatoriu, deoarece orice cheltuial\u0103 pentru micile \u0219i mediile \u00eentreprinderi (citi\u021bi - proprietar) este o problem\u0103 foarte delicat\u0103. Cu c\u00e2t planifici \u0219i calculezi bugetul mai practic, mai precis \u0219i mai ra\u021bional, cu at\u00e2t este mai mare probabilitatea de a convinge conducerea \u0219i a moderniza infrastructura. De\u0219i nu exist\u0103 poveste mai trist\u0103 \u00een lume dec\u00e2t cea a unui buget t\u0103iat \ud83d\ude42.\n<\/li>\n<li>Men\u021bine func\u021bionarea ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 a internetului, IP-telefoniei \u0219i telefoniei (dac\u0103 este necesar), creeaz\u0103 puncte de acces. \u00cen mod ideal, ar trebui s\u0103 faci acest lucru folosind routere profesionale, deoarece este sigur, robust \u0219i func\u021bional.\n<\/li>\n<li>P\u0103streaz\u0103 echipamentele \u00een ordine \u0219i \u00een stare bun\u0103 de func\u021bionare, asigur\u00e2nd un fond de rezerv\u0103 minim necesar. Problema echipamentului \u00een afaceri este \u00eentotdeauna acut\u0103: acesta trebuie s\u0103 func\u021bioneze excelent, s\u0103 fie profesional, s\u0103 suporte sarcina (o mic\u0103 afacere de publicitate poate distruge un imprimant cu documenta\u021bia primar\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2teva luni), s\u0103 fie at\u00e2t de modern \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 rezolve sarcinile actuale (da, nu este necesar s\u0103 cump\u0103ri un server HPE, dar toate caracteristicile trebuie s\u0103 corespund\u0103 anului curent, nu s\u0103 fie second-hand din 2008, de\u0219i \u00een principiu serverele second-hand moderne sunt o op\u021biune bun\u0103). \u00cencearc\u0103 s\u0103 nu economise\u0219ti la echipamentele esen\u021biale \u0219i alege echipamente de clas\u0103 business, care vor rezista 3-5 ani. Dac\u0103 cumperi versiuni \u201ede acas\u0103\u201d, s-ar putea s\u0103 pl\u0103te\u0219ti mai mult din cauza \u00eenlocuirilor frecvente. Formeaz\u0103 un fond de rezerv\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de num\u0103rul de incidente \u0219i de amortizare, pentru a evita \u00eentreruperile \u00een activitate. De\u0219i, din nou, totul depinde de buget: este foarte greu s\u0103 justifici un fond de rezerv\u0103 c\u00e2nd \u201eei bine, totu\u0219i func\u021bioneaz\u0103\u201d. \u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li>Achizi\u021biona\u021bi \u0219i stoca\u021bi periferice \u0219i consumabile \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bile necesare pentru un func\u021bionare ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103. Detalii de care trebuie s\u0103 v\u0103 ocupa\u021bi cu stricte\u021be.\n<\/li>\n<li>Colabora\u021bi cu furnizorul \u00een timpul implement\u0103rii software-ului. A\u0219a cum arat\u0103 experien\u021ba noastr\u0103 de implementare, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.regionsoft.ru\/\">RegionSoft CRM<\/a><\/noindex>, administratorul nu este \u00eentotdeauna un aliat al furnizorului - cine \u0219i-ar dori s\u0103 integreze un alt software critic pentru afaceri \u0219i s\u0103 instruiasc\u0103 angaja\u021bii, lucr\u00e2nd la implementare al\u0103turi de ingineri etc. Totu\u0219i, totul ar trebui s\u0103 fie tocmai invers: pe de o parte, automatiza\u021bi-v\u0103 utilizatorii pentru a evita o parte din activit\u0103\u021bile repetitive, pe de alt\u0103 parte, ve\u021bi ob\u021bine un mijloc de protec\u021bie pentru baza de clien\u021bi \u0219i ve\u021bi putea dormi mai lini\u0219tit. \u00cen al treilea r\u00e2nd, acesta este \u0219i o competen\u021b\u0103 suplimentar\u0103, un punct important pentru a r\u0103m\u00e2ne angajat \u00een caz de ceva, deoarece utilizatorii pot func\u021biona bine f\u0103r\u0103 Word sau e-mail, dar f\u0103r\u0103 CRM, activitatea lor se va \u00eentoarce \u00een epoca de piatr\u0103 (bine, glumim, dar va deveni din nou cople\u0219it\u0103 de rutina zilnic\u0103 \u0219i nesigur\u0103 din punctul de vedere al bazei de clien\u021bi).\n<\/li>\n<li>Asigura\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 ave\u021bi un parc software licen\u021biat \u0219i actualizat la timp, optimiz\u00e2nd num\u0103rul necesar de licen\u021be \u00een func\u021bie de obiectivele de afaceri. Aici totul este foarte simplu: nu trebuie s\u0103 existe licen\u021be piratate, nu trebuie s\u0103 existe licen\u021be suplimentare. Dac\u0103 managerul insist\u0103 asupra utiliz\u0103rii software-ului neautorizat, \u00eencerca\u021bi s\u0103-i ar\u0103ta\u021bi practica juridic\u0103 aplicat\u0103, s\u0103-i povesti\u021bi despre sumele amenzilor \u0219i cazurile de arestare. De obicei, impresioneaz\u0103 din prima. \n<\/li>\n<li>Documenta\u021bi-v\u0103 activitatea. \u00cen aceast\u0103 ac\u021biune exist\u0103 multe scopuri: transmiterea cuno\u0219tin\u021belor c\u0103tre genera\u021biile viitoare (din p\u0103cate sau din fericire, mai devreme sau mai t\u00e2rziu ve\u021bi dep\u0103\u0219i func\u021bia actual\u0103), revenirea la practicile proprii, sistem de contabilitate. Prin documentare, ve\u021bi putea reduce timpul necesar pentru a rezolva sarcini de lucru, s\u0103 analiza\u021bi activitatea \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi s\u0103 anticipa\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103 preveni\u021bi problemele poten\u021biale. Apropo, documentarea propriei activit\u0103\u021bi este de asemenea un excelent document pentru a ar\u0103ta munca pe care o realiza\u021bi efectiv.\n<\/li>\n<li>A face backup. Traditionally, we will highlight this point separately, although it is nothing more than a part of information security. However, for some reason, everyone either forgets to do them or does them and \"puts them on the shelf,\" which is fundamentally wrong. It is necessary to set up the frequency of creating backups, develop a backup strategy, and test the backups. Otherwise, consider that you did, or did not\u2014by chance. Somehow, we stumbled upon a wonderful formulation: \"If you are not checking your backups, you don't have backups.\" It's worth printing out and hanging in a visible place.\n<\/li>\n<li>Training employees, explaining the rules for using infrastructure components, and conducting literacy sessions on information and physical security.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nIn general, a good sysadmin is an advocate for automation, not a fighter against it. This is where professionalism begins.<\/p>\n<h3>He is not obliged to (although he can)<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To be a gofer and perform secretarial duties: ordering food and water, cleaning coolers, ordering forms, receiving and sending paper mail, sorting documents for approval, calling clients, etc.\n<\/li>\n<li>Repairing the coffee machine, the marketer's bicycle, the salesperson's car, cleaning the cappuccino machine, changing taps, clearing clogs, etc.\n<\/li>\n<li>To be a programmer and refine or develop software that is not related to his field of activity.\n<\/li>\n<li>Managing cleaners, loaders, the warehouse, and warehouse staff, etc.\n<\/li>\n<li>Resolving personal issues for employees (repairing and setting up personal gadgets, processing photos, downloading software and books).\n<\/li>\n<li>Providing corporate goodies for employees' personal needs.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAnd probably there is a borderline responsibility\u2014ensuring physical security. Yes, in small and medium businesses, in the absence of a security service, its duties fall on the system administrator. <\/p>\n<h2>What does a system administrator get in a non-IT company?<\/h2>\n<p>\nOn nerves. On brains. Beatings. The highest salary in the market. Today's job market for system administrators has undergone significant changes: one can study microservices, Docker, Kubernetes, DevOps, DevSecOps, gain experience, and reach a high income level. So is it worth starting in a small, non-IT business? Is it not career suicide?<\/p>\n<h3>Advantages<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lucrul \u00een astfel de companii ofer\u0103 o abilitate valoroas\u0103 - viziunea de ansamblu asupra afacerii. Nu te ocupi doar cu un domeniu restr\u00e2ns, ci treci printr-o practic\u0103 vast\u0103 \u0219i observi toate procesele legate de infrastructura IT; efectiv, te afli de partea clientului, iar acest lucru \u00ee\u021bi va aduce un mare avantaj ca specialist \u00een viitor. \n<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen companiile mici nu exist\u0103 standarde - nu vei fi for\u021bat s\u0103 te lup\u021bi cu ISO, s\u0103 scrii formulare \u0219i reglement\u0103ri nesf\u00e2r\u0219ite, s\u0103 lucrezi pe echipamente strict definite, s\u0103 folose\u0219ti doar furnizorii recomanda\u021bi de directorul tehnic etc.\n<\/li>\n<li>\u00ce\u021bi po\u021bi permite anumite experimente (doar nu \u00een timpul programului de lucru \u0219i nu pe un sistem live) \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eencerci diverse scheme \u0219i inova\u021bii pe care le-ai planificat tu. \u00cen companiile mari, este dificil s\u0103 ob\u021bii aprobarea pentru a\u0219a ceva.\n<\/li>\n<li>E\u0219ti responsabil singur pentru \u00eentregul complex de software \u0219i hardware, acoperind toate sarcinile \u0219i \u00een\u021beleg\u00e2nd toate leg\u0103turile. \n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Dezavantaje<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Responsabilit\u0103\u021bile administratorului de sistem se suprapun adesea cu cele ale serviciului de suport.\n<\/li>\n<li>Adesea apar sarcini universale: recep\u021bia m\u0103rfurilor, sarcinile de securitate \u0219i supraveghere video.\n<\/li>\n<li>Exist\u0103 un plafon \u00een carier\u0103: nu ai unde s\u0103 avansezi, te vei dezvolta doar \u00een cadrul cerin\u021belor de afaceri ale companiei, dar nu vei dob\u00e2ndi noi abilit\u0103\u021bi orizontale dac\u0103 nu sunt solicitate de companie.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00cen general, acesta este un \u00eenceput interesant \u0219i o munc\u0103 captivant\u0103 pentru speciali\u0219tii experimenta\u021bi, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu ar trebui s\u0103 neglijezi astfel de anun\u021buri de angajare: competi\u021bia este mai mic\u0103, iar abilit\u0103\u021bile viitoare sunt mai valoroase. \u00cen orice caz, este o practic\u0103 complex\u0103 care va contribui la cariera ta.<\/p>\n<p>Nu putem omite un aspect important - cel moral. C\u00e2nd liderul nu se implic\u0103 \u00een problemele IT \u0219i le consider\u0103 nu ca o investi\u021bie, ci ca o cheltuial\u0103, este greu s\u0103 lucrezi - uneori ai impresia c\u0103 te love\u0219ti de o sticl\u0103 blindat\u0103. Trebuie s\u0103 vorbe\u0219ti \u00een limbajul s\u0103u - limbajul profitului. Dar angaja\u021bii din astfel de companii \u00eei apreciaz\u0103 pe administratorii de sistem \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>\u0218i un alt sfat dintr-o poveste real\u0103 \u0219i trist\u0103. Poate c\u0103 nu este un sfat foarte corect. Dac\u0103 un angajat preia activ obliga\u021biile tale, \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 opre\u0219ti acest proces. Conducerea caut\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna optimizarea \u0219i poate renun\u021ba la munca administratorului de sistem. Apropo, po\u021bi s\u0103 accep\u021bi \u0219i s\u0103 oferi servicii \u00een regim de outsourcing, astfel d\u00e2nd startul propriului t\u0103u business. <\/p>\n<p><i><b>Poveste.<\/b> \u00centr-o companie IT a existat un administrator de sistem care rezolva strict sarcinile administrative, lucra cu responsabilitate \u0219i, \u00een general, era un tip grozav. La un moment dat, administratorul serviciului comercial (facturare, pl\u0103\u021bi, generarea de licen\u021be, configurarea standurilor de testare \u0219i demo) a decis s\u0103-l \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103, reu\u0219ind s\u0103 conving\u0103 directorul c\u0103 este dispus s\u0103 preia atribu\u021biile colegului s\u0103u pentru 50% din salariul s\u0103u, a \u00eenceput s\u0103-l supravegheze pe acesta, fie acas\u0103, fie \u00een cantin\u0103, de exemplu. Angaja\u021bii s-au aliniat \u00een ap\u0103rarea administratorului, dar printr-o decizie autoritar\u0103 acesta a fost concediat. Totu\u0219i, c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torul nu a rezistat mult \u2014 a \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i fac\u0103 munca din ce \u00een ce mai prost \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, a fost de asemenea concediat. De\u0219i conducerea nu a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat nimic din acest incident: atribu\u021biile b\u0103ie\u021bilor au fost \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiate \u00eentre dezvoltatori \u0219i testeri, iar \u00een final, la o \u00eent\u00e2lnire important\u0103 cu partenerii, proiectoarele au picat, re\u021beaua s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it \u0219i serviciul pentru webinaruri nu a fost pl\u0103tit. <\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Ce instrumente s\u0103 folose\u0219ti \u00een munc\u0103 \u0219i ce trebuie s\u0103 faci neap\u0103rat?<\/h2>\n<p>\nFiecare administrator de sistem \u00ee\u0219i alege setul s\u0103u de instrumente cu care \u00eei place s\u0103 lucreze, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu se poate crea o list\u0103 universal\u0103. S\u0103 men\u021bion\u0103m c\u00e2teva instrumente care sunt frecvent \u00eent\u00e2lnite sau din care trebuie s\u0103 alegi ceva personal. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sistem de monitorizare a infrastructurii \u2014 exist\u0103 solu\u021bii pl\u0103tite \u0219i open-source, principalul lucru este c\u0103 permite monitorizarea simultan\u0103 a re\u021belei, utilizatorilor, echipamentului \u0219i st\u0103rii software-ului (ceva de genul sistemului ITSM). Pentru orice afacere cu prezen\u021b\u0103 online, monitorizarea cuprinz\u0103toare este o cerin\u021b\u0103 de afacere, deoarece o defec\u021biune a sistemului reduce veniturile.\n<\/li>\n<li>Sistemul de \u00eenregistrare a cererilor \u0219i incidentelor (sistem de ticketing) este un sistem \u00een care utilizatorii (angaja\u021bii) \u00ee\u0219i vor \u00eenregistra problemele \u0219i sarcinile, iar dumneavoastr\u0103 ve\u021bi putea marca etapele, timpul, resursele \u0219i rezultatul muncii. De exemplu, avem o solu\u021bie personalizat\u0103 cu interfa\u021b\u0103 web. Sistemul documenteaz\u0103 cererile primite, c\u00e2nd \u0219i de c\u0103tre cine au fost formulate. De asemenea, documenteaz\u0103 acordul clientului c\u0103 cererea a fost finalizat\u0103. \u00cen re\u021bea pute\u021bi g\u0103si multe aplica\u021bii similare, pl\u0103tite \u0219i gratuite.\n<\/li>\n<li>Notepad ++ este un editor ideal cu iluminare sintactic\u0103 pentru configur\u0103ri, coduri, scripturi \u0219i altele. Este un editor extrem de convenabil.\n<\/li>\n<li>Wireshark este un program de analiz\u0103 a traficului pentru re\u021belele de calculatoare Ethernet. Ajut\u0103 la analizarea tuturor pachetelor, g\u0103sirea celor necesare, identificarea anomaliilor \u0219i capturarea dump-urilor. \n<\/li>\n<li>Configura\u021bi un sistem de inventariere a re\u021belei (de exemplu, Spiceworks) \u2013 acesta va ajuta suplimentar la monitorizarea incidentelor \u0219i a ac\u021biunilor suspecte.\n<\/li>\n<li>Este recomandat s\u0103 explora\u021bi posibilit\u0103\u021bile utiliz\u0103rii scripturilor pentru automatizarea sarcinilor de administrare sistemic\u0103: Bash, Perl, Python, PowerShell. Acest lucru va economisi mult timp, mai ales dac\u0103 \u00een companie au loc schimb\u0103ri frecvente sau dac\u0103 aceasta cre\u0219te (num\u0103rul utilizatorilor se schimb\u0103 sau cre\u0219te), exist\u0103 sarcini de afaceri care depind de starea componentelor infrastructurii (configur\u0103ri ale centralei virtuale, backup etc.).\n<\/li>\n<li>Dac\u0103 instala\u021bi software extern pentru afaceri, \u00eentreba\u021bi furnizorul despre posibilit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i metodele de integrare, administrare \u0219i gestionare a noului software. De exemplu, noi \u00een RegionSoft avem <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.regionsoft.ru\/loader.php?src=appsrv\">RegionSoft Application Server<\/a><\/noindex> pentru crearea de scenarii personalizate, backup-uri programate, schimb de date etc. Application Server rezolv\u0103 o serie de sarcini func\u021bionale importante pentru sistemele CRM \u0219i simplific\u0103 semnificativ administrarea.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nApropo, ce instrumente utiliza\u021bi dumneavoastr\u0103? Povesti\u021bi despre experien\u021ba dumneavoastr\u0103 \u00een comentarii.<\/p>\n<p>Administratorul de sistem nu mai este un tip cu barb\u0103, \u00een pulover, av\u00e2nd o Baltika sub birou. Ast\u0103zi, el este ghidul companiei \u00een lumea eficien\u021bei, a rapidit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a reducerii costurilor pe termen lung. Acesta este un angajat pe care nu ar trebui s\u0103-l economise\u0219ti, un profesionist care se dezvolt\u0103 constant (altfel, peste un an nu va \u0219ti unde se afl\u0103). A\u0219adar, este timpul s\u0103 uit\u0103m de glumele de pe ba\u0219org \u0219i s\u0103 dezvolt\u0103m infrastructura IT, pentru a fi cu un pas \u00eenainte \u0219i a cuceri pia\u021ba, clien\u021bii \u0219i profiturile cu ajutorul instrumentelor digitale, nu prin a m\u00e2nui un topor de piatr\u0103. Nimeni nu se mai teme de el.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00centre 10 \u0219i 23 iunie avem o promo\u021bie <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.regionsoft.ru\/loader.php?src=discount\/discount_2019_06\">\u00ab<b>13 ani de RegionSoft CRM. Uita\u021bi de supersti\u021bii \u2014 mul\u021bumim pentru \u00eencredere! <\/b>cu condi\u021bii avantajoase de achizi\u021bie \u0219i discounturi.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/regionsoft\/blog\/456818\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0411\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437 IT-\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u2014 \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u2014 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u2014 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u0443\u0445\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a 1\u0421, \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0426\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26640,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0411\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437 IT-\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u2014 \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sisadmin-v-neajtishnoj-kompanii-nevynosimaya-tyazhest-bytiya\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f? 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