{"id":35704,"date":"2019-10-31T22:05:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/proekt-salmon-kak-effektivno-protivostoyat-internet-tsenzure-s-pomoshhyu-proksi-s-urovnyami-doveriya-polzovatelyam\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:05:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:50","slug":"proekt-salmon-kak-effektivno-protivostoyat-internet-tsenzure-s-pomoshhyu-proksi-s-urovnyami-doveriya-polzovatelyam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/proekt-salmon-kak-effektivno-protivostoyat-internet-tsenzure-s-pomoshhyu-proksi-s-urovnyami-doveriya-polzovatelyam","title":{"rendered":"Proiectul Salmon: cum s\u0103 contracarezi eficient cenzura internetului prin intermediul proxy-urilor cu niveluri de \u00eencredere pentru utilizatori","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/457442\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Proiectul Salmon: cum s\u0103 contracarezi eficient cenzura internetului prin intermediul proxy-urilor cu niveluri de \u00eencredere pentru utilizatori\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/8bf307f2455fee6499c03112df839b68.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Guvernele multor \u021b\u0103ri limiteaz\u0103 \u00een diverse moduri accesul cet\u0103\u021benilor la informa\u021bii \u0219i servicii pe internet. Lupta \u00eempotriva unei astfel de cenzuri este o sarcin\u0103 important\u0103 \u0219i complicat\u0103. De obicei, solu\u021biile simple nu se pot l\u0103uda cu un nivel ridicat de fiabilitate sau eficien\u021b\u0103 pe termen lung. Metodele mai complexe de ocolire a blocajelor au dezavantaje \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te u\u0219urin\u021ba de utilizare, performan\u021ba sc\u0103zut\u0103 sau nu permit men\u021binerea calit\u0103\u021bii utiliz\u0103rii internetului la un nivel corespunz\u0103tor.<\/p>\n<p>Un grup de oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 americani de la Universitatea din Illinois <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/censorbib.nymity.ch\/pdf\/Douglas2016a.pdf\">a dezvoltat<\/a><\/noindex> o nou\u0103 metod\u0103 de ocolire a blocajelor, bazat\u0103 pe utilizarea tehnologiei proxy, precum \u0219i pe segmentarea utilizatorilor \u00een func\u021bie de nivelul de \u00eencredere pentru identificarea eficient\u0103 a agen\u021bilor care lucreaz\u0103 pentru cenzori. V\u0103 prezent\u0103m principalele puncte ale acestei lucr\u0103ri.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Descrierea abord\u0103rii<\/h2>\n<p>\nCercet\u0103torii au dezvoltat instrumentul Salmon \u2013 un sistem de servere proxy, gestionat de voluntari din \u021b\u0103ri f\u0103r\u0103 restric\u021bii privind utilizarea internetului. Pentru a proteja aceste servere de blocajele impuse de cenzori, sistemul folose\u0219te un algoritm special de alocare a utilizatorilor \u00een func\u021bie de nivelul de \u00eencredere. <\/p>\n<p>Metoda presupune expunerea poten\u021bialilor agen\u021bi ai cenzurii care se prezint\u0103 ca utilizatori obi\u0219nui\u021bi pentru a ob\u021bine adresa IP a serverului proxy \u0219i a-l bloca. \u00cen plus, \u00eempotriva <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B\">atacurilor Sivila<\/a><\/noindex> se contracareaz\u0103 prin cerin\u021ba de a furniza, la \u00eenregistrarea \u00een sistem, un link c\u0103tre un cont activ pe re\u021belele sociale sau de a ob\u021bine o recomandare de la un utilizator cu un nivel ridicat de \u00eencredere.<\/p>\n<h2>Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nSe presupune c\u0103 cenzorul este un organism controlat de stat care are capacitatea de a prelua controlul asupra oric\u0103rui router din \u021bar\u0103. De asemenea, se presupune c\u0103 sarcina cenzorului este de a bloca accesul la anumite resurse \u0219i nu de a identifica utilizatorii pentru arest\u0103ri ulterioare. Sistemul nu poate preveni o astfel de evolu\u021bie a evenimentelor \u2013 statul are multe modalit\u0103\u021bi de a afla ce servicii utilizeaz\u0103 cet\u0103\u021benii. Una dintre acestea este utilizarea serverelor honeypot pentru interceptarea comunica\u021biilor.<\/p>\n<p>Se presupune, de asemenea, c\u0103 statul dispune de resurse semnificative, inclusiv umane. Cenzorul poate rezolva sarcini pentru care sunt necesari sute \u0219i mii de angaja\u021bi full-time. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cenc\u0103 c\u00e2teva teze de baz\u0103:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sarcina sistemului este de a oferi posibilitatea de a ocoli blocajele (adic\u0103 de a furniza o adres\u0103 IP a unui server proxy) tuturor utilizatorilor care locuiesc \u00een regiuni cu cenzur\u0103 online. <\/li>\n<li>Agen\u021bii\/speciali\u0219tii autorit\u0103\u021bilor de cenzur\u0103 a internetului pot \u00eencerca s\u0103 se conecteze la sistem sub forma unor utilizatori obi\u0219nui\u021bi. <\/li>\n<li>Cenzorul poate bloca orice server proxy, a c\u0103rui adres\u0103 devine cunoscut\u0103. <\/li>\n<li>Organizatorii sistemului Salmon \u00een\u021beleg \u00een astfel de cazuri c\u0103 cenzorul cumva a aflat adresa serverului.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nToate acestea ne conduc la descrierea celor trei componente cheie ale sistemului de ocolire a blocajelor. <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sistemul calculeaz\u0103 probabilitatea ca un utilizator s\u0103 fie agent al organiza\u021biilor de cenzur\u0103. Utilizatorii care sunt considera\u021bi astfel agen\u021bi cu o probabilitate mare sunt suspenda\u021bi. <\/li>\n<li>Fiecare utilizator are un nivel de \u00eencredere, care trebuie c\u00e2\u0219tigat. Serverele proxy cu cele mai mari performan\u021be sunt alocate utilizatorilor cu cele mai mari niveluri de \u00eencredere. \u00cen plus, acest lucru permite separarea utilizatorilor de \u00eencredere, verificate \u00een timp, de \u00eencep\u0103tori, c\u0103ci tocmai printre ace\u0219tia exist\u0103 cea mai mare probabilitate de agen\u021bi ai cenzorilor. <\/li>\n<li>Utilizatorii cu un nivel ridicat de \u00eencredere pot invita noi utilizatori \u00een sistem. Astfel, se formeaz\u0103 un grafic social al utilizatorilor de \u00eencredere.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nTotul este logic: cenzorului de obicei \u00eei trebuie s\u0103 blocheze un server proxy aici \u0219i acum, nu va a\u0219tepta mult timp pentru a \u00eencerca s\u0103 \u201e\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103\u201d conturile agen\u021bilor s\u0103i \u00een sistem. De asemenea, este clar c\u0103 utilizatorii noi pot ob\u021bine ini\u021bial diferite niveluri de \u00eencredere - de exemplu, prietenii \u0219i rudele creatorilor proiectului vor colabora cu o probabilitate mai mic\u0103 cu statele cenzor.<\/p>\n<h2>Nivelurile de \u00eencredere: detalii de implementare<\/h2>\n<p>\nNivelul de \u00eencredere exist\u0103 nu doar pentru utilizatori, ci \u0219i pentru serverele proxy. Sistemul aloc\u0103 utilizatorului un server cu acela\u0219i nivel de \u00eencredere. \u00cen acest caz, nivelul de \u00eencredere al utilizatorilor poate cre\u0219te sau sc\u0103dea, \u00een timp ce pentru servere acesta cre\u0219te constant.<\/p>\n<p>De fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd cenzorii blocheaz\u0103 un server pe care a lucrat un utilizator anume, nivelul s\u0103u de \u00eencredere scade. \u00cencrederea cre\u0219te dac\u0103 serverul nu este blocat o perioad\u0103 lung\u0103 de timp \u2013 cu fiecare nou nivel, timpul necesar se dubleaz\u0103: pentru a trece de la nivelul n la n+1, sunt necesare 2n+1 zile de func\u021bionare ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 a serverului proxy. Drumul p\u00e2n\u0103 la nivelul maxim, al \u0219aselea, al \u00eencrederii dureaz\u0103 mai mult de dou\u0103 luni.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Proiectul Salmon: cum s\u0103 contracarezi eficient cenzura internetului prin intermediul proxy-urilor cu niveluri de \u00eencredere pentru utilizatori\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/cd7b312c0bb011ae0e04cbae0ef3f3e4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNecesitatea de a a\u0219tepta at\u00e2t de mult timp pentru a descoperi adresele celor mai bune servere proxy este o m\u0103sur\u0103 extrem de eficient\u0103 \u00eempotriva cenzorilor. <\/p>\n<p>Nivelul de \u00eencredere al serverului este cel mai mic nivel de \u00eencredere atribuit de utilizatori. De exemplu, dac\u0103 un nou server din sistem este atribuit utilizatorilor cu o evaluare minim\u0103 de 2, atunci \u0219i proxy-ul va primi aceea\u0219i evaluare. Dac\u0103 ulterior serverul este utilizat de o persoan\u0103 cu evaluare 3, dar r\u0103m\u00e2n \u0219i utilizatori cu nivelul 2, atunci evaluarea serverului va fi 2. Dac\u0103 to\u021bi utilizatorii serverului \u0219i-au \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit nivelul, atunci acesta va cre\u0219te \u0219i pentru proxy. \u00cen acest timp, serverul nu poate pierde nivelul de \u00eencredere; dimpotriv\u0103, dac\u0103 este blocat, utilizatorii vor fi penaliza\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p>Utilizatorii cu un nivel de \u00eencredere ridicat primesc recompense de dou\u0103 tipuri. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, serverele nu sunt identice. Exist\u0103 cerin\u021be minime privind l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 (100 Kbit\/s), dar proprietarul voluntar al serverului poate oferi \u0219i mai mult \u2013 nu exist\u0103 o limit\u0103 superioar\u0103. Sistemul Salmon selecteaz\u0103 cele mai performante servere pentru utilizatorii cu evaluarea maxim\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen plus, utilizatorii cu un nivel de \u00eencredere ridicat sunt mai bine izola\u021bi de atacurile cenzorilor, deoarece cenzorul trebuie s\u0103 a\u0219tepte luni \u00eentregi pentru a descoperi adresa proxy-ului. Drept urmare, probabilitatea de blocare a serverelor pentru persoanele cu un risc ridicat este de zeci de ori mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t pentru cei cu un nivel sc\u0103zut de \u00eencredere.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a conecta la cele mai bune proxy c\u00e2t mai mul\u021bi utilizatori merituo\u0219i, creatorii Salmon au dezvoltat un sistem de recomand\u0103ri. Utilizatorii cu un rating ridicat (L) pot invita prietenii lor s\u0103 se al\u0103ture platformei. Persoanele invitate primesc un rating L-1.<\/p>\n<p>Sistemul de recomand\u0103ri func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een valuri. Prima val de utilizatori invita\u021bi are posibilitatea de a invita prietenii lor doar dup\u0103 aproximativ patru luni. Utilizatorii din al doilea val \u0219i valurile ulterioare trebuie s\u0103 a\u0219tepte 2 luni.<\/p>\n<h2>Modulele sistemului <\/h2>\n<p>\nSistemul este compus din trei componente:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>clientul Salmon pentru Windows;<\/li>\n<li>programul demon server, instalat de voluntari (versiuni pentru Windows \u0219i Linux);<\/li>\n<li>Serverul centrului de directoare, care stocheaz\u0103 baza de date a tuturor serverelor proxy \u0219i se ocup\u0103 cu distribuirea adreselor IP \u00eentre utilizatori.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Proiectul Salmon: cum s\u0103 contracarezi eficient cenzura internetului prin intermediul proxy-urilor cu niveluri de \u00eencredere pentru utilizatori\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/b75fa9250df9c7d97e939bd01f8e1f97.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<i>Interfa\u021ba aplica\u021biei client a sistemului<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pentru a utiliza sistemul, o persoan\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 creeze un cont folosind un cont de Facebook.<\/p>\n<h2>Concluzie <\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen prezent, metoda Salmon nu a c\u00e2\u0219tigat o popularitate foarte mare, fiind cunoscute doar c\u00e2teva proiecte pilot pentru utilizatori \u00een Iran \u0219i China. Chiar dac\u0103 este un proiect interesant, acesta nu asigur\u0103 pe deplin anonimatul, protec\u021bia voluntarilor, iar creatorii recunosc c\u0103 este vulnerabil la atacuri prin servicii honeypot. Cu toate acestea, implementarea unui sistem cu niveluri de \u00eencredere pare a fi un experiment interesant, care ar putea continua. <\/p>\n<p>Asta e tot pentru ast\u0103zi, mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie!<\/p>\n<h2>Linkuri utile \u0219i materiale de la <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/infatica.io\">Infatica<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex>Experiment: este posibil s\u0103 reducem efectele negative ale atacurilor DoS cu ajutorul proxy-ului<\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/453168\/\">Studiu: Crearea unui serviciu proxy rezistent la bloc\u0103ri folosind teoria jocurilor<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452438\/\">Istoria luptei \u00eempotriva cenzurii: cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 metoda flash proxy creat\u0103 de cercet\u0103torii de la MIT \u0219i Stanford<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/451832\/\">Cum s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi c\u00e2nd proxy-urile sunt necorespunz\u0103toare: verificarea loca\u021biilor fizice ale proxy-urilor de re\u021bea folosind un algoritm de geolocalizare activ\u0103<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452334\/\">Cum s\u0103 te maschezi pe internet: compar\u0103m proxy-urile serverului \u0219i cele rezidente<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/457442\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 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\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 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