{"id":36300,"date":"2019-10-31T22:10:49","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:10:49","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:10:49","slug":"long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 regele: o lume crud\u0103 a ierarhiei \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 regele: o lume crud\u0103 a ierarhiei \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/dde1568c1caef37bbfa0a8eaf9e5ff0f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen grupuri mari de oameni, \u00eentotdeauna apare un lider, fie con\u0219tient, fie nu. Distribu\u021bia puterii de la cel mai \u00eenalt la cel mai jos nivel al ierarhiei are numeroase avantaje at\u00e2t pentru grup ca \u00eentreg, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru indivizi \u00een parte. P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, ordinea este \u00eentotdeauna mai bun\u0103 dec\u00e2t haosul, nu-i a\u0219a? De-a lungul a mii de ani, omenirea a implementat ierarhia puterii \u00een toate civiliza\u021biile \u00een cele mai diverse moduri \u0219i pe baza celor mai variate aspecte \u2014 de la for\u021ba fizic\u0103 (armata) la iluminarea spiritual\u0103 (biserica). Printreanimalele sociale, se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te de asemenea formarea ierarhiei, dar de cele mai multe ori aceasta are doar dou\u0103 trepte \u2014 liderul \u0219i to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi. \u00cen cazul c\u00e2inilor, treptele sunt mai multe, iar rela\u021bia dintre reprezentan\u021bii fiec\u0103rei trepte este for\u021ba motrice a \u00eentregii haite. <\/p>\n<p>Ast\u0103zi, vom explora cercetarea ierarhiei din cadrul h\u0103\u021bii de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi, la care cercet\u0103torii de la Universitatea Exeter (Anglia) au dedicat un an \u00eentreg. Cum se distribuie membrii haitei pe treptele ierarhiei, \u00eentre care trepte persist\u0103 ostilitatea \u0219i c\u00e2t de puternic influen\u021beaz\u0103 conflictele interne integritatea \u0219i bun\u0103starea haitei? Despre aceasta \u0219i nu numai ne va vorbi raportul grupului de cercetare. S\u0103 \u00eencepem.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Baza cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n<p>\nAspectul principal al acestei cercet\u0103ri, dup\u0103 cum a\u021bi \u00een\u021beles, este ierarhia, \u0219i anume ierarhia domin\u0103rii \u2014 un sistem de subordonare \u0219i dominare \u00een grupurile de animale.<\/p>\n<p>Un asemenea comportament social nu este o raritate printre animalele de tot felul. A\u0219a cum am spus, dac\u0103 exist\u0103 un grup de indivizi, atunci trebuie s\u0103 existe un lider. Aceasta, desigur, nu este o axiom\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, dar \u00een practic\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te destul de des. Ce spune\u021bi de simplele g\u0103ini de curte? Dac\u0103 a\u021bi avut vreodat\u0103 ocazia s\u0103 hr\u0103ni\u021bi g\u0103ini, atunci la prima vedere ele ciugulesc gr\u0103un\u021be \u00eentr-un mod haotic, dup\u0103 principiu \"cine ajunge primul, acela \u00ee\u0219i ia\". Singurul lucru evident este existen\u021ba unui cocos alfa ( gradul de dominare este desemnat cu literele alfabetului grec, de la alfa la omega). Totu\u0219i, \u00een cazul g\u0103inilor nu exist\u0103 doar dou\u0103 trepte \u2014 un cocos alfa \u0219i to\u021bi ceilal\u021bi. De fapt, ierarhia este destul de ampl\u0103 \u0219i include o g\u0103in\u0103 alfa, o g\u0103in\u0103 beta etc. \u00cen timpul hr\u0103nirii, \u00eent\u00e2i ciugule\u0219te gr\u0103un\u021bele cocosul alfa, iar apoi g\u0103ina alfa \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe, \u00een ordinea seniorit\u0103\u021bii. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen teoria existen\u021bei unui alfa mascul \u0219i a unei alfa femele \u00een ierarhiile sociale ale animalelor, exist\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103tori \u0219i opozan\u021bi, care consider\u0103 c\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu proiect\u0103m tr\u0103s\u0103turi umane asupra grupurilor de animale. Cu toate acestea, ierarhia exist\u0103 \u0219i poate fi destul de complicat\u0103 \u0219i confuz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Identificarea liderului printre g\u0103ini nu este prea dificil\u0103. \u00cen multe grupuri, liderii manifest\u0103 un anumit grad de agresivitate fa\u021b\u0103 de subordona\u021bi. Cu toate acestea, aceasta nu este o regul\u0103 general acceptat\u0103. \u00cen unele grupuri, liderii nu doresc s\u0103 aplice principiul t\u0103ierii c\u0103m\u0103\u0219ii, dar \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 statutul. <\/p>\n<p>Cercet\u0103torii observ\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103rile teoretice de a explica diferen\u021bele \u00een modelele de comportament agresiv sunt realizate prin ipoteza func\u021biei agresivit\u0103\u021bii, domin\u0103rii \u0219i subordon\u0103rii. <\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 agresivitatea este utilizat\u0103 pentru a provoca daune directe competitorului \u0219i pentru a c\u00e2\u0219tiga \u00een fa\u021ba acestuia, iar subordonarea este folosit\u0103 pentru a demonstra lipsa motiva\u021biei de a concura, se poate presupune c\u0103 \u00een acest model exist\u0103 o distribu\u021bie inegal\u0103 a competitorilor (dominatori \u0219i subordona\u021bi).<\/p>\n<p>Majoritatea modelelor de agresivitate dominant\u0103 se bazeaz\u0103 pe faptul c\u0103 ierarhia din grup este \u00eentotdeauna constant\u0103. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, modelele agresivitate-subordonare pot reflecta instabilitatea sau schimb\u0103rile \u00een rela\u021biile sociale din interiorul grupului, ceea ce poate duce la modificarea ierarhiei. <\/p>\n<p>Rela\u021biile ierarhice din interiorul grupului pot fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een dou\u0103 modele principale, unde exist\u0103 trei grupuri active (A, B \u0219i C):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A este deasupra lui B, B este deasupra lui C, A este deasupra lui C \u2014 model transitive;<\/li>\n<li>A este deasupra lui B, B este deasupra lui C, C este deasupra lui A \u2014 model ciclic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Schimb\u0103rile \u00een structura ierarhiei din interiorul unui grup determinat pot fi asociate cu un mediu social \u0219i ecologic dinamic. Cu alte cuvinte, astfel de schimb\u0103ri sunt practic inevitabile, iar gradul lor de influen\u021b\u0103 asupra unora sau altora dintre straturile din grup poate varia.<\/p>\n<p>Cercet\u0103torii afirm\u0103 c\u0103 studiul func\u021biilor comportamentului agresiv \u0219i al tiparelor de men\u021binere a stabilit\u0103\u021bii ierarhiei poate fi realizat prin analizarea datelor despre distribu\u021bia comportamentului de dominare, subordonare \u0219i agresiune \u00een interiorul grupului de indivizi \u0219i \u00een interiorul fiec\u0103rui strat ierarhic al acestui grup. <\/p>\n<p>Pentru aceasta, cercet\u0103torii au folosit date despre o hait\u0103 de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi, deoarece astfel de grupuri sunt destul de variabile \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te sexul, v\u00e2rsta \u0219i rela\u021biile de rudenie ale indivizilor. Este demn de men\u021bionat c\u0103, anterior, se considera c\u0103 sistemul ierarhic al c\u00e2inilor vagabonzi este similar cu cel al lupilor, adic\u0103 liniar. Cu toate acestea, lupii tr\u0103iesc \u00een grupuri str\u00e2ns legate prin leg\u0103turi de rudenie, pe c\u00e2nd \u00een grupurile de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi pot fi at\u00e2t indivizi \u00eenrudi\u021bi, c\u00e2t \u0219i str\u0103ini aduna\u021bi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen lucrarea lor, cercet\u0103torii au efectuat o analiz\u0103 a re\u021belelor sociale pentru a \u00eendeplini urm\u0103toarele sarcini:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>construirea unei re\u021bele sociale pe baza comportamentului agresiv, \u00een stil ritualic dominant (f\u0103r\u0103 agresiune) \u0219i subordonat;<\/li>\n<li>verificarea variabilit\u0103\u021bii comportamentului dominant \u0219i agresiv \u00een func\u021bie de rangul social;<\/li>\n<li>stabilirea domeniului de instabilitate \u00een re\u021beaua social\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>stabilirea gradului de influen\u021b\u0103 a instabilit\u0103\u021bii asupra indivizilor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3> Preg\u0103tire pentru cercetare<\/h3>\n<p>\nPrincipalele subiec\u021bi \u00een acest studiu au fost o hait\u0103 de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi care tr\u0103iesc \u00een Roma (Italia). Individul din aceast\u0103 hait\u0103 nu era de\u021binut de oameni \u0219i nu interac\u021biona cu ei, av\u00e2nd, astfel, o libertate total\u0103 de mi\u0219care \u0219i reproducere. Cu toate acestea, dependen\u021ba de oameni exista \u00een forma ob\u021binerii hranei de la trec\u0103tori \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tori \u0219i de la voluntari \u00eengrijitori. \u00cen timpul observa\u021biilor, num\u0103rul haitei a variat \u00eentre 25 \u0219i 40 de indivizi, \u00eens\u0103 accentul principal al studiului a fost pus pe 27 de indivizi care au fost \u00een hait\u0103 mai mult dec\u00e2t ceilal\u021bi. <\/p>\n<p>Observa\u021biile au fost efectuate \u00een trei contexte sociale diferite: disponibilitatea hranei, prezen\u021ba femelelor receptiv (gata de \u00eemperechere) \u0219i absen\u021ba complet\u0103 a surselor de competi\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Rangul social, adic\u0103 pozi\u021bia \u00een ierarhie, a fost determinat prin observa\u021bii asupra comportamentului de subordonare, care ofer\u0103 o \u00een\u021belegere clar\u0103 a \u201ec\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torului\u201d \u0219i \u201epierz\u0103torului\u201d. Datele ob\u021binute au fost folosite pentru a crea re\u021bele sociale, \u00een cadrul c\u0103rora au fost elaborate modele grafice exponentiale.<\/p>\n<p>Aceste modele arat\u0103 probabilitatea apari\u021biei interac\u021biunilor (re\u021bele binare) sau frecven\u021ba interac\u021biunilor (re\u021bele ponderate) \u00een func\u021bie de propriet\u0103\u021bile structurale ale re\u021belei, caracteristicile individuale ale subiec\u021bilor (nodi pe grafice) \u0219i rela\u021biile dintre ei (arce pe grafice).<\/p>\n<p>Au fost selectate dou\u0103 modele pentru fiecare dintre cele trei categorii de comportament (prezen\u021ba hranei, prezen\u021ba femelelor, lipsa surselor de competi\u021bie):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(I) modelul unei re\u021bele binar-orientate, care folose\u0219te atribute separate (sex \u0219i v\u00e2rst\u0103) pentru a explica interac\u021biunile pe care le genereaz\u0103 un individ;<\/li>\n<li>(II) modelul unei re\u021bele orientate c\u00e2nt\u0103rite, care folose\u0219te atribute separate (sex \u0219i v\u00e2rst\u0103) pentru a explica interac\u021biunile pe care le genereaz\u0103 un individ.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mai departe, au fost create \u00eenc\u0103 dou\u0103 modele suplimentare pentru re\u021belele de dominare ritualic\u0103 \u0219i interac\u021biunile agresive:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(III) modelul unei re\u021bele orientate c\u00e2nt\u0103rite, care folose\u0219te rangul pentru a explica interac\u021biunile pe care le genereaz\u0103 un individ;<\/li>\n<li>(IV) modelul unei re\u021bele neorientate c\u00e2nt\u0103rite, care folose\u0219te rangul pentru a explica frecven\u021ba interac\u021biunilor \u00eentre diade (perechi de indivizi).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Apoi, modelul (III) a fost utilizat pentru a studia cum modific\u0103rile \u00een frecven\u021ba comportamentului dominant sau agresiv influen\u021beaz\u0103 schimb\u0103rile structurii ierarhice din interiorul haitei de c\u00e2ini. Au fost modelate 1000 de re\u021bele orientate pentru interac\u021biuni agresive \u0219i ritualice. <\/p>\n<h3>Rezultatele cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0218i acum, dup\u0103 ce am terminat cu munca preg\u0103titoare, putem trece la partea cea mai interesant\u0103 \u2014 rezultatele.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, merit\u0103 men\u021bionat c\u0103 oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au reu\u0219it s\u0103 confirme existen\u021ba unei ierarhii de dominare liniare \u00een aceast\u0103 hait\u0103 de c\u00e2ini, pe baza sexului \u0219i v\u00e2rstei, bazat\u0103 pe re\u021belele orientate de interac\u021biuni subordonate (imaginea de mai jos).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 regele: o lume crud\u0103 a ierarhiei \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/bf9d3350b97539dee02fd9efd24acddc.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 1. Re\u021bele orientate ale comportamentului agonistic \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini pentru interac\u021biunile subordonate (<b>\u0219i<\/b>), interac\u021biunile dominante ritualice (<b>b<\/b>) \u0219i interac\u021biunile agresive (<b>c<\/b>). Nodurile de pe grafic corespund sexului individului (masculi \u2014 ro\u0219u \/ galben \u0219i femele \u2014 albastru \/ verde) \u0219i v\u00e2rstei (p\u0103tratele \u2014 indivizi maturi, cercurile \u2014 adolescen\u021bi, triunghiurile \u2014 tineri).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pentru toate cele trei re\u021bele de interac\u021biune, leg\u0103turile tranzitive au fost semnificativ mai probabile dec\u00e2t cele ciclice, ceea ce a influen\u021bat puternic apari\u021bia \u0219i frecven\u021ba anumitor interac\u021biuni (tabelul de mai jos).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 regele: o lume crud\u0103 a ierarhiei \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/0c9d8e11cd3905b18e2ff1e561f07764.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tabelul nr. 1: indicii pozitive \u2014 acest model de interac\u021biune apare mai des dec\u00e2t s-a presupus, indicii negative \u2014 acest model de interac\u021biune apare mai rar dec\u00e2t s-a presupus.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Re\u021belele comportamentului de supunere au demonstrat rela\u021bii liniare, adic\u0103 aproape nu au fost rela\u021bii circulare (A pe B, B pe C, C pe A). A\u0219a cum era de a\u0219teptat, re\u021belele interac\u021biunilor agresive erau cele mai pu\u021bin liniare, ar\u0103t\u00e2nd mai multe rela\u021bii circulare.<\/p>\n<p>Indivizii adul\u021bi ocupau treptele superioare ale ierarhiei datorit\u0103 rela\u021biilor de supunere, manifest\u00e2nd \u00een principal agresivitate \u0219i dominan\u021b\u0103. Aceste indivizi manifestau rar supunere, f\u0103c\u00e2nd-o doar fa\u021b\u0103 de indivizi de aceea\u0219i v\u00e2rst\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Juvenile ocupau nivelul inferior \u00een ierarhie, manifest\u00e2nd un minim de agresiune \u0219i dominan\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de indivizii mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103. Un astfel de comportament era permis tinerilor doar fa\u021b\u0103 de al\u021bi reprezentan\u021bi ai rangului lor, adic\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de juvenili.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen fiecare grup\u0103 de v\u00e2rst\u0103, masculii ocupau ranguri mai \u00eenalte, manifest\u00e2nd mai des dominan\u021b\u0103 ritualic\u0103. Este curios c\u0103 acest comportament nu era \u00eendreptat c\u0103tre femele, ci c\u0103tre al\u021bi masculi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen concluzie, \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi exista o structur\u0103 liniar\u0103 a ierarhiei (A pe B, B pe C, A pe C). Indivizii mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 ocupau trepte superioare, aceea\u0219i regul\u0103 fiind aplicabil\u0103 \u0219i masculilor \u00een raport cu femelele. Manifest\u0103rile de agresiune \u0219i dominan\u021b\u0103 au fost observate la indivizi de rang mai \u00eenalt fa\u021b\u0103 de indivizi de rang mai mic. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, \u00een fiecare subgrup din hait\u0103 au avut loc \u0219i astfel de manifest\u0103ri. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 regele: o lume crud\u0103 a ierarhiei \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/8c3eedc209ceece100b7d2f75828aa05.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 2: similaritatea \u00een propor\u021bii (<b>\u0219i<\/b>) a dominan\u021bei ritualice \u0219i (<b>b<\/b>) a interac\u021biunilor agresive \u00eentre observa\u021bii \u0219i rezultatele model\u0103rii.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Analiza datelor, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu modelarea, a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 indivizii de rang ierarhic mai \u00eenalt au o probabilitate mai mare de a ini\u021bia comportamente de dominan\u021b\u0103 ritualic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 manifest\u0103ri de agresiune deschis\u0103. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, indivizii de rang mediu manifest\u0103 adesea comportamente agresive, mai ales \u00een raport cu cei apropia\u021bi \u00een rang \u00een ierarhia haitei.<\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, o observa\u021bie interesant\u0103 este faptul c\u0103 probabilitatea comportamentului agresiv la femele era mai mare dec\u00e2t la masculi, dac\u0103 acestea se aflau la un rang mai \u00eenalt. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 regele: o lume crud\u0103 a ierarhiei \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/aeb5ae8cc3e6fc146ac380ad698f0386.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 3: re\u021bele neorientate care arat\u0103 frecven\u021ba interac\u021biunilor comportamentale \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini pentru cei supu\u0219i (<b>\u0219i<\/b>), dominan\u021bii ritualici (<b>b<\/b>) \u0219i interac\u021biunile agresive (<b>c<\/b>).<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tr\u0103iasc\u0103 regele: o lume crud\u0103 a ierarhiei \u00een haita de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/c82b59d459477041a8262700460766ad.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 4: influen\u021ba rangului, a distan\u021bei rangului de centrul ierarhiei \u0219i a diferen\u021bei de ranguri \u00eentre dou\u0103 indivizi asupra frecven\u021bei particip\u0103rii la dominarea ritualic\u0103 \u0219i interac\u021biunile agresive \u00een hait\u0103.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 cum se observ\u0103 din graficul de mai sus, manifestarea agresivit\u0103\u021bii a fost mai probabil\u0103 din partea indivizilor care se aflau aproape de mijlocul ierarhiei. <\/p>\n<p>Pentru o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a nuan\u021belor cercet\u0103rii, v\u0103 recomand s\u0103 consulta\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.0536\">raportul cercet\u0103torilor<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/rs.figshare.com\/articles\/Supplementary_Methods_and_Code_from_Elevated_aggression_is_associated_with_uncertainty_in_a_network_of_dog_dominance_interactions\/8280905\">materiale suplimentare<\/a><\/noindex> la acesta.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nDin rezultatele cercet\u0103rii devine evident c\u0103 un nivel crescut de comportament agresiv este prezent \u00een rangurile medii ale ierarhiei, \u00een timp ce \u00een rangurile superioare se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te frecvent dominan\u021ba, iar \u00een cele inferioare \u2013 supunerea. Pe de o parte, aceasta poate fi legat\u0103 de dorin\u021ba de a avansa \u00een ierarhie, dar nu trebuie ignorat\u0103 nici ambiguitatea pozi\u021biei rangului mediu \u00een structura haitei. Cu alte cuvinte, alpha vor domina \u00eentotdeauna, omega vor fi \u00eentotdeauna supuse, iar gamma nu au o leg\u0103tur\u0103 clar\u0103 cu un anumit tipar de comportament, prin urmare, comportamentul lor agresiv poate fi asociat cu complexitatea re\u021belelor de rela\u021bii din interiorul rangurilor medii. <\/p>\n<p>O alt\u0103 cauz\u0103 a agresivit\u0103\u021bii crescute \u00een r\u00e2ndul indivizilor de rang mediu poate fi lipsa informa\u021biilor despre rela\u021biile dintre indivizii din \u00eentreaga grup\u0103, adic\u0103 lipsa \u00een\u021belegerii normelor de comportament acceptate. Aceast\u0103 concluzie se impune av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 majoritatea indivizilor din rangul mediu sunt adolescen\u021bi, care nu mai sunt pui, dar nici nu sunt \u00eenc\u0103 adul\u021bi. Astfel, procesul lor de socializare este \u00eenso\u021bit de \u00eencerc\u0103ri de a se ridica \u00een ierarhie \u00eentr-un mod c\u00e2t mai simplu \u2013 prin agresiune.<\/p>\n<p>De asemenea, merit\u0103 men\u021bionat c\u0103 popula\u021bia de rang mediu este cea mai mare \u00een compara\u021bie cu rangurile superioare \u0219i inferioare. Din aceasta deriv\u0103 o dinamic\u0103 crescut\u0103 a rela\u021biilor \u00eentre indivizii din acest rang, precum \u0219i num\u0103rul lor mare. \u00cen astfel de situa\u021bii, dominarea ritualic\u0103 menit\u0103 s\u0103 demonstreze locul lor \u00een ierarhie nu are un efect la fel de \u00eendelungat ca agresarea direct\u0103 a adversarului. <\/p>\n<p>La prima vedere, ar putea p\u0103rea c\u0103 ierarhia din haitelor de c\u00e2ini vagabonzi seam\u0103n\u0103 cu cea a piratilor din operele de aventur\u0103. Exist\u0103 un c\u0103pitan (alpha), mateloti (omega) \u0219i restul, care sunt mereu \u00eentr-o stare de rebeliune. Totu\u0219i, structura ierarhiei c\u00e2inilor vagabonzi este destul de simpl\u0103 \u0219i organizat\u0103, dar \u00een acela\u0219i timp este afectat\u0103 negativ de factori sociali (popula\u021bie mare \u00een grup \u0219i absen\u021ba frecvent\u0103 a leg\u0103turilor de rudenie) \u0219i de factori de mediu (lipsa hranei, pericole externe \u0219i du\u0219mani).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen orice caz, cea mai sigur\u0103 modalitate de a evita confuzia \u00een ierarhia c\u00e2inilor vagabonzi este absen\u021ba c\u00e2inilor vagabonzi. C\u00e2inii nu sunt lupi, ei nu mai sunt de mult animale s\u0103lbatice, ceea ce se vede \u00een schimb\u0103rile evolutive ale fiziologiei \u0219i comportamentului lor. Au nevoie de noi, la fel cum \u0219i noi avem nevoie de ei. C\u00e2inele este prietenul omului, iar prietenia nu este niciodat\u0103 unilaterala; altfel, nu este cu adev\u0103rat prietenie. A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 cineva \u00ee\u0219i dore\u0219te un animal de companie, trebuie s\u0103-\u0219i aminteasc\u0103 c\u0103 nu este doar un ghemotoc de blan\u0103 cu l\u0103bu\u021be \u0219i o mutr\u0103 amuzant\u0103, ci o fiin\u021b\u0103 vie care are nevoie de dragoste, \u00eengrijire \u0219i respect, la fel ca orice om.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Off-topic de vineri:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"uievm1yYDcg\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/uievm1yYDcg\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Reda\u021bi video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Salvarea c\u0103\u021belu\u0219ilor care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 hran\u0103 \u00een pungi de gunoi.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"7Zxm2wcgeYI\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/7Zxm2wcgeYI\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Reda\u021bi video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Vrei s\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi iei un c\u00e2ine? \u00cenainte de a cump\u0103ra, ia \u00een considerare op\u021biunea de a adopta un c\u0103\u021bel dintr-un ad\u0103post. \u00ce\u021bi va fi extrem de recunosc\u0103tor.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie, r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi curio\u0219i, iubi\u021bi animalele \u0219i s\u0103 ave\u021bi un weekend minunat, prieteni! \ud83d\ude42 <\/p>\n<p>\nV\u0103 mul\u021bumim c\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi cu noi. V\u0103 plac articolele noastre? Dori\u021bi s\u0103 vede\u021bi mai multe materiale interesante? Sus\u021bine\u021bi-ne f\u0103c\u00e2nd o comand\u0103 sau recomand\u00e2ndu-ne prietenilor. <b>30% reducere pentru utilizatorii Habr pentru un server entry-level unic, creat special pentru tine:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">Adev\u0103rul despre VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 nuclee) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps de la 20$ sau cum s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bim corect un server?<\/a><\/noindex> (sunt disponibile op\u021biuni cu RAID1 \u0219i RAID10, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 nuclee \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd la jum\u0103tate de pre\u021b?<\/b> Numai la noi <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB de la 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een Olanda! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 de la 99 $!<\/b><\/b> Citi\u021bi despre <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Cum s\u0103 construi\u021bi o infrastructur\u0103 de clas\u0103 enterprise folosind servere Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 la pre\u021buri foarte mici de 9000 \u20ac?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/460577\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0438? \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36300","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2.1\" 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ierarhiei \u00een haita c\u00e2inilor vagabonzi | ProHoster","description":"\u00cen grupuri mari de oameni.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/long-live-the-king-zhestokij-mir-ierarhii-v-stae-brodyachih-sobak","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Long live the king: \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a | 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