{"id":35758,"date":"2019-10-31T22:06:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:06:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/zaraznyj-stress-mezhvidovaya-sinhronizatsiya-urovnya-kortizola-na-primere-sobak-i-ih-hozyaev\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:06:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:06:11","slug":"zaraznyj-stress-mezhvidovaya-sinhronizatsiya-urovnya-kortizola-na-primere-sobak-i-ih-hozyaev","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/zaraznyj-stress-mezhvidovaya-sinhronizatsiya-urovnya-kortizola-na-primere-sobak-i-ih-hozyaev","title":{"rendered":"Stresul contagios: sincronizarea interspecific\u0103 a nivelului de cortizol pe exemplul c\u00e2inilor \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nilor lor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Stresul
\n
\nOmul este o fiin\u021b\u0103 social\u0103. Indiferent c\u00e2t de mult ar \u00eencerca un individ s\u0103 fie separat sau distan\u021bat, acesta va fi, \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, influen\u021bat de ceilal\u021bi oameni, chiar dac\u0103 ace\u0219tia nu \u00ee\u0219i doresc. Acest fenomen se nume\u0219te reac\u021bie psihocunoa\u0219terea-emotiv\u0103 bidirec\u021bional\u0103 \u00een cadrul speciei. Un cuv\u00e2nt important \u00een aceast\u0103 defini\u021bie lung\u0103 este \u201eintraspecie\u201d. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 o astfel de reac\u021bie poate fi observat\u0103 nu doar \u00een grupuri de oameni, ci \u0219i \u00een turme de p\u0103s\u0103ri, \u00een haite de lei sau chiar \u00een turme de oi. Organismele care sunt \u00een contact str\u00e2ns pe o perioad\u0103 lung\u0103 de timp, \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, se vor influen\u021ba reciproc, inclusiv \u00een aspectele st\u0103rii psihocunoa\u0219terea-emotive. Ast\u0103zi vom discuta despre o cercetare, rezultatele c\u0103reia, conform autorilor, au devenit prima dovad\u0103 concret\u0103 a reac\u021biei psihocunoa\u0219terea-emotive bidirec\u021bionale \u00eentre specii. Cum se manifest\u0103 acest fenomen, cine a fost subiec\u021bii cercet\u0103rii \u0219i cum \u00ee\u0219i sus\u021bin cercet\u0103torii concluziile? Asta vom afla din raportul grupului de cercetare. S\u0103 \u00eencepem.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Baza cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n

\nDac\u0103 am \u00eentreba care sunt caracteristicile care diferen\u021biaz\u0103 omul de alte fiin\u021be, mul\u021bi vor numi \u00een primul r\u00e2nd inteligen\u021ba, \u0219i aceasta va fi corect. Al\u021bii vor ad\u0103uga sociabilitatea \u0219i emo\u021bionalitatea, dar aceste epiteturi sunt aplicabile nu doar oamenilor. Orice fiin\u021b\u0103 care tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een grupuri este social\u0103. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te emo\u021biile, omul poate \u0219i are un spectru mai larg de emo\u021bii \u0219i metode de exprimare a acestora dec\u00e2t un suricat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 emo\u021biile nu sunt o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 unic\u0103 a sa. <\/p>\n

Starea psihocunoa\u0219terea-emotiv\u0103 a individului este foarte str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de mediul s\u0103u de trai, \u00een special de societatea care \u00eel \u00eenconjoar\u0103. Cercet\u0103torii numesc aceasta emo\u021bii contagioase, dintre care cea mai puternic\u0103 \u201einfec\u021bie\u201d este stresul. De exemplu, s-a constatat c\u0103 studen\u021bii a c\u0103ror profesori erau \u00een mod constant stresa\u021bi au un nivel crescut de cortizol*<\/i>. <\/p>\n

Cortizol*<\/b> este un hormon glucocorticoid biologic activ, care particip\u0103 la reac\u021biile organismului la situa\u021bii stresante.<\/p>\n

\"Stresul<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

O imagine similar\u0103 poate fi observat\u0103 chiar \u0219i la voles de c\u00e2mp (Microtus ochrogaster), care demonstreaz\u0103 o corela\u021bie \u00eentre nivelurile de stres cu partenerul, care anterior a fost supus stresorului*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Stresor*<\/b> \u2014 orice factor care cauzeaz\u0103 stres.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dar acestea sunt exemple de corela\u021bie intra-specie a stresului. Exist\u0103, de asemenea, \u0219i o corela\u021bie inter-specie, de\u0219i nu este at\u00e2t de studiat\u0103. Pentru a corecta aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au propus s\u0103 cerceteze nivelurile de stres la c\u00e2inii domestici \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nii lor. A\u0219a cum am discutat \u00een vineri trecut\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>, omul \u0219i c\u00e2inele coexist\u0103 de mii de ani. Ambele sunt fiin\u021be sociale, a\u0219a c\u0103 este destul de de \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 leg\u0103tura psiho-emo\u021bional\u0103 exist\u0103 \u00een astfel de rela\u021bii.<\/p>\n

Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 sus\u021bin c\u0103 \u00eentre om \u0219i prietenul s\u0103u patruped poate ap\u0103rea o sincronizare inter-specie pe termen lung a hormonului de stres (cortizol), al c\u0103rui nivel poate fi verificat prin analiza p\u0103rului. S\u00e2ngele \u0219i saliva au fost eliminate, deoarece aceste materiale ofer\u0103 rezultate care descriu o perioad\u0103 recent\u0103, \u00een timp ce p\u0103rul permite evaluarea fondului hormonal pe termen lung. P\u0103rul cre\u0219te, oric\u00e2t de banal ar suna, iar cortizolul \u00ee\u0219i las\u0103 amprenta \u00een el, iar studiul acestuia poate oferi un calendar retrospectiv al concentra\u021biilor acestui hormon. O analiz\u0103 similar\u0103 a fost efectuat\u0103 anterior cu mame \u0219i copiii lor, iar nivelul de cortizol a fost sincronizat.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te c\u00e2inii, o caracteristic\u0103 important\u0103 \u00een interac\u021biunea dintre om \u0219i animalul s\u0103u de companie este antrenamentul \u0219i stabilirea unei ierarhii. Dac\u0103 c\u00e2inele nu este dresat, acesta poate face n\u0103zdr\u0103vanii (de exemplu, s\u0103 ud\u0103 florile tale preferate \u00een moduri pe care nu \u021bi le dore\u0219ti sau s\u0103 latre \u0219i s\u0103 se agite la trec\u0103torii). Pentru a atinge disciplina, c\u00e2inele trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 c\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nul s\u0103u este liderul, adic\u0103 o fiin\u021b\u0103 dominant\u0103 \u00een hait\u0103. Procesul de dresaj \u0219i disciplinare a c\u00e2inilor nu doar c\u0103 duce la o leg\u0103tur\u0103 emo\u021bional\u0103 \u00eentre acesta \u0219i om, dar influen\u021beaz\u0103 bidirec\u021bional comportamentul fiec\u0103ruia dintre diade*<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Diada*<\/b> \u2014 un simbioz\u0103 \u00een care exist\u0103 o dependen\u021b\u0103 ierarhic\u0103. O diad\u0103 este, de asemenea, o sum\u0103 a dou\u0103 obiecte legate \u00eentre ele, adic\u0103 un cuplu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nivelul de cortizol, a\u0219a cum au ar\u0103tat studiile, la c\u00e2ini \u0219i oameni depinde, de asemenea, de caracteristicile personale ale st\u0103p\u00e2nului \u0219i chiar de combina\u021bia sexului c\u00e2inelui\/st\u0103p\u00e2nului \u00een diad\u0103. <\/p>\n

\"Stresul
\nParticipan\u021bii la studiu: border collie (st\u00e2nga) \u0219i sheltie (dreapta).<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00cen aceast\u0103 lucrare, cercet\u0103torii au decis s\u0103 studieze mai detaliat problema sincroniz\u0103rii psiho-emotionale interspecii, folosind diadele om-c\u00e2ine ca exemplu. Pentru aceasta, au fost invita\u021bi s\u0103 participe 58 de oameni \u0219i animalele lor de companie (adic\u0103 58 de diade). Cercet\u0103torii au monitorizat activitatea fizic\u0103 a fiec\u0103rui c\u00e2ine printr-un zgard\u0103 special\u0103 care trimite date despre starea de s\u0103n\u0103tate a c\u00e2inelui. Nivelul de cortizol la c\u00e2ini \u0219i la st\u0103p\u00e2ni a fost m\u0103surat \u00een lunile de var\u0103 \u0219i iarn\u0103, pentru a analiza modific\u0103rile \u00een perioada dintre recoltarea biomaterialului (p\u0103rul). \u00cen studiu au participat c\u00e2ini din dou\u0103 rase \u2014 Sheltie (33 de exemplare: 18 femele \u0219i 15 masculi) \u0219i Border Collie (25 de exemplare: 13 femele \u0219i 12 masculi), dintre care at\u00e2t animale de companie obi\u0219nuite, c\u00e2t \u0219i participan\u021bi permanen\u021bi la diverse competi\u021bii. To\u021bi st\u0103p\u00e2nii c\u00e2inilor erau femei. V\u00e2rsta medie a c\u00e2inilor supu\u0219i experimentului era de 4,7 \u00b1 0,4 ani pentru animalele de companie obi\u0219nuite \u0219i 4,7 \u00b1 0,7 ani pentru participan\u021bii la competi\u021bii. V\u00e2rsta medie a st\u0103p\u00e2nelor c\u00e2inilor era de 46,3 \u00b1 1,7 ani.<\/p>\n

Rezultatele cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n

\nPentru analiza efectului omului asupra c\u00e2inelui a fost folosit un model liniar generalizat, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere sexul, rasa \u0219i stilul de via\u021b\u0103 al animalelor de companie.<\/p>\n

\"Stresul
\nImaginea nr. 1<\/i><\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum se vede \u00een graficul de mai sus, nivelul de cortizol al st\u0103p\u00e2nului are \u00eentr-adev\u0103r un impact semnificativ asupra aceluia\u0219i indicator la c\u00e2ini at\u00e2t iarna (N = 55, \u03c72 = 13.796, P < 0.001, \u03b2 = 0.027), c\u00e2t \u0219i vara (N = 57, \u03c72 = 23.697, P < 0.001, \u03b2 = 0.235). Cu alte cuvinte, atunci c\u00e2nd nivelul de cortizol al unei persoane cre\u0219te, acela\u0219i lucru se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u0219i la c\u00e2ini.<\/p>\n

\u00cen lunile de var\u0103, cele mai notabile corela\u021bii au fost \u00eentre HCC (concentra\u021bia de cortizol \u00een p\u0103r) al omului \u0219i stilul de via\u021b\u0103 al c\u00e2inelui (\u03c72 = 6.268, P = 0.012, 2A<\/b>) \u0219i \u00eentre HCC \u0219i sexul c\u00e2inelui (\u03c72 = 5.200, P = 0.023, 2B<\/b>).<\/p>\n

\"Stresul
\nImaginea nr. 2: corela\u021bia HCC \u0219i stilul de via\u021b\u0103 (2A<\/b>); corela\u021bia HCC \u0219i sexul c\u00e2inelui (2B<\/b>).<\/i><\/p>\n

Efectul asupra HCC al omului a fost observat la toate c\u00e2inile, indiferent de sex \u0219i stilul de via\u021b\u0103, dar cel mai puternic efect l-au avut femelele \u0219i c\u00e2inii care participau la competi\u021bii.<\/p>\n

Iarna, rasa a jucat un rol mai important (\u03c72 = 6.451, P = 0.011): HCC la Sheltie a fost semnificativ mai mare dec\u00e2t la Border Collie (12.905 \u00b1 1.417 fa\u021b\u0103 de 12.069 \u00b1 1.203).<\/p>\n

\"Stresul
\nImaginea nr. 3: corela\u021bia HCC \u0219i timpul anului \u00een care au fost prelevate biomaterialele pentru analiz\u0103.<\/i><\/p>\n

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 factorii men\u021biona\u021bi mai sus, exist\u0103 \u0219i altele (dac\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2nul c\u00e2inelui lucreaz\u0103, v\u00e2rsta c\u00e2inelui, dac\u0103 a tr\u0103it cu al\u021bi animale de companie etc.). Totu\u0219i, ace\u0219ti factori nu au avut practic niciun impact asupra rezultatelor, a\u0219a c\u0103 cercet\u0103torii nu le-au acordat aten\u021bie.<\/p>\n

Dar activitatea fizic\u0103 poate avea cu adev\u0103rat un impact asupra nivelului de cortizol din organism, a\u0219a c\u0103 oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au decis s\u0103 verifice corela\u021biile dintre nivelul pe termen lung al cortizolului \u0219i activitatea c\u00e2inilor. Monitorizarea st\u0103rii patrupedelor a fost realizat\u0103 printr-un zgard\u0103 special\u0103 timp de 1 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103, din care cercet\u0103torii au selectat 3 zile lucr\u0103toare \u0219i 1 zi liber\u0103 pentru analiz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Timpul petrecut de c\u00e2ini \u00een stare de activitate fizic\u0103 moderat\u0103 \u0219i ridicat\u0103 a corelat cu HCC-ul c\u00e2inilor. Cu toate acestea, nu au fost descoperite corela\u021bii semnificative nici cu HCC-ul de var\u0103 (N = 44, r = -0,213, P = 0,165), nici cu HCC-ul de iarn\u0103 (N = 43, r = -0,239, P = 0,122).<\/p>\n

Cel mai interesant factor de influen\u021b\u0103 asupra nivelului de cortizol pentru cercet\u0103tori a r\u0103mas caracterul, adic\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turile de personalitate ale c\u00e2inelui \u0219i ale st\u0103p\u00e2nului s\u0103u. Participan\u021bii la studiu au completat c\u00e2te 2 chestionare: DPQ (Chestionar de Personalitate Canin\u0103) \u0219i The Big Five Inventory (Chestionar privind tr\u0103s\u0103turile de personalitate ale oamenilor).<\/p>\n

S-a dovedit c\u0103 caracterul st\u0103p\u00e2nului influen\u021beaz\u0103 puternic nivelul de cortizol al c\u00e2inelui. Astfel, un nivel crescut de nevrotism la om a avut un efect negativ asupra HCC-ului c\u00e2inelui (var\u0103: \u03c72 = 7.951, P = 0.005, \u03b2 = \u22120.364; iarn\u0103: \u03c72 = 4.919, P = 0.027, \u03b2 = \u22120.026).<\/p>\n

\u00cen final, cercet\u0103torii au verificat cum se influen\u021beaz\u0103 sezonul asupra nivelului de cortizol, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 probele au fost inten\u021bionat prelevate vara \u0219i iarna. S-a descoperit c\u0103 \u00een perioada de iarn\u0103 nivelul hormonului stresului este semnificativ mai mare dec\u00e2t vara.<\/p>\n

\"Stresul
\nImaginea nr. 4<\/i><\/p>\n

Analiza corela\u021biei dintre sezon \u0219i modul de via\u021b\u0103 a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 c\u00e2inii de companie au un nivel mai ridicat de cortizol \u00een timpul iernii, iar c\u00e2inii participan\u021bi la competi\u021bii vara (4A<\/b>). C\u00e2nd vine vorba de diferen\u021ba de sexe, femelele au ar\u0103tat un HCC mai ridicat at\u00e2t iarna, c\u00e2t \u0219i vara (4B<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Pentru o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a nuan\u021belor cercet\u0103rii, v\u0103 recomand s\u0103 consulta\u021bi raportul cercet\u0103torilor<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\nInterconexiunea st\u0103rilor psiho-emo\u021bionale ale dou\u0103 sau mai multor indivizi din aceea\u0219i specie, care tr\u0103iesc \u00eempreun\u0103 o perioad\u0103 lung\u0103 de timp, a fost \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2ne incontestabil\u0103. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te sincronizarea cortizolului \u00eentre specii, nu exist\u0103 descoperiri deosebite. Aceast\u0103 lucrare nu a fost destinat\u0103 descoperirilor, ci a fost necesar\u0103 pentru a confirma teoria enun\u021bat\u0103 anterior, c\u0103 omul \u0219i c\u00e2inele, ca reprezentan\u021bi ai speciilor sociale, au un impact puternic unul asupra celuilalt.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii de la Universitatea din Link\u00f6ping (Suedia), care au realizat acest studiu, consider\u0103 c\u0103 c\u00e2inii sunt o proiec\u021bie a st\u0103rii emo\u021bionale a st\u0103p\u00e2nilor lor. Cu alte cuvinte, omul are o influen\u021b\u0103 mai mare asupra c\u00e2inelui \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te sincronizarea pe termen lung a nivelului de cortizol. \u00cen plus, ace\u0219tia sus\u021bin c\u0103 studii similare nu au fost realizate anterior.<\/p>\n

Ne surprinde oare rezultatul acestei lucr\u0103ri, a fost acesta o nea\u0219teptare pentru noi? Mai degrab\u0103 nu dec\u00e2t da. Totu\u0219i, am ob\u021binut o dat\u0103 \u00een plus sus\u021binerea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a frazei \u201esuntem responsabili pentru cei pe care i-am \u00eembl\u00e2nzit.\u201d <\/p>\n

Off-topic de vineri:<\/b>

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

\u00ce\u021bi mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie, r\u0103m\u00e2i curios, iube\u0219te animalele \u0219i \u00ee\u021bi doresc un weekend minunat, prieteni! \ud83d\ude42 <\/p>\n

\nV\u0103 mul\u021bumim c\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi cu noi. V\u0103 plac articolele noastre? Dori\u021bi s\u0103 vede\u021bi mai multe materiale interesante? Sus\u021bine\u021bi-ne f\u0103c\u00e2nd o comand\u0103 sau recomand\u00e2ndu-ne prietenilor. 30% reducere pentru utilizatorii Habr pentru un server entry-level unic, creat special pentru tine:<\/b> Adev\u0103rul despre VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 nuclee) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps de la 20$ sau cum s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bim corect un server?<\/a><\/noindex> (sunt disponibile op\u021biuni cu RAID1 \u0219i RAID10, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 nuclee \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd la jum\u0103tate de pre\u021b?<\/b> Numai la noi 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB de la 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een Olanda! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 de la 99 $!<\/b><\/b> Citi\u021bi despre Cum s\u0103 construi\u021bi o infrastructur\u0103 de clas\u0103 enterprise folosind servere Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 la pre\u021buri foarte mici de 9000 \u20ac?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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