{"id":36046,"date":"2019-10-31T22:09:19","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/vek-zhivi-vek-uchis-chast-1-shkola-i-proforientatsiya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:09:19","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:19","slug":"vek-zhivi-vek-uchis-chast-1-shkola-i-proforientatsiya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/vek-zhivi-vek-uchis-chast-1-shkola-i-proforientatsiya","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Am un cunoscut din Grenoble, fiul unor emigran\u021bi ru\u0219i, care dup\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103 (coll\u00e8ge+lyc\u00e9e) s-a mutat la Bordeaux \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 lucreze \u00een port, iar dup\u0103 un an a trecut la flor\u0103rie ca specialist \u00een SMM. Dup\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 un an a terminat cursuri scurte \u0219i a devenit ceva de genul consilier pentru conducere. Dup\u0103 doi ani de munc\u0103, la doar 23 de ani a trecut la reprezentan\u021ba SAP pe o pozi\u021bie de \u00eenceput, a ob\u021binut educa\u021bia universitar\u0103 \u0219i acum a devenit inginer \u00een sisteme corporate. La \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 nu i-a fost fric\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 o astfel de \u201epauz\u0103\u201d \u00een educa\u021bie, a r\u0103spuns c\u0103 \u00eei era fric\u0103 s\u0103 ias\u0103 din facultate la 22 de ani \u0219i s\u0103 nu \u0219tie cine este \u0219i ce vrea. \u00ce\u021bi sun\u0103 cunoscut? \u00cen general, dac\u0103 e\u0219ti p\u0103rinte sau rud\u0103 a unui elev sau chiar elev, \u021bi se adreseaz\u0103 acest articol. Cu toate acestea, \u0219i ceilal\u021bi au un bun motiv pentru nostalgie.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/459336\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/fd06a67553fb2dd9447c315e841316a6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>Prolog \u2014 de unde a ap\u0103rut acest articol<\/h4>\n<p>\nPe Habr au ap\u0103rut de mai multe ori articole disparate despre educa\u021bie, necesitatea diploma, studiile postuniversitare \u0219i alte aspecte ale \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii \u2014 nu degeaba exist\u0103 hub-uri despre procesul educa\u021bional, carier\u0103, educa\u021bie \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate etc. Subiectul este \u00eentr-adev\u0103r serios, mai ales \u00een condi\u021biile unei pie\u021be a muncii drastic diferite \u0219i a cerin\u021belor fa\u021b\u0103 de speciali\u0219ti. Am decis s\u0103 ne generaliz\u0103m experien\u021ba, am solicitat ajutorul unui specialist care a dedicat 8 ani educa\u021biei oamenilor, iar eu \u2014 25 de ani, inclusiv \u0219coala \ud83d\ude42 \u0219i \u00een domeniul IT 10 ani. Am preg\u0103tit 5 articole care vor fi publicate pe blogul nostru.<\/p>\n<p><b>Ciclul \u201eTr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103<br \/>\nPartea 2. Universitatea<br \/>\nPartea 3. Educa\u021bia suplimentar\u0103<br \/>\nPartea 4. Educa\u021bia la locul de munc\u0103<br \/>\nPartea 5. Autoeduca\u021bia<\/p>\n<p>\u00cemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i\u021bi-v\u0103 experien\u021ba \u00een comentarii \u2014 poate datorit\u0103 eforturilor echipei RUVDS \u0219i cititorilor Habr, prima zi de \u0219coal\u0103 a cuiva va fi pu\u021bin mai con\u0219tient\u0103, mai corect\u0103 \u0219i mai productiv\u0103.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>\u0218coala: vechea melodie despre esen\u021bial<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>Grupuri<\/h4>\n<p>\n\u00cen medie, \u00een \u021bar\u0103, \u0219coala este un element destul de interesant al educa\u021biei, mai ales acum. \u00cen ea s-au intersectat lumi complet diferite:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>profesori din vechea genera\u021bie, \u00een majoritate foarte \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, care nu sunt preg\u0103ti\u021bi s\u0103 accepte noile realit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i forme de educa\u021bie, care nu sunt dispu\u0219i s\u0103 asculte elevii;\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li>tinerii \u0219i dasc\u0103lii destul de indiferen\u021bi din anii '90, c\u00e2nd \u00een pedagogic\u0103, cu rare excep\u021bii, ajungeau din disperare \u0219i din imposibilitatea de a intra \u00een alt\u0103 universitate (din cauza nivelului de preg\u0103tire sau a lipsei de bani);\n<\/li>\n<li>p\u0103rin\u021bi cu v\u00e2rste cuprinse \u00eentre 70 \u0219i 90 de ani, adic\u0103 de la oameni care erau parte din via\u021ba sovietic\u0103 la reprezentan\u021bii f\u0103r\u0103 ru\u0219ine ai a\u0219a-numitei \u201egenera\u021bii pierdute\u201d;\n<\/li>\n<li>copiii de 15-17 ani (\u00een mare parte, despre ei vom discuta) \u2014 copii ai epocii digitale, automatiza\u021bi \u0219i computeriiza\u021bi, introverti\u021bi \u0219i virtuali, cu propriul mod de g\u00e2ndire \u0219i organizarea special\u0103 a psihicului \u0219i a memoriei.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nToate cele 4 grupuri se lupt\u0103 \u00eentre ele \u0219i cu grupuri din afar\u0103, \u00een interiorul unei astfel de comunit\u0103\u021bi exist\u0103 multe ne\u00een\u021belegeri, iar m\u00e2na invizibil\u0103 a educatorului principal \u0219i autoritar \u2014 internetul. \u0218i \u0219ti\u021bi ce v\u0103 spun? Nu e deloc r\u0103u, doar c\u0103 este nevoie de o abordare special\u0103. De asemenea, v\u0103 voi spune c\u0103 conflictul \u00eentre genera\u021bii este la fel de vechi precum lene\u0219ii elevi, doar decorurile se schimb\u0103.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4>Ce probleme \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 elevii?<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Cuno\u0219tin\u021bele sunt complet desprinse de practic\u0103.<\/b> Programa \u0219colar\u0103 nu ofer\u0103 informa\u021bii interconectate cu practica. De aceea, \u00eent\u00e2lnim \u00eentreb\u0103ri despre dac\u0103 matematic\u0103 este necesar\u0103 pentru programatori sau ce limbaj de programare ar trebui ales pentru a evita matematica. \u00cen timp ce, la algebra aceea, se poate aborda problema re\u021belelor neuronale, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii automate, dezvolt\u0103rii de jocuri (imagineaz\u0103-\u021bi c\u00e2t de tare e s\u0103 afli c\u0103 eroii t\u0103i prefera\u021bi din lumea jocurilor se mi\u0219c\u0103 conform legilor fizicii, iar fiecare traiectorie este descris\u0103 printr-o formul\u0103 matematic\u0103). \u00cembinarea teoriei cu practica \u00een cadrul disciplinei ar putea s\u0103 creasc\u0103 interesul elevului, s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 plictiseala din clas\u0103 \u0219i, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, s\u0103 ajute \u00een orientarea profesional\u0103 ini\u021bial\u0103 (care are loc \u00een clasele 6-9). Nu este necesar s\u0103 se solicite o baz\u0103 material\u0103 costisitoare, este suficient\u0103 dorin\u021ba, o tabl\u0103 \u0219i cret\u0103 \/ marker.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Nivelul real al cuno\u0219tin\u021belor nu corespunde notelor din caiete \u0219i diplome.<\/b> Problema veche a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii mecanice, a stimul\u0103rii \u0219i demotiv\u0103rii prin note, a concuren\u021bei duce la faptul c\u0103 elevii se \u00eenghesuie dup\u0103 cifra dorit\u0103, iar p\u0103rin\u021bii \u0219i profesorii \u00eencurajeaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 competi\u021bie. Nu e surprinz\u0103tor c\u0103 \u00een primul an de facultate, elevele de nota 10 gireaz\u0103 la matematic\u0103 superioar\u0103 cu note de 6, \u00een timp ce cei care primesc note de 6 se men\u021bin constant la 8 \u2014 ei au o \u00een\u021belegere a disciplinei, nu doar o parte memorizat\u0103, care a fugit imediat dup\u0103 examenul de BAC.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Acces liber la informa\u021bie<\/b>, de fapt, este o problem\u0103 major\u0103. Nu este nevoie s\u0103 memorezi, s\u0103 cau\u021bi, s\u0103 analizezi \u2014 tot ce trebuie s\u0103 faci este s\u0103 deschizi Wikipedia sau s\u0103 cau\u021bi pe Google \u0219i informa\u021bia este \u00een fa\u021ba ta. Acest lucru este d\u0103un\u0103tor, pentru c\u0103 reduce cu adev\u0103rat func\u021bia de memorie, nu formeaz\u0103 o baz\u0103 educa\u021bional\u0103 corect\u0103. Acea baz\u0103 care \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 identifica\u021bi o problem\u0103, s\u0103 g\u0103si\u021bi piesa lips\u0103 a puzzle-ului \u0219i apoi s\u0103 folosi\u021bi un dic\u021bionar sau internetul. Cu alte cuvinte, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd constant pe Google, elevul nu \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 ce anume trebuie s\u0103 caute. \u00centre timp, exact aceast\u0103 baz\u0103 educa\u021bional\u0103 primar\u0103 st\u0103 la baza carierei viitoare, servind ca platform\u0103 pentru abilit\u0103\u021bile de analiz\u0103 \u0219i sintez\u0103.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Cuno\u0219tin\u021be inutile \u00een \u0219coal\u0103<\/b> exist\u0103. Probabil c\u0103 cititorul acestui post, un profesor, va dori acum s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 distrug\u0103 autorul, dar cu c\u00e2t este mai bun\u0103 \u0219coala, cu at\u00e2t mai mult, scuze, prostii sunt acumulate \u00een programa \u0219colar\u0103. Din ciud\u0103\u021beniile pe care am avut ocazia s\u0103 le \u00eent\u00e2lnesc: 4 ani de latin\u0103, 7 ani de literatur\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103 (cu aprofundare), 4 ani (!) de educa\u021bie civic\u0103, 2 ani de filosofie, precum \u0219i diverse subiecte de literatur\u0103, greac\u0103, teoria educa\u021biei fizice, istoria matematicii etc. F\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, cultura general\u0103, campionatele \u0219colare de \u201eCe? Unde? C\u00e2nd?\u201d \u0219i abilitatea de a sus\u021bine o discu\u021bie sunt nepre\u021buite \u0219i chiar foarte pl\u0103cute \u0219i utile, dar \u00eentr-un asemenea volum, orele de studiu \u00eei distrag aten\u021bia elevului de la materiile care \u00eei sunt relevante \u0219i de la cea mai important\u0103 parte a educa\u021biei generale (uita\u021bi-v\u0103 la ortografia modern\u0103, chiar \u0219i pe acela\u0219i Habra!). Exist\u0103 o solu\u021bie: a face aceste materii facultative \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 note.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Ritmul dificil de ob\u021binere a educa\u021biei<\/b> \u2014 o \u00eentrebare care a existat \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenfiin\u021barea \u0219colilor \u0219i a c\u0103rei solu\u021bie este foarte greu de g\u0103sit. \u00centr-o clas\u0103, chiar \u0219i una \u00abputernic\u0103\u00bb sau \u00abslab\u0103\u00bb, elevii au un ritm diferit de asimilare a materialului, de rezolvare a problemelor, o vitez\u0103 diferit\u0103 de \u00abdeclan\u0219are\u00bb. \u0218i, \u00een final, se ajunge fie la uniformizare, pierz\u00e2nd poten\u021bialii elevi puternici, fie la ignorarea celor slabi, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-i \u0219i mai slabi. Am avut un student care rezolva excelent probleme de statistic\u0103 matematic\u0103, dar o f\u0103cea foarte \u00eencet, deoarece c\u0103uta cea mai bun\u0103 solu\u021bie, optimiz\u00e2nd rezolvarea. \u00cen final, din cinci probleme, reu\u0219ea s\u0103 rezolve trei. Ce not\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103-i dau? Asta e. \u00centre timp, se poate g\u0103si o mic\u0103 solu\u021bie: d\u00e2nd elevilor puternici mai multe probleme de rezolvat pe cont propriu, oferindu-le dreptul de mentorat \u0219i de a-\u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba colegii sub supravegherea profesorului - acest lucru cre\u0219te semnificativ responsabilitatea, reduce frica de gre\u0219eli \u0219i permite elevilor s\u0103 demonstreze elementele de baz\u0103 ale muncii \u00een echip\u0103.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Problema socializ\u0103rii<\/b> \u2014 o problem\u0103 dureroas\u0103 \u0219i serioas\u0103, care atrage dup\u0103 sine zeci de alte probleme. Mediul virtual de comunicare, interac\u021biunile \u00een jocuri, re\u021belele sociale \u0219i aplica\u021biile de mesagerie le fur\u0103 copiilor (da, sunt copii p\u00e2n\u0103 la 18 ani, copii, \u0219i, din p\u0103cate, dup\u0103, tot copii) abilit\u0103\u021bile de comunicare \u0219i interac\u021biune social\u0103. Nici abilit\u0103\u021bi de solu\u021bionare a problemelor, nici munc\u0103 \u00een echip\u0103, nici rela\u021bii \u00een cadrul grupului de oameni, nimic - doar o re\u021bea social\u0103 \u00eentre egali, conversa\u021bii simple. \u0218i aici, sarcina \u0219colii este s\u0103 arate c\u00e2t de frumoas\u0103 este sistemul \u201eom-om\u201d: s\u0103 organizeze jocuri de echip\u0103, s\u0103 faciliteze comunicarea.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Cum s\u0103 alegi o profesie?<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen majoritatea \u0219colilor din Rusia (situa\u021bia \u00een Moscova este mai bun\u0103), orientarea profesional\u0103 a elevilor se rezum\u0103 la eseuri despre viitoarea profesie \u0219i teste de orientare profesional\u0103 nu tocmai adecvate, unele dintre ele av\u00e2nd rolul de a determina tendin\u021bele elevului \u00een anumite domenii. \u00cen aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie, specialit\u0103\u021bi precum bioinformatica, informatica \u00een medicin\u0103 etc. \u2014 adic\u0103 domenii c\u0103utate \u0219i promi\u021b\u0103toare pentru tinerii cu multiple abilit\u0103\u021bi \u2014 nu sunt discutate deloc. Elevii r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een primul r\u00e2nd copii, romanti \u0219i vis\u0103tori. Ast\u0103zi, ei vor s\u0103 trateze oameni sau s\u0103 lucreze \u00een situa\u021bii de urgen\u021b\u0103, m\u00e2ine vor s\u0103 fie antreprenori, iar peste o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u2014 programatori sau ingineri care construiesc ma\u0219inile viitorului. Este important s\u0103 ascult\u0103m \u0219i s\u0103 reflect\u0103m la motivele alegerii \u2014 de la farmecul doctorului House, la carisma lui Elon Musk sau la nevoia real\u0103 \u0219i voca\u021bia tinerelor persoane.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3>Cum evalu\u0103m o profesie?<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Perspective<\/b> \u2014 aceasta este, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, cea mai complicat\u0103 metric\u0103. Ceea ce pare promi\u021b\u0103tor acum, p\u00e2n\u0103 la absolvirea liceului \u0219i a facult\u0103\u021bii, se poate transforma \u00een cel mai supra\u00eenc\u0103lzit domeniu (salut avoca\u021bilor \u0219i economi\u0219tilor din 2000-2002!) sau poate disp\u0103rea complet. De aceea, trebuie s\u0103 facem s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 copilul nostru \u0219i s\u0103 ne d\u0103m seama singuri c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 existe o baz\u0103 \u00een jurul c\u0103reia s\u0103 putem schimba specializarea de mai multe ori. <i>De exemplu, un inginer de software care st\u0103p\u00e2ne\u0219te C\/C++ va putea trece cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 \u00een lumea dezvolt\u0103rii re\u021belelor neurale, dezvoltare industrial\u0103, \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 etc., \u00een timp ce un specialist \u00een \u0219tiin\u021ba aplicat\u0103 (applied informatics) ar putea, peste cinci ani, s\u0103 se trezeasc\u0103 \u00een afara domeniului \u00een care a fost instruit. Din nou, un economist specializat \u00een \u201eManagement Financiar\u201d are mult mai multe perspective \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te mi\u0219c\u0103rile orizontale comparativ cu cei din \u201eBanc\u0103\u201d sau \u201eEvaluarea Propriet\u0103\u021bii\u201d.<\/i>. Pentru a evalua perspectivele de viitor, studia\u021bi lista profesiilor viitoare, verifica\u021bi clasamentele limbajelor de programare (dac\u0103 este vorba despre IT), citi\u021bi publica\u021bii de specialitate (de exemplu, cu 15-17 ani \u00een urm\u0103, \u00een revistele medicale, comunitatea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 discuta activ despre microchirurgia ocular\u0103, robo\u021bii \u00een medicin\u0103, manevrele laparoscopice, iar ast\u0103zi acestea sunt o realitate cotidian\u0103). O alt\u0103 metod\u0103 este s\u0103 verifica\u021bi ce facult\u0103\u021bi s-au deschis la universit\u0103\u021bi \u00een ultimii 2-3 ani; de obicei, acestea reprezint\u0103 domeniile \u00een care ve\u021bi putea s\u0103 v\u0103 \u00eenscrie\u021bi.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b>Randament real<\/b> \u2014 o metric\u0103 mai simpl\u0103. Deschide\u021bi \u201eCercul Meu\u201d sau \u201eHeadHunter\u201d, evalua\u021bi nivelul mediu al salariilor pe specialitate (uneori sunt disponibile \u0219i analize gata f\u0103cute). Indicele salariilor \u00een afaceri cre\u0219te cu p\u00e2n\u0103 la 10% pe an, iar \u00een sectorul bugetar cu aproximativ 5% pe an. Este foarte simplu de calculat, dar nu uita\u021bi c\u0103 dup\u0103 N ani va exista o ajustare pentru profunzimea cererii, schimbarea peisajului domeniului etc.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b>Viteza de dezvoltare \u0219i cre\u0219tere a carierei<\/b> variaz\u0103 pentru fiecare domeniu. Mai mult, nu peste tot este prezent\u0103 \u0219i nu trebuie s\u0103 romantiz\u0103m: uneori este mai bine s\u0103 avansa\u021bi orizontal, s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi o nou\u0103 specialitate \u0219i s\u0103 lucra\u021bi nu pentru a fi men\u021bionat \u00een cartea de munc\u0103, ci pentru un venit real (ceea ce este riscant, dar despre aceasta vom discuta \u00een episoadele urm\u0103toare). Este important s\u0103 transmitem elevului c\u0103 nu va deveni imediat \u0219ef, va trebui s\u0103 munceasc\u0103, iar un profesionist adev\u0103rat poate costa uneori mai mult dec\u00e2t \u0219eful s\u0103u.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b>Progresivitatea cre\u0219terii \u0219i evolu\u021bia profesional\u0103<\/b> \u2014 o continuare important\u0103 a metricii anterioare. Un profesionist \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 continuu, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een ultima zi de munc\u0103 (iar uneori \u0219i dup\u0103). Prin urmare, trebuie corelat\u0103 \u00eenclina\u021bia elevului pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare \u0219i cerin\u021bele profesiei dorite (<i>de exemplu, un b\u0103iat viseaz\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 medic, are 5 la chimie \u0219i biologie, dar \u00een acela\u0219i timp este lene\u0219 \u00een privin\u021ba \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii \u2014 acesta este un semnal c\u0103 ar putea avea probleme cu dezvoltarea profesional\u0103 \u00een viitor<\/i>), dar s\u0103 nu v\u0103 concentra\u021bi excesiv pe aceast\u0103 problem\u0103: adesea, dup\u0103 absolvire, o persoan\u0103 adult\u0103 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 cu pl\u0103cere \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i continu\u0103 educa\u021bia, iar \u00een \u0219coal\u0103 nu a fost vorba de lene, ci de ur\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de istoria plictisitoare \u0219i geografia monoton\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Ce trebuie luat \u00een considerare?<\/h3>\n<p>\nC\u00e2nd alege\u021bi o profesie, trebuie s\u0103-l ajuta\u021bi pe copilul dumneavoastr\u0103, dar nu s\u0103 decide\u021bi \u00een locul lui (garantat \u2014 \u201emul\u021bumesc\u201d nu ve\u021bi primi). Este important s\u0103 nu rata\u021bi nicio detaliu \u0219i, poate, chiar s\u0103 privi\u021bi persoana drag\u0103 pu\u021bin din exterior, stric\u021bi \u0219i obiectiv (s\u0103 zicem, abilitatea de a se mi\u0219ca pe ritm de Lambada nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 e\u0219ti clasa B \u00een dansurile de societate, oric\u00e2t de mult v-a\u021bi dori).\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u00cenclina\u021biile generale ale copilului<\/b> \u2014 aceasta este baza orient\u0103rii profesionale despre care am vorbit mai devreme: \u201eom\u201d, \u201enatur\u0103\u201d, \u201ema\u0219in\u0103\u201d, \u201esisteme informa\u021bionale\u201d. Nu exist\u0103 oameni f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eenclina\u021bii \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 un anumit vector de dorin\u021be pentru viitorul lor, a\u0219a c\u0103 este important s\u0103 recunoa\u0219te\u021bi ce mecanism predomin\u0103. Chiar \u0219i universalii au anumite tendin\u021be \u00eentr-o direc\u021bie sau alta. Acorda\u021bi aten\u021bie ceea ce spune elevul, ce subiecte \u00eei sunt mai u\u0219or, asupra c\u0103ror aspecte \u00ee\u0219i concentreaz\u0103 aten\u021bia \u00een discu\u021bie, dac\u0103 are g\u00e2ndire algoritmic\u0103, c\u00e2t de dezvoltat\u0103 este logica sau imagina\u021bia lui. Mai mult, o astfel de observare a reac\u021biilor involuntare este mult mai precis\u0103 dec\u00e2t teste, deoarece un elev de 13-17 ani poate ghici cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 cum s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 pentru a ob\u021bine rezultatul dorit \u00een acel moment \u0219i s\u0103 p\u0103c\u0103leasc\u0103 sistemul \u0219i adul\u021bii \ud83d\ude42\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Dorin\u021bele elevului<\/b> trebuie luate \u00een considerare \u0219i \u00eencurajate, poate, chiar s\u0103-i permite\u021bi s\u0103 \u201efie bolnav\u201d de visele profesionale \u2014 astfel se va decide mai repede. \u00cen niciun caz nu-l \u00eempiedica\u021bi s\u0103 fac\u0103 o alegere, nu prezenta\u021bi profesia \u00eentr-o lumin\u0103 negativ\u0103 (<i>\u201eto\u021bi programatorii sunt ciuda\u021bi\u201d, \u201efeti\u021belor nu le este locul la facultatea de automotive\u201d, \u201eha-ha, psihologia, e\u0219ti tu \u00eens\u0103\u021bi nebun\u0103, vei trata divor\u021burile, nu-i a\u0219a?\u201d, \u201etaximetrist? te vor omor\u00ee\u201d \u2014 bazat pe fapte reale<\/i>). Dac\u0103 este posibil, l\u0103sa\u021bi copilul s\u0103 \u00eencerce o specialitate sau m\u0103car o parte din ea: angaja\u021bi-l pentru un part-time \u00een var\u0103, ruga\u021bi-l s\u0103 ofere ajutor legat de profesie, \u00eentreba\u021bi cunoscu\u021bii s\u0103-l ia la munc\u0103 pentru c\u00e2teva zile. Dac\u0103 exist\u0103 aceast\u0103 oportunitate, func\u021bioneaz\u0103 impecabil: fie intervine r\u0103cirea \u0219i dezam\u0103girea, fie entuziasmul \u0219i confirmarea planurilor de viitor.\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Particularit\u0103\u021bi familiale<\/b> Nu putem ignora caracteristicile complicate ale acestor situa\u021bii: dac\u0103 \u00eentreaga familie este format\u0103 din ingineri constructori \u0219i fiica, \u00eenc\u0103 din copil\u0103rie, distinge tipurile de beton, \u0219tie grosimea arm\u0103turii, recunoa\u0219te tipurile de zid\u0103rie \u0219i la 7 ani poate explica cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 sistemul de \u00eenc\u0103lzire\u2026 nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 o a\u0219teapt\u0103 o carier\u0103 \u00een construc\u021bii, dar nici o dragoste fa\u021b\u0103 de Ahmatova \u0219i operele timpurii ale lui Petrarca nu ar trebui a\u0219teptat\u0103, pur \u0219i simplu nu este mediul ei. De\u0219i exist\u0103 \u0219i excep\u021bii. Totu\u0219i, tradi\u021bia familial\u0103 nu ar trebui s\u0103 apese asupra elevului, for\u021b\u00e2ndu-l s\u0103 devin\u0103 cineva din cauza p\u0103rin\u021bilor s\u0103i. Da, beneficiile sunt evidente: mai u\u0219or de instruit, de ajutat, de angajat etc. Dar beneficiul este al vostru, iar via\u021ba este a copilului vostru, iar probabil alegerea sa de a nu continua \u00een dinastie nu \u00eel satisface.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nExist\u0103 momente c\u00e2nd p\u0103rin\u021bii sunt convin\u0219i c\u0103 copilul lor nu vrea nimic, nu are aspiratii sau \u00eenclina\u021bii, nu se g\u00e2nde\u0219te la alegerea unei universit\u0103\u021bi, nu reflecteaz\u0103 asupra viitorului. De fapt, a\u0219a ceva nu exist\u0103; \u00eentotdeauna este ceva care \u00eei place \u2014 de la acel punct trebuie s\u0103 porni\u021bi. Dac\u0103 considera\u021bi c\u0103 exist\u0103 dificult\u0103\u021bi reale, discuta\u021bi cu profesorii, asculta\u021bi-le sfaturile, apela\u021bi la un psiholog social specializat \u00een orientarea profesional\u0103 a adolescen\u021bilor (exist\u0103 foarte buni speciali\u0219ti priva\u021bi \u2014 despre ei mai jos). <i>Fata unei colege de clas\u0103 are 15 ani, este un copil foarte precoce, mama este o gospodin\u0103 inert\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 educa\u021bie \u0219i o prive\u0219te pe fiic\u0103 ca pe o \u201efat\u0103 care nu vrea nimic\u201d. Fata a f\u0103cut o cafea delicioas\u0103, pe care a g\u0103tit-o singur\u0103, a \u00eendoit elegant \u0219erve\u021belele, a oferit tort \u201eMu\u0219uroi de furnici\u201d, pe care l-a preparat singur\u0103. \u2014 Katya, nu crezi c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 se afirme ca patiser sau s\u0103 lucreze \u00eentr-o cafenea? \u2014 Ce spui, ea nu este de joas\u0103 origine pentru a-i servi pe tot felul de oameni, o voi trimite la contabilitate. Cortina.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/776a937c49a3d58e06918768126955d1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Ce ar trebui s\u0103 \u0219tie un elev despre o profesie?<\/h3>\n<p>\nC\u00e2nd e\u0219ti elev, \u00eencerci mereu s\u0103 ascunzi adev\u0103ratele motive ale comportamentului sau ale alegerilor tale, pentru a nu p\u0103rea imatur sau influen\u021bat. De aceea, pentru p\u0103rin\u021bi este foarte greu s\u0103 dezv\u0103luie de unde provine atrac\u021bia c\u0103tre o anumit\u0103 profesie, mai ales dac\u0103 aceasta apare brusc. Totu\u0219i, nu ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 acest lucru, mai bine ar trebui s\u0103 comunice anumite reguli ale jocului.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Orice munc\u0103 implic\u0103 o parte de rutin\u0103 (p\u00e2n\u0103 la 100% din \u00eentreaga munc\u0103) \u2014 un elev trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 c\u0103, al\u0103turi de anumite atribute dorite sau vizibile, va avea de \u00eendeplinit numeroase sarcini de rutin\u0103, ale c\u0103ror realiz\u0103ri pot constitui o mare parte din munc\u0103: un programator nu scrie programe \u00eentregi (dac\u0103 nu este proprietar de afacere sau freelancer), ci lucreaz\u0103 la partea sa de cod; un medic este obligat s\u0103 completeze o mul\u021bime de h\u00e2rtii, chiar dac\u0103 este angajat la ambulan\u021b\u0103 sau chirurg; un cosmonaut se antreneaz\u0103 mult, studiaz\u0103 multe lucruri \u0219i \u00een spa\u021biu trebuie s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 un num\u0103r mare de sarcini etc. Trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 profesii f\u0103r\u0103 aceast\u0103 specificitate, nu trebuie s\u0103 romanticiz\u0103m munca.\n<\/li>\n<li>Munca este un efort zilnic al specialistului. Dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi legi via\u021ba de o anumit\u0103 profesie, atunci este foarte probabil c\u0103 aceasta va fi pe termen lung: \u00een fiecare zi, cu o vacan\u021b\u0103 scurt\u0103, cu \u0219efi, luni, angaja\u021bi dificili \u0219i altele.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li>Moda \u0219i statutul profesiei pot varia \u2014 \u0219i pot schimba chiar \u00eenainte ca el s\u0103 termine facultatea. \u0218i atunci vor fi dou\u0103 op\u021biuni: s\u0103 schimbi calificarea sau s\u0103 devii cel mai bun \u00een profesie pentru a garanta cererea pe pia\u021ba muncii.\n<\/li>\n<li>Nu se poate transfera atitudinea fa\u021b\u0103 de o persoan\u0103 asupra \u00eentregii sfere de activitate \u2014 dac\u0103 profesia \u00ee\u021bi place pentru c\u0103 este practicat\u0103 de tat\u0103\/unchi\/frate\/eroi din film, nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 te vei sim\u021bi la fel de confortabil \u00een ea. Fiecare persoan\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 aleag\u0103 ceea ce \u00eei place \u0219i la ce este preg\u0103tit. Exemplele pot fi, idolii nu ar trebui s\u0103 existe.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li>Munca trebuie s\u0103 plac\u0103, iar componentele ei trebuie s\u0103 fie apreciate. Fiecare munc\u0103 se \u00eemparte \u00een mai multe componente: activitatea principal\u0103 \u0219i scopurile acesteia, colegii, mediul de lucru, infrastructura, \u201eclien\u021bii\u201d muncii, mediul extern \u0219i atitudinea acestuia fa\u021b\u0103 de activitate. Nu se poate accepta un singur lucru \u0219i refuza tot restul, neg\u00e2nd existen\u021ba factorilor externi. Pentru a lucra bine \u0219i a ob\u021bine satisfac\u021bie, este important s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti lucrurile pozitive \u00een toate componentele enumerate \u0219i, oprind alarma, s\u0103 \u0219tii de ce o opre\u0219ti acum (pentru ce, \u00een afar\u0103 de bani).\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li>Calea mare \u00eencepe cu o serie de pa\u0219i mici \u2014 nu po\u021bi deveni imediat mare \u0219i faimos, experimentat \u0219i lider. Vor fi gre\u0219eli, critici, mentori \u0219i rivali, primele pa\u0219i vor p\u0103rea neobserva\u021bi, mici. Dar de fapt, fiecare astfel de pas va ascunde o descoperire \u2014 fundamentul experien\u021bei. Nu trebuie s\u0103 te temi s\u0103 continui sau s\u0103 te fugi de la un loc de munc\u0103 la altul din motive nesemnificative: piatra r\u0103m\u00e2ne la locul s\u0103u, dar drumul va fi parcurs de cel care umbl\u0103.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/65b2059ebbd540f6dbb83b014c3f56fa.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00cenceperea carierei este aproape \u00eentotdeauna plictisitoare \u2014 nimeni nu va \u00eencredin\u021ba unui novice sarcini complexe \u0219i interesante, va trebui s\u0103 te apropii de toate aspectele de la margine, de la baza, s\u0103 te educi, s\u0103 te adaptezi, s\u0103 repe\u021bi zilnic lucruri extrem de plictisitoare. Dar tocmai prin st\u0103p\u00e2nirea acestor lucruri, t\u00e2n\u0103rul specialist ajunge s\u0103 poat\u0103 p\u0103trunde \u00een fundamentele profunde ale profesiei. Acest plictis este inevitabil, de aceea va trebui s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021bi s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti o anumit\u0103 pl\u0103cere \u00een el.\n<\/li>\n<li>A gestiona banii este, de asemenea, o munc\u0103. Aceast\u0103 tez\u0103 nu a fost transmis\u0103 de p\u0103rin\u021bii no\u0219tri, iar noi suntem oarecum \u00eendep\u0103rta\u021bi de ea. Este important nu doar s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tigi sau chiar s\u0103 economise\u0219ti, ci s\u0103 fii capabil s\u0103 gestionezi banii \u0219i s\u0103 tr\u0103ie\u0219ti \u00een limitele sumei pe care o ai \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 de timp. Aceasta este o abilitate valoroas\u0103, care te \u00eenva\u021b\u0103, printre altele, s\u0103 respec\u021bi ego-ul t\u0103u profesional \u0219i m\u0103iestria ta, s\u0103 nu lucrezi pentru sume derizorii, dar \u0219i s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi nume\u0219ti corect pre\u021bul.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA ie\u0219it un fel de sec\u021biune pu\u021bin filozofic\u0103, dar aceasta este, de fapt, sus\u021binerea orient\u0103rii profesionale a elevului din partea p\u0103rin\u021bilor, primele germeni ai stimei de sine ca viitor specialist.<\/p>\n<h3>Ce \u0219i cine va ajuta?<\/h3>\n<p>\nOrientarea profesional\u0103 este un proces care determin\u0103 restul vie\u021bii, a\u0219a c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 te bazezi, de asemenea, pe metode externe \u0219i pe ajutorul speciali\u0219tilor.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Consultant \u00een orientare profesional\u0103<\/b> \u2014 o persoan\u0103 care poate g\u0103si cu adev\u0103rat cele mai ascunse dorin\u021be \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bi ale copilului. De multe ori, ace\u0219tia nu sunt doar psihologi sociali, ci speciali\u0219ti HR practican\u021bi, care evalueaz\u0103 sute de candida\u021bi \u0219i pot evalua cu discern\u0103m\u00e2nt la ce este preg\u0103tit copilul t\u0103u \u0219i pe ce orizonturi merit\u0103 s\u0103 se a\u0219tepte.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/3d4728984d0fa2669903c5a8b2452fe7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><i>Dup\u0103 lucrarea cu un specialist \u00een orientare profesional\u0103 \u2014 este, de asemenea, un rezultat!<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Autoanaliz\u0103:<\/b> Este nevoie s\u0103 definim ce ne place foarte mult, la ce suntem dispu\u0219i (acelea sunt rutina), ce nu ne place \u0219i la ce nu suntem dispozi\u021bi nici m\u0103car pentru recompense. Cel mai bine este s\u0103 le not\u0103m pe h\u00e2rtie \u0219i s\u0103 p\u0103str\u0103m acele note pentru a reveni mai t\u00e2rziu la o alt\u0103 itera\u021bie. O astfel de tabel\u0103 va ajuta la \u00een\u021belegerea intersec\u021biei abilit\u0103\u021bilor \u00een care ar trebui s\u0103 se g\u0103seasc\u0103 profesia.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Harta profesiilor potrivite<\/b> \u2014 nota\u021bi toate profesiile care, \u00een func\u021bie de anumite criterii, se potrivesc cu elevul, discuta\u021bi fiecare profesie, eviden\u021biind avantajele \u0219i dezavantajele, corel\u00e2nd aceste informa\u021bii cu oportunit\u0103\u021bile de admitere \u00een universit\u0103\u021bile corespunz\u0103toare. Astfel, pute\u021bi restr\u00e2nge op\u021biunile la c\u00e2teva direc\u021bii \u0219i s\u0103 discuta\u021bi \u00een termenii dezvolt\u0103rii profesionale ulterioare. <i>(de exemplu, au r\u0103mas profesiile de cameraman, programator, inginer \u00een domeniul construc\u021biei de automobile \u0219i c\u0103pitan de nav\u0103 oceanic\u0103, dintre care exist\u0103 un vector \u2014 specialit\u0103\u021bi tehnice, leg\u0103tura cu un anumit echipament; deja se pot studia perspectivele fiec\u0103rei profesii, evalu\u00e2nd cum va ar\u0103ta aceasta la momentul absolvirii universit\u0103\u021bii etc. De\u0219i variabilitatea r\u0103m\u00e2ne totu\u0219i foarte mare).\u00a0<\/i>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torii<\/b> \u2014 observatori \u0219i martori importan\u021bi ai cre\u0219terii copilului dvs., uneori ei pot observa lucruri ce scap\u0103 p\u0103rin\u021bilor. De fapt, ei v\u0103d elevul \u00een primul r\u00e2nd din punct de vedere intelectual, observ\u00e2nd poten\u021bialul s\u0103u ca viitor specialist. Discuta\u021bi cu ei, aborda\u021bi subiectul dezvolt\u0103rii profesionale, observa\u021biile lor pot constitui un factor cu adev\u0103rat semnificativ.\u00a0\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAtunci c\u00e2nd ve\u021bi aduna \u0219i compara aceste date, v\u0103 va fi mult mai u\u0219or s\u0103 determina\u021bi cum s\u0103 ajuta\u021bi adolescentul s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i aleag\u0103 direc\u021bia potrivit\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/c46ffbddf66c6ef84e5775f391b16da7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><i>Aceasta este o diagram\u0103 clasic\u0103 de orientare profesional\u0103, din care reiese c\u0103 o carier\u0103 de succes se va contura la intersec\u021bia dorin\u021belor, posibilit\u0103\u021bilor (inclusiv cele fizice) \u0219i nevoilor pie\u021bei muncii.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Dar ne-a pl\u0103cut o alt\u0103 variant\u0103 a acesteia \u2014 nu po\u021bi s\u0103 te contrazici!<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/8ccbaaa56a3e179a58e42ce4ffab5e79.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Cum s\u0103 cre\u0219ti un specialist IT?<\/h3>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 adolescentul (sau, cu at\u00e2t mai bine, copilul cu v\u00e2rsta sub 12 ani) are anumite abilit\u0103\u021bi de g\u00e2ndire logic\u0103, algoritmic\u0103, o viziune ingineresc\u0103 asupra lucrurilor, nu rata\u021bi momentul \u0219i acorda\u021bi o aten\u021bie special\u0103 anumitor aspecte:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>c\u0103r\u021bilor, anume c\u0103r\u021bilor, despre informatic\u0103 \u0219i matematic\u0103 \u2014 pe de o parte, acestea sunt discipline necesare, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte, copilul vostru se va obi\u0219nui s\u0103 lucreze cu literatura profesional\u0103; \u00een via\u021ba profesional\u0103, un bun programator rar se descurc\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 c\u0103r\u021bi;\n<\/li>\n<li>cursurilor de robotic\u0103 \u0219i programare \u2014 mentorii vor \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba copilul elementele de baz\u0103 ale algoritmilor, func\u021biilor \u0219i conceptelor din domeniul IT (stiv\u0103, memorie, limbaj de programare, interpretator, testare etc.);\n<\/li>\n<li>limbii engleze \u2014 trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi limba foarte serios, s\u0103 ave\u021bi grij\u0103 de diversitatea \u0219i profunzimea vocabularului, de componenta conversa\u021bional\u0103 (de la comunicarea cu colegii \u00een aplica\u021bii \u0219i pe Skype p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea \u00een vacan\u021be \u00een \u0219coli de limb\u0103 sau tabere \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate);\n<\/li>\n<li>despre robo\u021bi \u0219i kituri de construc\u021bie acas\u0103 \u2014 acum exist\u0103 robo\u021bi programabili \u00een orice segment de pre\u021b, este important s\u0103 analiza\u021bi \u00eempreun\u0103 cu elevul temele de acas\u0103, aprofund\u00e2nd cuno\u0219tin\u021bele;\n<\/li>\n<li>dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi preg\u0103ti\u021bi s\u0103 lucra\u021bi \u0219i cu Arduino \u0219i s\u0103 captiva\u021bi t\u00e2n\u0103rul \u00een acest domeniu \u2014 atunci totul e aproape rezolvat.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nDar, \u00een spatele gamific\u0103rii \u0219i entuziasmului, nu trebuie s\u0103 uit\u0103m de fundamentele fizicii, matematicii \u0219i informaticii, care trebuie neap\u0103rat s\u0103 fie prezente \u00een via\u021ba unui elev dornic de dezvoltare (\u0219i, \u00een general, a oric\u0103rei persoane educate).<\/p>\n<h2>\u00cenv\u0103\u021barea \u2014 nu o putem uita: \u00eentrebare-r\u0103spuns<\/h2>\n<p>\nDesigur, chiar dac\u0103 a\u021bi orientat copilul spre profesie \u00eenc\u0103 din clasa \u00eent\u00e2i \u0219i sunte\u021bi siguri \u00een viitorul lui, asta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 neglija\u021bi \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea \u00een \u0219coal\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 v\u0103 concentra\u021bi pe un singur lucru.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Cum s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi disciplinele \u00abprofilate\u00bb?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Exclusiv \u00een profunzime, folosind literatur\u0103 suplimentar\u0103, manuale \u0219i ghiduri. Scopul \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii nu este doar s\u0103 treci bine examenul de bacalaureat, ci s\u0103 ajungi la universitate preg\u0103tit, cu o \u00een\u021belegere a disciplinei \u0219i a locului acesteia \u00een viitoarea profesie.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Cum s\u0103 privi\u021bi disciplinele nepredictibile?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen limitele ra\u021bionale \u0219i ale ambi\u021biilor personale \u2014 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi, da\u021bi examene, scrie\u021bi lucr\u0103ri, dar nu pierde\u021bi prea mult timp pe ele. Excep\u021bii: limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i limbile str\u0103ine, acestea sunt profilate pentru orice specialitate, a\u0219a c\u0103 acorda\u021bi-le o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Cum s\u0103 lucra\u021bi cu sarcinile suplimentare?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Provoc\u0103rile de dificultate crescut\u0103 \u0219i olimpiadele reprezint\u0103 \u00eenceputul unei cariere, f\u0103r\u0103 exagerare. Acestea dezvolt\u0103 g\u00e2ndirea, \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 te concentrezi pe distan\u021be scurte \u0219i s\u0103 rezolvi problemele intensiv, ofer\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bi de auto-prezentare \u0219i capacitatea de a \u00eenvinge\/suporta. A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 vrei s\u0103 intri \u00eentr-o anume universitate \u0219i adolescentul are a\u0219tept\u0103ri profesionale bine dezvoltate, merit\u0103 s\u0103 participe la olimpiade, conferin\u021be \u0219i concursuri de lucr\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bifice pentru elevi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, s\u0103n\u0103tatea trebuie s\u0103 fie pe primul loc, acesta este un aspect important pe care p\u0103rin\u021bii \u00eel uit\u0103, iar copiii nu \u00eel con\u0219tientizeaz\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>S\u0103 mergi la un tehnicum dup\u0103 clasa a 8-a\/a 9-a?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Este o decizie exclusiv\u0103 a p\u0103rin\u021bilor \u0219i a elevului \u00eensu\u0219i. \u00cen educa\u021bia pe schema tehnicum+universitate nu este nimic gre\u0219it, ba chiar mai multe avantaje. Dar a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba este par\u021bial mai dificil.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>S\u0103 schimbi \u0219coala cu una profesionist\u0103?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Este de preferat s\u0103 schimbi \u2014 astfel, elevul va avea mai multe \u0219anse s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 un punctaj mare la examenele de maturitate (\u0219i la examenele de admitere este aceea\u0219i situa\u021bie, dac\u0103 acestea se vor reinstaura \u00een viitor \u2014 \u0219ansele r\u0103m\u00e2n mai mari). Nu trebuie s\u0103 ne temem de traume psihologice, schimbarea colectivului are un mare avantaj: o parte dintre colegii de clas\u0103 \u0219i de facultate ai viitorului student vor fi cunoscu\u021bi mai devreme, ceea ce contribuie semnificativ la adaptarea \u00een universitate. Dar dac\u0103 adolescentul nu dore\u0219te cu adev\u0103rat s\u0103 renun\u021be, iar lumea \u0219colar\u0103 este cea mai drag\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103, nu ar trebui s\u0103 for\u021bezi schimbarea, mai bine investe\u0219te timp \u00een activit\u0103\u021bi suplimentare.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Factori \u00een alegerea universit\u0103\u021bii?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Sunt foarte mul\u021bi factori: de la mutarea \u00een alte ora\u0219e p\u00e2n\u0103 la tr\u0103s\u0103turile interne ale universit\u0103\u021bii, totul este foarte individual. Dar ar trebui s\u0103 acorzi aten\u021bie bazelor de practic\u0103 (dac\u0103 nu ai unele \u00een vedere), gradului de studiere a limbilor \u00een universitate, profilului \u0219tiin\u021bific principal (laboratoare \u0219tiin\u021bifice), \u0219i existen\u021bei unei catedre militare (pentru cei pentru care este relevant).<\/p>\n<p><i><b>C\u00e2nd ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 s\u0103 lucreze?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Aceasta este o \u00eentrebare mare \u2014 merit\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eencepi s\u0103 lucrezi \u00een \u0219coal\u0103, iar r\u0103spunsul la aceasta este de asemenea individual. Dar, din punctul meu de vedere, merit\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eencerci s\u0103 lucrezi vara \u00eentre clasa a 9-a \u0219i a 10-a, respectiv \u00eentre clasa a 10-a \u0219i a 11-a \u2014 pur \u0219i simplu pentru a \u00een\u021belege cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 interac\u021biunea \u00eentr-un colectiv de munc\u0103, cum sunt distribuite responsabilit\u0103\u021bile, ce grade de libertate\/s\u0103r\u0103cie exist\u0103. Iar \u00een vara admiterii la universitate, stresul \u0219i sarcinile sunt excesiv de mari \u2014 a\u0219adar, mai bine s\u0103 te \u00eenscrii \u0219i s\u0103 te odihne\u0219ti, cu c\u00e2t mai mult, cu at\u00e2t mai bine.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen realitate, pe aceast\u0103 tem\u0103 se poate vorbi la nesf\u00e2r\u0219it, iar ea necesit\u0103 o abordare profund individualizat\u0103. Dar, se pare c\u0103 dac\u0103 fiecare p\u0103rinte ar lua \u00een considerare m\u0103car c\u00e2teva puncte din acest articol, elevilor le-ar fi mai u\u0219or s\u0103 aleag\u0103 o carier\u0103 viitoare, iar p\u0103rin\u021bii ar putea evita repro\u0219ul \u201eNu am vrut la acest universitate, a\u021bi decis voi pentru mine\u201d. Sarcina adul\u021bilor nu este doar s\u0103-\u0219i hr\u0103neasc\u0103 copiii cu pe\u0219te, ci s\u0103 le ofere o undi\u021b\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eei \u00eenve\u021be s\u0103 o foloseasc\u0103. Perioada \u0219colar\u0103 reprezint\u0103 un fundament uria\u0219 pentru \u00eentreaga via\u021b\u0103 viitoare, a\u0219a c\u0103 merit\u0103 s\u0103 o trat\u0103m cu seriozitate \u0219i respect\u00e2nd trei reguli principale: a respecta, a \u00eendruma \u0219i a iubi. Crede\u021bi-m\u0103, se va \u00eentoarce la voi \u00eenzecit.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen urm\u0103torul episod, vom parcurge cinci\/sase coridoare ale cursurilor din universitate \u0219i vom decide \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it dac\u0103 este necesar sau \u201epoate c\u0103 diploma nu conteaz\u0103?\u201d Nu-l rata\u021bi!<\/p>\n<h4>Postscriptum zgomotos<\/h4>\n<p>\nApropo, am uitat un moment important - dac\u0103 vrei s\u0103 devii un specialist IT, ar trebui s\u0103 te familiarizezi cu proiectele open source \u00eenc\u0103 din \u0219coal\u0103. Nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 contribui la cele mai mari dezvolt\u0103ri, dar este vremea s\u0103 \u00eencepi s\u0103 lucrezi la un proiect personal \u0219i s\u0103-l \u00eengrijesti, aplic\u00e2nd teoria \u00een practic\u0103. Iar dac\u0103 ai crescut deja \u0219i \u00ee\u021bi lipse\u0219te ceva pentru dezvoltare, de exemplu, un echipament puternic <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ruvds.com\/ru-rub\">VPS<\/a><\/noindex>, vizita\u021bi <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ruvds.com\/ru-rub\">site-ul RUVDS<\/a><\/noindex><\/b> \u2014 avem multe lucruri interesante.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ruvds.com\/turbo_vps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103ie\u0219te o sut\u0103 de ani \u2014 \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 o sut\u0103 de ani. Partea 1. \u0218coala \u0219i orientarea profesional\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/96a1e41a92ad2841f2c7d6337b546a31.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ruvds\/blog\/459336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0423 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f, \u0441\u044b\u043d \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b (coll\u00e8ge+lyc\u00e9e) \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0451\u043b \u0432 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d SMM-\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043a\u0435\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 23 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0448\u0451\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 SAP \u043d\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26950,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - 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