{"id":36133,"date":"2019-10-31T22:09:48","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chitat-mezhdu-not-sistema-peredachi-dannyh-vnutri-muzyki\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:09:48","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:48","slug":"chitat-mezhdu-not-sistema-peredachi-dannyh-vnutri-muzyki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/chitat-mezhdu-not-sistema-peredachi-dannyh-vnutri-muzyki","title":{"rendered":"Cite\u0219te \u00eentre note: sistemul de transmitere a datelor \u00een muzic\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Cite\u0219te
\n
\nA exprima ceea ce cuvintele nu pot transmite; a sim\u021bi cele mai diverse emo\u021bii, \u00eempletindu-se \u00eentr-un uragan de sentimente; a se desprinde de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, cer \u0219i chiar de \u00eentreaga Univers, pornind \u00eentr-o c\u0103l\u0103torie \u00een care nu exist\u0103 h\u0103r\u021bi, drumuri sau semne; a inventa, povesti \u0219i tr\u0103i o \u00eentreag\u0103 poveste care va r\u0103m\u00e2ne mereu unic\u0103 \u0219i inegalabil\u0103. Toate acestea sunt posibile datorit\u0103 muzicii \u2014 o art\u0103 care exist\u0103 de mii de ani \u0219i ne \u00eenc\u00e2nt\u0103 auzul \u0219i inimile. <\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, muzica, sau mai exact lucr\u0103rile muzicale, pot servi nu doar pentru pl\u0103cerea estetic\u0103, ci \u0219i pentru transmiterea informa\u021biilor codificate \u00een ele, destinate unui anumit dispozitiv \u0219i neobservate de ascult\u0103tor. Ast\u0103zi ne vom familiariza cu o cercetare destul de neobi\u0219nuit\u0103, \u00een care studen\u021bii absolven\u021bi de la Institutul Politehnic Elve\u021bian din Zurich au reu\u0219it, neobserv\u00e2ndu-se de urechea uman\u0103, s\u0103 integreze anumite date \u00een lucr\u0103rile muzicale, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t muzica \u00een sine devine un canal de transmitere a datelor. Cum au realizat ei tehnologia, c\u00e2t de diferite sunt melodiile cu date integrate \u0219i cele f\u0103r\u0103, \u0219i ce au ar\u0103tat testele practice? Vom afla din raportul cercet\u0103torilor. S\u0103 \u00eencepem.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Baza cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n

\nCercet\u0103torii \u00ee\u0219i numesc tehnologia o tehnic\u0103 acustic\u0103 de transmitere a datelor. Atunci c\u00e2nd un difuzor red\u0103 o melodie modificat\u0103, o persoan\u0103 o percepe ca pe una obi\u0219nuit\u0103, \u00een timp ce, de exemplu, un smartphone poate citi informa\u021biile codificate \u00eentre r\u00e2nduri, mai exact \u00eentre note, dac\u0103 pot spune a\u0219a. Cel mai important aspect al acestei metode de transmitere a datelor pe care oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 (faptul c\u0103 ace\u0219ti tineri sunt \u00een continuare studen\u021bi absolven\u021bi nu le \u00eempiedic\u0103 s\u0103 fie oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103) \u00eel consider\u0103 viteza \u0219i fiabilitatea transmisiei, men\u021bin\u00e2nd nivelul acestor parametri indiferent de fi\u0219ierul audio ales. A face fa\u021b\u0103 acestei sarcini este ajutat de psychoacustica, care studiaz\u0103 aspectele psihologice \u0219i fiziologice ale percep\u021biei sunetelor de c\u0103tre om. <\/p>\n

Nuclee de transfer acustic de date poate fi considerat OFDM (multiplexare cu divizarea ortogonal\u0103 a frecven\u021belor), care, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu adaptarea purt\u0103toarelor la muzica original\u0103 de-a lungul timpului, a permis utilizarea optim\u0103 a spectrului frecven\u021bei transmise pentru transferul de informa\u021bii. Datorit\u0103 acestui fapt, s-a reu\u0219it atingerea unei viteze de transfer de 412 bi\u021bi\/s pe distan\u021be de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 de metri (coeficientul de erori < 10%). Experimentele practice cu 40 de voluntari au confirmat c\u0103 este aproape imposibil s\u0103 percepi diferen\u021ba dintre melodia original\u0103 \u0219i cea \u00een care a fost injectat\u0103 informa\u021bia.<\/p>\n

Unde poate fi aplicat\u0103 aceast\u0103 tehnologie \u00een practic\u0103? Cercet\u0103torii au propria variant\u0103 de r\u0103spuns: aproape toate smartphone-urile moderne, laptopurile \u0219i alte dispozitive portabile sunt echipate cu microfoane, iar \u00een multe locuri publice (cafea, restaurante, centre comerciale etc.) exist\u0103 difuzoare cu muzic\u0103 ambiental\u0103. \u00cen aceast\u0103 melodie de fundal, se pot injecta, de exemplu, datele pentru conectarea la re\u021beaua Wi-Fi f\u0103r\u0103 a fi necesare ac\u021biuni suplimentare.<\/p>\n

Caracteristicile comune ale transferului acustic de date ne-au devenit clare, acum s\u0103 trecem la studiul detaliat al structurii acestui sistem.<\/p>\n

Descrierea sistemului<\/h3>\n

\nInjectarea datelor \u00een melodie se realizeaz\u0103 prin mascare a frecven\u021bei. \u00cen intervalele de timp, frecven\u021bele de mascare sunt identificate, iar purt\u0103toarele OFDM, apropiate de aceste elemente de mascare, sunt umplute cu date.<\/p>\n

\"Cite\u0219te
\nImaginea nr. 1: conversia fi\u0219ierului original \u00eentr-un semnal compus (melodie + date), transmis prin difuzoare.<\/i><\/p>\n

La \u00eenceput, semnalul audio original este \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00een segmente secven\u021biale pentru analiz\u0103. Fiecare segment (Hi) din L = 8820 mostre, egal cu 200 ms, este \u00eenmul\u021bit cu fereastra*<\/i> pentru a minimiza efectele de margine.<\/p>\n

Fereastra*<\/b> este o func\u021bie ponderat\u0103 utilizat\u0103 pentru a controla efectele cauzate de prezen\u021ba lobiului lateral \u00een estim\u0103rile spectrale.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ulterior, au fost identificate frecven\u021bele dominante ale semnalului ini\u021bial \u00een intervalul de la 500 Hz p\u00e2n\u0103 la 9.8 kHz, ceea ce a permis ob\u021binerea frecven\u021belor mascare fM,l pentru acest segment. \u00cen plus, a avut loc transmiterea datelor \u00eentr-un interval restr\u00e2ns de la 9.8 la 10 kHz pentru a determina loca\u021bia subportan\u021belor \u00een receptor. Limita superioar\u0103 a domeniului de frecven\u021be utilizat a fost stabilit\u0103 pe 10 kHz din cauza sensibilit\u0103\u021bii sc\u0103zute a microfoanelor smartphone-urilor la frecven\u021be \u00eenalte.<\/p>\n

Frecven\u021bele mascare au fost determinate pentru fiecare segment analizat \u00een mod individual. Prin metoda HPS (spectrul armonic al produselor) au fost stabilite trei frecven\u021be dominante, dup\u0103 care acestea au fost rotunjite la cele mai apropiate note ale scalei cromatice armonice. A\u0219a au fost ob\u021binute notele fundamentale fF,i = 1\u20263, situate \u00eentre tastele C0 (16.35 Hz) \u0219i B0 (30.87 Hz). Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 notele fundamentale sunt prea joase pentru a fi utilizate \u00een transmiterea datelor, au fost calculate octavele lor superioare 2kfF,i \u00een intervalul de 500 Hz \u2026 9.8 kHz. Multe dintre aceste frecven\u021be (fO,l1) au fost mai bine exprimate datorit\u0103 naturii HPS.<\/p>\n

\"Cite\u0219te
\nImaginea Nr. 2: octavele calculate fO,l1 pentru notele fundamentale \u0219i armonicile fH,l2 ale celui mai puternic ton.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00centregul set de octave \u0219i armonici a fost utilizat ca frecven\u021be mascare, pe baza c\u0103rora au fost ob\u021binute frecven\u021bele subportan\u021bei OFDM fSC,k. Sub \u0219i deasupra fiec\u0103rei frecven\u021be mascare au fost inserate dou\u0103 subporta\u021bi. <\/p>\n

Ulterior, s-a realizat filtrarea spectrului audio al segmentului Hi la frecven\u021bele subportan\u021belor fSC,k. Apoi, pe baza bi\u021bilor informa\u021bionali \u00een Bi, s-a creat simbolul OFDM, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t segmentul compus Ci s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi transmis prin difuzor. Valorile \u0219i fazele subportan\u021belor trebuie alese astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t receptorul s\u0103 poat\u0103 extrage datele transmise, \u00een timp ce ascult\u0103torul s\u0103 nu observe modific\u0103rile \u00een melodie.<\/p>\n

\"Cite\u0219te
\nImaginea Nr. 3: por\u021biunea spectrului \u0219i frecven\u021bele subportan\u021belor segmentului Hi al melodiei ini\u021biale.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd semnalul audio cu informa\u021biile codificate este redat prin difuzoare, microfonul dispozitivului receptor \u00eel \u00eenregistreaz\u0103. Pentru a g\u0103si pozi\u021biile ini\u021biale ale simbolurilor OFDM \u00eencorporate, este necesar s\u0103 treci \u00eenregistr\u0103rile prin filtrare pe band\u0103. Astfel, se extrage banda de frecven\u021b\u0103 superioar\u0103, unde nu exist\u0103 semnale muzicale de interferen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre subportatoare. Pozi\u021bia de \u00eenceput a simbolurilor OFDM poate fi g\u0103sit\u0103 folosind prefixul ciclic.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 detectarea \u00eenceputului simbolurilor OFDM, receptorul ob\u021bine informa\u021biile despre cele mai dominante note prin decodificarea zonei de frecven\u021b\u0103 superioar\u0103. De asemenea, OFDM este suficient de robust \u00eempotriva influen\u021bei surselor de interferen\u021be cu band\u0103 \u00eengust\u0103, deoarece acestea afecteaz\u0103 doar unele dintre subportatoare.<\/p>\n

Test\u0103ri practice<\/h3>\n

\nCa surs\u0103 de melodii modificate a fost folosit difuzorul KRK Rokit 8, iar rolul p\u0103r\u021bii receptor a fost jucat de smartphone-ul Nexus 5X.<\/p>\n

\"Cite\u0219te
\nImaginea nr. 4: diferen\u021ba dintre manifest\u0103rile reale ale OFDM \u0219i v\u00e2rfurile corela\u021biilor m\u0103surate \u00een interior la o distan\u021b\u0103 de 5 m \u00eentre difuzor \u0219i microfon.<\/i><\/p>\n

Majoritatea punctelor OFDM se afl\u0103 \u00een intervalul de la 0 la 25 ms, a\u0219a c\u0103 se poate g\u0103si un \u00eenceput acceptabil \u00een interiorul prefixului ciclic de 66,6 ms. Cercet\u0103torii observ\u0103 c\u0103 receptorul (\u00een acest experiment smartphone-ul) ia \u00een considerare c\u0103 simbolurile OFDM sunt redate periodic, ceea ce \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te detectarea acestora.<\/p>\n

Primul lucru pe care a fost necesar s\u0103-l verific\u0103m a fost influen\u021ba distan\u021bei asupra coeficientului de erori pe bi\u021bi (BER). Pentru aceasta s-au efectuat trei teste \u00een diferite tipuri de \u00eenc\u0103peri: un hol cu covor, un birou cu linoleum pe podea \u0219i o sal\u0103 de audien\u021b\u0103 cu podea din lemn.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nCa \u00absubiect de testare\u00bb a fost aleas\u0103 melodie \u201eAnd The Cradle Will Rock\u201d a trupei Van Halen. <\/i><\/p>\n

Volumul a fost ajustat astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t nivelul sunetului m\u0103surat de smartphone la o distan\u021b\u0103 de 2 m de difuzor s\u0103 fie de 63 dB.<\/p>\n

\"Cite\u0219te
\nImaginea nr. 5: indicatorii BER \u00een func\u021bie de distan\u021ba dintre difuzor \u0219i microfon (linia albastr\u0103 - sal\u0103 de audien\u021b\u0103, linia verde - hol, linia portocalie - birou).<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00cen hol, sunetul de 40 dB a fost captat de smartphone la o distan\u021b\u0103 de p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 de metri de difuzor. \u00cen sal\u0103, la o distan\u021b\u0103 de 15 m, sunetul a fost de 55 dB, iar \u00een birou, la o distan\u021b\u0103 de 8 metri, nivelul sunetului perceput de smartphone a ajuns la 57 dB. <\/p>\n

Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 audien\u021ba \u0219i biroul sunt mai reverberante, semnalele \u00eent\u00e2rziate de ecou ale simbolurilor OFDM dep\u0103\u0219esc lungimea prefixului ciclic \u0219i cresc BER.<\/p>\n

Reverbera\u021bie*<\/b> \u2014 diminuarea treptat\u0103 a intensit\u0103\u021bii sunetului datorit\u0103 reflec\u021biei sale multiple. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mai departe, cercet\u0103torii au demonstrat versatilitatea sistemului lor aplic\u00e2ndu-l la 6 melodii diferite din trei genuri (tabelul de mai jos).<\/p>\n

\"Cite\u0219te
\nTabelul nr. 1: melodiile utilizate \u00een teste.<\/i><\/p>\n

De asemenea, prin intermediul datelor din tabel putem observa viteza de transmisie \u0219i coeficientul de eroare pe bit pentru fiecare melodie. Viteza de transmisie difer\u0103 deoarece BPSK diferen\u021bial (modularea de faz\u0103) func\u021bioneaz\u0103 mai bine atunci c\u00e2nd se folosesc acelea\u0219i subportante. Aceasta este posibil\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd segmentele adiacente con\u021bin acelea\u0219i elemente de masc\u0103. Melodiile continuu intense ofer\u0103 o baz\u0103 optim\u0103 pentru ascunderea datelor, deoarece frecven\u021bele de masc\u0103 sunt mai pronun\u021bate \u00eentr-un interval larg de frecven\u021be. Muzica care se schimb\u0103 repede poate masca simbolurile OFDM doar par\u021bial din cauza lungimii fixe a feroniei de analiz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ulterior, testarea sistemului a fost realizat\u0103 de oameni care trebuiau s\u0103 determine care melodie era original\u0103 \u0219i care a fost modificat\u0103 prin informa\u021biile integrate \u00een aceasta. Pentru aceasta, fragmente de 12 secunde din melodiile din tabelul nr. 1 au fost plasate pe un site special. <\/p>\n

\u00cen primul experiment (E1), fiec\u0103rui participant i-a fost oferit un fragment modificat sau original pentru a-l asculta \u0219i trebuia s\u0103 decid\u0103 dac\u0103 acest fragment este original sau modificat. \u00cen al doilea experiment (E2), participan\u021bii au putut asculta de c\u00e2te ori doresc ambele variante \u0219i apoi s\u0103 decid\u0103 care din ele este originalul \u0219i care este modificat.<\/p>\n

\"Cite\u0219te
\nTabelul nr. 2: rezultatele experimentele E1 \u0219i E2.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00cen rezultatele primei experien\u021be sunt dou\u0103 indicatori: p(O|O) \u2014 procentul participan\u021bilor care au identificat corect melodia original\u0103 \u0219i p(O|M) \u2014 procentul participan\u021bilor care au identificat versiunea modificat\u0103 a melodiei ca fiind original\u0103.<\/p>\n

Este interesant c\u0103 unii participan\u021bi, conform cercet\u0103torilor, considerau anumite melodii modificate mai originale dec\u00e2t originalul \u00een sine. Media rezultatelor ambelor experimente sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 un ascult\u0103tor mediu nu va observa diferen\u021ba dintre o melodie obi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u0219i aceea \u00een care au fost integrate datele.<\/p>\n

Bine\u00een\u021beles, cunosc\u0103torii muzicii \u0219i muzicienii vor putea sesiza anumite inexactit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i elemente suspecte \u00een melodiile modificate, dar aceste elemente nu sunt at\u00e2t de semnificative \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 provoace disconfort.<\/p>\n

\u0218i acum putem participa noi \u00een\u0219ine la experiment. Mai jos sunt prezentate dou\u0103 variante ale acelea\u0219i melodii \u2014 original\u0103 \u0219i modificat\u0103. Observa\u021bi diferen\u021ba?<\/p>\n

Varianta original\u0103 a melodiei<\/a><\/noindex>
\nvs
\nVarianta modificat\u0103 a melodiei<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pentru o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a nuan\u021belor cercet\u0103rii, v\u0103 recomand s\u0103 consulta\u021bi raport<\/a><\/noindex> grupului de cercetare.<\/p>\n

De asemenea, pute\u021bi desc\u0103rca arhiva ZIP cu fi\u0219ierele audio ale melodiilor originale \u0219i modificate folosite \u00een studiu, la acest link<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Epilog<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen aceast\u0103 lucrare, doctoranzii \u0218colii Tehnice Superioare din Zurich au descris un sistem uimitor de transmitere a datelor \u00een interiorul muzicii. Pentru aceasta, au aplicat mascarea frecven\u021belor, ceea ce a permis integrarea datelor \u00een melodia redat\u0103 de un difuzor. Aceast\u0103 melodie este perceput\u0103 de microfonul dispozitivului, care recunoa\u0219te datele ascunse \u0219i le decodeaz\u0103, \u00een timp ce un ascult\u0103tor mediu nu va observa nicio diferen\u021b\u0103. \u00cen continuare, b\u0103ie\u021bii inten\u021bioneaz\u0103 s\u0103-\u0219i dezvolte sistemul, g\u0103sind metode din ce \u00een ce mai sofisticate de integrare a datelor \u00een audio. <\/p>\n

Atunci c\u00e2nd cineva inventeaz\u0103 ceva neobi\u0219nuit \u0219i, cel mai important, func\u021bional, ne bucur\u0103m \u00eentotdeauna. Dar \u0219i mai mult ne bucur\u0103m s\u0103 vedem c\u0103 aceast\u0103 descoperire a fost realizat\u0103 de tineri. \u0218tiin\u021ba nu are limite de v\u00e2rst\u0103. Dac\u0103 tinerii consider\u0103 c\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021ba este plictisitoare, \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 este prezentat\u0103 dintr-o perspectiv\u0103 gre\u0219it\u0103. A\u0219a cum \u0219tim, \u0219tiin\u021ba este o lume uimitoare care nu \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 ne surprind\u0103. <\/p>\n

Off-topic de vineri:<\/b>

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nCum am ajuns s\u0103 discut\u0103m despre muzic\u0103, mai ales rock, iat\u0103 o c\u0103l\u0103torie minunat\u0103 prin universul rockului.<\/i><\/p>\n

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nQueen, \u201eRadio Ga Ga\u201d (1984).<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u0103 mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie, r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi curio\u0219i \u0219i s\u0103 ave\u021bi un weekend pl\u0103cut, tuturor! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

\nV\u0103 mul\u021bumim c\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi cu noi. V\u0103 plac articolele noastre? Dori\u021bi s\u0103 vede\u021bi mai multe materiale interesante? Sus\u021bine\u021bi-ne f\u0103c\u00e2nd o comand\u0103 sau recomand\u00e2ndu-ne prietenilor. 30% reducere pentru utilizatorii Habr pentru un server entry-level unic, creat special pentru tine:<\/b> Adev\u0103rul despre VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 nuclee) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps de la 20$ sau cum s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bim corect un server?<\/a><\/noindex> (sunt disponibile op\u021biuni cu RAID1 \u0219i RAID10, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 nuclee \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd la jum\u0103tate de pre\u021b?<\/b> Numai la noi 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB de la 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een Olanda! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 de la 99 $!<\/b><\/b> Citi\u021bi despre Cum s\u0103 construi\u021bi o infrastructur\u0103 de clas\u0103 enterprise folosind servere Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 la pre\u021buri foarte mici de 9000 \u20ac?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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