{"id":36231,"date":"2019-10-31T22:10:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-6-kommuna-emacs\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:10:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:23","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-6-kommuna-emacs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-6-kommuna-emacs","title":{"rendered":"Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 6. Comuna Emacs","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 1. Printrul fatal<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 2. 2001: Odissea hackerilor<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 3. Portretul hackerului \u00een tinere\u021be<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 4. Desfiin\u021barea zeului<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n<\/p>\n

Free as in Freedom in Romanian: Chapter 5. The Stream of Freedom<\/a><\/p>\n

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Comuna Emacs<\/h1>\n

Laboratorul AI din anii '70 a fost un loc special, unde se converg toate. Aici aveau loc cercet\u0103ri de v\u00e2rf, aici lucrau cei mai talenta\u021bi speciali\u0219ti, astfel c\u0103 \u00een lumea computerelor Laboratorul era mereu \u00een aten\u021bie. Cultura hackerelor \u0219i spiritul s\u0103u rebel creau \u00een jurul s\u0103u o aur\u0103 de loc sacru. Numai atunci c\u00e2nd mul\u021bi cercet\u0103tori \u0219i \"staruri ale program\u0103rii\" au p\u0103r\u0103sit Laboratorul, hackerii au sim\u021bit toat\u0103 mitologia \u0219i efemeritatea acelei lumi \u00een care tr\u0103iau.<\/p>\n

\"Laboratorul era pentru noi ceva de genul unui Eden, - poveste\u0219te Stallman \u00eentr-un articol Forbes<\/em> din 1998, - nim\u0103nui nu-i venea \u00een minte s\u0103 se izoleze de ceilal\u021bi angaja\u021bi \u00een loc s\u0103 colaboreze\".<\/p>\n

Descrierile de acest tip \u00een spiritul mitologiei subliniaz\u0103 un fapt important: etajul 9 al TechnoSphere era pentru mul\u021bi hackeri nu doar un loc de munc\u0103, ci \u0219i o cas\u0103 natal\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cuv\u00e2ntul \"acas\u0103\" a fost folosit de Richard Stallman \u00eensu\u0219i, \u0219i \u0219tim c\u00e2t de precis \u0219i prudent este el \u00een afirma\u021bii. Dup\u0103 ce a trecut prin \"r\u0103zboiul rece\" cu propriii p\u0103rin\u021bi, Richard consider\u0103 c\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la Carrier House, c\u0103minul s\u0103u de la Harvard, nu a avut de fapt un c\u0103min. Potrivit lui, \u00een anii de la Harvard, singura lui team\u0103 era s\u0103 fie exclus. Am exprimat dubii c\u0103 un student str\u0103lucit ca Stallman ar fi avut riscul s\u0103 fie exmatriculat. Dar Richard mi-a amintit de problemele sale caracteristice cu disciplina.<\/p>\n

\"La Harvard, disciplina este foarte apreciat\u0103, \u0219i dac\u0103 ratezi cursuri, te vor ruga rapid s\u0103 pleci\", - a spus el.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 terminarea studiilor la Harvard, Stallman a pierdut dreptul la c\u0103min, iar dorin\u021ba de a se \u00eentoarce la p\u0103rin\u021bi \u00een New York nu a existat niciodat\u0103. A\u0219a c\u0103 a urmat calea b\u0103tut\u0103 de Greenblatt, Gosper, Sussman \u0219i mul\u021bi al\u021bi hackeri - a intrat la \u0219coala postuniversitar\u0103 MIT, a \u00eenchiriat o camer\u0103 \u00een apropiere de Cambridge \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 petreac\u0103 cea mai mare parte a timpului \u00een Laboratorul AI. \u00cen discursul s\u0103u din 1986, Richard a descris astfel aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103:<\/p>\n

\n

Probabil c\u0103 am mai multe motive dec\u00e2t al\u021bii s\u0103 spun c\u0103 am tr\u0103it \u00een Laborator, pentru c\u0103, la fiecare c\u00e2\u021biva ani, din diverse motive, r\u0103m\u00e2neam f\u0103r\u0103 ad\u0103post, \u0219i, \u00een total, am locuit \u00een Laborator c\u00e2teva luni. M\u0103 sim\u021beam mereu foarte confortabil acolo, mai ales vara, c\u00e2nd c\u0103ldura de afar\u0103 f\u0103cea interiorul foarte r\u0103coros. Dar era normal ca oamenii s\u0103 doarm\u0103 \u00een Laborator, mai ales din cauza entuziasmului nebun pe care-l aveam cu to\u021bii atunci. Hackerii nu puteau uneori s\u0103 se opreasc\u0103 \u0219i munceau la computer p\u00e2n\u0103 la epuizare complet\u0103, dup\u0103 care se t\u00e2rau pe cea mai apropiat\u0103 suprafa\u021b\u0103 moale \u0219i orizontal\u0103. Cu alte cuvinte, era o atmosfer\u0103 foarte relaxat\u0103, de parc\u0103 acas\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00cens\u0103 aceast\u0103 atmosfer\u0103 de acas\u0103 a creat uneori probleme. Ceea ce unii considerau un c\u0103min, al\u021bii vedeau ca un cuib al opiului electronic. \u00cen cartea \u201ePuterea computerului \u0219i motiva\u021bia uman\u0103\u201d, cercet\u0103torul MIT Joseph Weizenbaum a criticat cu un ton dur \u201eexplozia informatic\u0103\u201d \u2013 a\u0219a a numit colonizarea centrelor de calcul de c\u0103tre hackeri, precum Laboratorul de Inteligen\u021b\u0103 Artificial\u0103. \u201eHainele lor \u00eentinse, p\u0103rul nef\u0103cut \u0219i fe\u021bele ne\u00eengrijite spun c\u0103 s-au l\u0103sat complet deoparte pentru computere \u0219i nu vor s\u0103 vad\u0103 unde \u00eei va duce asta\u201d, scria Weizenbaum, \u201eace\u0219ti parazi\u021bi informatici tr\u0103iesc doar pentru computere.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 aproape un sfert de secol, Stallman se enerveaz\u0103 tot atunci c\u00e2nd aude expresia lui Weizenbaum: \u201eparazi\u021bi informatici.\u201d \u201eEl vrea ca noi to\u021bi s\u0103 fim doar profesioni\u0219ti \u2013 s\u0103 facem munca pentru bani, s\u0103 ne ridic\u0103m la ore fixe \u0219i s\u0103 ne \u00eendep\u0103rt\u0103m de tot ce \u021bine de ea\u201d, spune Stallman cu at\u00e2ta vigoare de parc\u0103 Weizenbaum ar fi l\u00e2ng\u0103 el \u0219i ar putea s\u0103-l aud\u0103, \u201edar ceea ce el consider\u0103 o ordine normal\u0103 a lucrurilor, eu consider o tragedie deprimant\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, via\u021ba unui hacker nu este lipsit\u0103 de tragedie. Richard sus\u021bine c\u0103 transformarea sa din hacker de weekend \u00een hacker 24\/7 este rezultatul unei serii de episoade dureroase din tinere\u021be, din care a reu\u0219it s\u0103 scape doar \u00een euforia hackingului. Prima astfel de durere a fost absolvirea de la Harvard, care i-a schimbat drastic stilul de via\u021b\u0103 obi\u0219nuit \u0219i lini\u0219tit. Stallman s-a \u00eenscris la \u0219coala postuniversitar\u0103 MIT la departamentul de fizic\u0103, pentru a urma pa\u0219ii marilor Richard Feynman, William Shockley \u0219i Murray Gell-Mann, \u0219i pentru a nu trebui s\u0103 parcurg\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 2 mile p\u00e2n\u0103 la Laboratorul de Inteligen\u021b\u0103 Artificial\u0103 \u0219i la noul PDP-10. \u201e\u00cenc\u0103 m\u0103 concentram aproape exclusiv pe programare, dar m\u0103 g\u00e2ndeam c\u0103 poate, incidental, voi putea s\u0103 fac \u0219i fizic\u0103\u201d, poveste\u0219te Stallman.<\/p>\n

Studiind fizica ziua \u0219i hackuind noaptea, Richard \u00eencerca s\u0103 ating\u0103 un echilibru perfect. Punctul de sprijin al acestui balans de geek-uri erau \u00eent\u00e2lnirile s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nale ale clubului de dans popular. Aceasta era singura lui leg\u0103tur\u0103 social\u0103 cu sexul opus \u0219i, \u00een general, cu lumea oamenilor obi\u0219nui\u021bi. \u00cens\u0103, spre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul primului an la MIT, s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat un accident \u2013 Richard \u0219i-a accidentat genunchiul \u0219i nu a mai putut dansa. A crezut c\u0103 e temporar \u0219i a continuat s\u0103 mearg\u0103 la club, s\u0103 asculte muzic\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 discute cu prietenii. Dar vara s-a terminat, genunchiul \u00eenc\u0103 avea dureri \u0219i piciorul nu func\u021biona bine. Atunci, Stallman a \u00eenceput s\u0103 suspecteze c\u0103 ceva nu este \u00een regul\u0103 \u0219i a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se \u00eengrijoreze. \u201eAm realizat c\u0103 nu o s\u0103 fie mai bine, \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te el, \u0219i c\u0103 nu o s\u0103 mai pot dansa niciodat\u0103. M-a distrus complet.\u201d<\/p>\n

F\u0103r\u0103 c\u0103minul de la Harvard \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 dansuri, universul vie\u021bii sociale a lui Stallman s-a pr\u0103bu\u0219it instantaneu. Dansurile erau singurul lucru care nu doar c\u0103 \u00eel lega de oameni, dar \u00eei oferea \u0219i o real\u0103 oportunitate de a \u00eent\u00e2lni femei. F\u0103r\u0103 dansuri \u2013 f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lniri, \u0219i acest lucru l-a deranjat \u00een mod deosebit pe Richard.<\/p>\n

\u201eCea mai mare parte a timpului am fost complet deprimat, \u00ee\u0219i descrie Richard aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, nu puteam \u0219i nu voiam s\u0103 fac nimic altceva \u00een afar\u0103 de hacking. O disperare total\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n

Practic, a \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai interac\u021bioneze cu lumea, dedic\u00e2ndu-se complet muncii. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een octombrie 1975, el a abandonat efectiv fizica \u0219i studiile la MIT. Programarea a devenit principalul \u0219i singurul s\u0103u hobby din \u00eentreaga via\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Acum, Richard spune c\u0103 a fost inevitabil. Mai devreme sau mai t\u00e2rziu, chemarea sirenelor hacking-ului ar fi \u00eenvins toate celelalte atrac\u021bii. \u201eLa matematic\u0103 \u0219i fizic\u0103 nu reu\u0219eam s\u0103 creez ceva al meu, nici m\u0103car nu \u00eemi \u00eenchipuiam cum se face asta. Numai combinam lucruri deja create, \u0219i nu m\u0103 mul\u021bumea. \u00cen programare, \u00eens\u0103, am \u00een\u021beles imediat cum s\u0103 creez lucruri noi, \u0219i cel mai important \u2013 vezi imediat c\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 sunt utile. Asta aduce o pl\u0103cere uria\u0219\u0103, \u0219i \u00ee\u021bi vine s\u0103 programezi din nou \u0219i din nou.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stallman nu este primul care leag\u0103 hacking-ul de o pl\u0103cere profund\u0103. Mul\u021bi hackeri de la Laboratorul de Inteligen\u021b\u0103 Artificial\u0103 se pot l\u0103uda, de asemenea, cu studii abandonate \u0219i diplome nef\u0103cute \u00een matematic\u0103 sau \u00een electricitate - doar pentru c\u0103 s-au l\u0103sat cople\u0219i\u021bi de pura \u00eenc\u00e2ntare a program\u0103rii. Se spune c\u0103 Toma d'Aquino, cu ocupa\u021biile sale fanatice \u00een scolastic\u0103, ajungea la viziuni \u0219i la o senza\u021bie a divinit\u0103\u021bii. Hackerii atingeau st\u0103ri asem\u0103n\u0103toare, pe marginea unei euforii celeste, dup\u0103 ore \u00eendelungate de concentra\u021bie asupra proceselor virtuale. Probabil c\u0103 de aceea Stallman \u0219i majoritatea hackerilor evitau drogurile - dup\u0103 dou\u0103zeci de ore de hacking, se sim\u021beau la fel ca \u0219i cum ar fi fost \u201esub influen\u021b\u0103\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sursa: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 1. \u0420\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 2. 2001: \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 3. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 4. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 5. \u0420\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0451\u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430 Emacs […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Free as in Freedom \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103: Capitolul 6. 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