{"id":36394,"date":"2019-10-31T22:11:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/podrobnosti-realizatsii-protokolov-rstp-i-proprietarnogo-extended-ring-redundancy\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:11:24","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:24","slug":"podrobnosti-realizatsii-protokolov-rstp-i-proprietarnogo-extended-ring-redundancy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/podrobnosti-realizatsii-protokolov-rstp-i-proprietarnogo-extended-ring-redundancy","title":{"rendered":"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pe internet pot fi g\u0103site multe materiale despre protocolul RSTP. \u00cen cadrul acestui articol, propun s\u0103 compar protocolul RSTP cu protocolul proprietar de la <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.phoenixcontactpro.ru\">Phoenix Contact <\/a><\/noindex>\u2013 Redundan\u021b\u0103 Extins\u0103 a Inelului.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><b>Detalii despre implementarea RSTP<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Informa\u021bii generale<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>Timp de convergen\u021b\u0103<\/i> \u2013 1-10 secunde<br \/>\n<i>Topologii posibile<\/i> \u2013 oricare<\/p>\n<p>Se crede adesea c\u0103 RSTP permite interconectarea comutatoarelor doar \u00eentr-un inel:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/6cc708e397d6fbfd3d3ff0bd67dab9dc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nDar RSTP permite conectarea comutatoarelor \u00eentr-un mod arbitrar. De exemplu, cu o astfel de topologie, RSTP va func\u021biona.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/f204b8915afaae5183a0be55c660385d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Principiul de func\u021bionare<\/b><\/p>\n<p>RSTP transform\u0103 orice topologie \u00eentr-un arbore. Unul dintre comutatoare devine centrul topologiei \u2013 comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. Comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 permite trecerea celor mai multe date.<\/p>\n<p>Principiul de func\u021bionare al RSTP este urm\u0103torul:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Se furnizeaz\u0103 alimentare comutatoarelor;<\/li>\n<li>se alege comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>celelalte comutatoare determin\u0103 cel mai rapid drum c\u0103tre comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>canalele r\u0103mase sunt blocate \u0219i devin de rezerv\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<i>Alegerea comutatorului r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Comutatoarele cu RSTP schimb\u0103 pachete BPDU. BPDU este un pachet de servicii care con\u021bine informa\u021bii RSTP. Exist\u0103 dou\u0103 tipuri de BPDU:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Configuration BPDU.<\/li>\n<li>Topology Change Notification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nConfiguration BPDU este utilizat pentru construirea topologiei. Acesta este trimis doar de comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. Configuration BPDU con\u021bine:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>identificatorul expeditorului (Bridge ID);<\/li>\n<li>identificatorul comutatorului r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 (Root Bridge ID);<\/li>\n<li>identificatorul portului prin care a fost trimis acest pachet (Port ID);<\/li>\n<li>costul rutei p\u00e2n\u0103 la comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 (Root Path Cost).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTopology Change Notification poate fi trimis de orice comutator. Acestea sunt trimise \u00een cazul unei modific\u0103ri a topologiei.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 activare, toate comutatoarele se consider\u0103 r\u0103d\u0103cini. Ele \u00eencep s\u0103 transmit\u0103 pachete BPDU. De \u00eendat\u0103 ce un comutator prime\u0219te un BPDU cu un Bridge ID mai mic dec\u00e2t al s\u0103u, acesta \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 se considere r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Bridge ID const\u0103 din dou\u0103 valori \u2013 adresa MAC \u0219i prioritatea Bridge. Nu putem schimba adresa MAC. Prioritatea Bridge este, \u00een mod implicit, 32768. Dac\u0103 nu schimb\u0103m prioritatea Bridge, comutatorul cu cea mai mic\u0103 adres\u0103 MAC va deveni r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. Comutatorul cu cea mai mic\u0103 adres\u0103 MAC este cel mai vechi \u0219i, poate, nu cel mai performant. Se recomand\u0103 s\u0103 se defineasc\u0103 manual comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 al topologiei. Pentru aceasta, pe comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 trebuie setat\u0103 o prioritate a Bridge mic\u0103 (de exemplu, 0). De asemenea, se poate defini un comutator r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 de rezerv\u0103, atribuindu-i o prioritate a Bridge u\u0219or mai mare (de exemplu, 4096).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/f5142141d67a8d8704b8caa5c4f20109.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Alegerea c\u0103ii c\u0103tre comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 trimite pachete BPDU c\u0103tre toate porturile active. BPDU are un c\u00e2mp numit Path Cost. Path Cost reprezint\u0103 costul c\u0103ii. Cu c\u00e2t costul c\u0103ii este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t pachetul este transmis mai lent. Atunci c\u00e2nd BPDU trece printr-un port, costul se adaug\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2mpul Path Cost. Num\u0103rul ad\u0103ugat se nume\u0219te Costul Portului.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/99a7fa4cd3eec220285a4c83545d8bb4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPath Cost adaug\u0103 o anumit\u0103 valoare atunci c\u00e2nd BPDU trece printr-un port. Acea valoare se nume\u0219te Costul Portului (Port Cost) \u0219i poate fi definit\u0103 at\u00e2t manual, c\u00e2t \u0219i automat. Costul Portului poate fi stabilit at\u00e2t manual, c\u00e2t \u0219i automat.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd un comutator non-r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 are mai multe c\u0103i alternative c\u0103tre r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103, el alege cea mai rapid\u0103. Compar\u0103 costul c\u0103ii (Path Cost) pentru aceste c\u0103i. Portul prin care a venit BPDU cu cel mai mic Path Cost devine portul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 (Root Port).<\/p>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/49817c79ddadb0019986b67568123739.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/c4bd719750839a627771aeee41b45ae5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/861e37223cc924163d9e71e9ff06bdb2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nCosturile porturilor care sunt atribuite automat pot fi vizualizate \u00een tabel:<\/p>\n<p>Viteza de transfer a portului<br \/>\nCostul portului<\/p>\n<p>10 Mb\/s<br \/>\n2 000 000<\/p>\n<p>100 Mb\/s<br \/>\n200 000<\/p>\n<p>1 Gb\/s<br \/>\n20 000<\/p>\n<p>10 Gb\/s<br \/>\n2 000<\/p>\n<p>\n<i>Roluri \u0219i statusuri ale porturilor<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Porturile comutatorului au mai multe statuturi \u0219i roluri.<\/p>\n<p><i>Statu\u0219ii porturilor (pentru STP):<\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Disabled \u2013 inactiv.<\/li>\n<li>Blocking \u2013 ascult\u0103 BPDU, dar nu transmite. Nu transmite date.<\/li>\n<li>Listening \u2013 ascult\u0103 \u0219i transmite BPDU. Nu transmite date.<\/li>\n<li>Learning \u2013 ascult\u0103 \u0219i transmite BPDU. Se preg\u0103te\u0219te s\u0103 transmit\u0103 date \u2013 completeaz\u0103 tabela MAC.<\/li>\n<li>Forwarding \u2013 transmite date, ascult\u0103 \u0219i transmite BPDU.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTimpul de convergen\u021b\u0103 STP \u2013 30-50 secunde. Dup\u0103 activarea comutatorului, toate porturile trec prin toate statuturile. \u00cen fiecare statut, portul r\u0103m\u00e2ne c\u00e2teva secunde. Din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103, STP are un timp de convergen\u021b\u0103 at\u00e2t de lung. RSTP are mai pu\u021bine statuturi pentru porturi.<\/p>\n<p>Statu\u0219ii porturilor (pentru RSTP):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discarding \u2013 inactiv.<\/li>\n<li>Discarding \u2013 ascult\u0103 BPDU, dar nu transmite. Nu transmite date.<\/li>\n<li>Discarding \u2013 ascult\u0103 \u0219i transmite BPDU. Nu transmite date.<\/li>\n<li>Learning \u2013 ascult\u0103 \u0219i transmite BPDU. Se preg\u0103te\u0219te s\u0103 transmit\u0103 date \u2013 completeaz\u0103 tabela MAC.<\/li>\n<li>Forwarding \u2013 transmite date, ascult\u0103 \u0219i transmite BPDU.<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen RSTP, statuturile Disabled, Blocking \u0219i Listening sunt combinate \u00eentr-unul \u2013 Discarding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nRoluri ale porturilor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Root port \u2013 portul prin care sunt transmise datele. Acesta este cel mai rapid drum c\u0103tre comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>Designated port \u2013 portul prin care sunt transmise datele. Este definit pentru fiecare segment LAN.<\/li>\n<li>Alternate port \u2013 portul prin care datele nu sunt transmise. Este o cale alternativ\u0103 c\u0103tre comutatorul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>Backup port \u2013 portul prin care datele nu sunt transmise. Este o cale de rezerv\u0103 pentru segmentul \u00een care este deja conectat un port cu suport RSTP. Backup port este utilizat dac\u0103 dou\u0103 canale ale switch-ului sunt conectate la acela\u0219i segment (cite\u0219te hub).<\/li>\n<li>Disabled port \u2013 RSTP este dezactivat pe acest port.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAlegerea Root Port este descris\u0103 mai sus. Cum se alege Designated port?<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, hai s\u0103 definim ce este un segment LAN. Un segment LAN este un domeniu de coliziune. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/domain\/\"   title=\"domeniu\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4076\">domeniu<\/a>. Pentru un switch sau un router, fiecare port formeaz\u0103 un domeniu de coliziune separat. Segmentul LAN este canalul dintre switch-uri sau routere. Vorbind despre un hub, toate porturile de pe hub se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-un singur domeniu de coliziune.<\/p>\n<p>Un singur Designated Port este asignat unui segment.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul segmentelor care au deja Root Port-uri, totul este clar. Al doilea port al segmentului devine Designated Port.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/1699b684ba6d856905782ff8de3b90ac.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDar r\u0103m\u00e2n canalele de rezerv\u0103, unde va fi un singur Designated Port \u0219i un Alternate Port. Cum vor fi ele alese? Designated Port va fi portul cu cel mai mic Path Cost p\u00e2n\u0103 la switch-ul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103. Dac\u0103 Path Cost-urile sunt egale, atunci Designated Port va fi portul care se afl\u0103 pe switch-ul cu cel mai mic Bridge ID. Dac\u0103 \u0219i Bridge ID-urile sunt egale, atunci Designated Port devine portul cu cel mai mic num\u0103r. Al doilea port va fi Alternate.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/da1304c9922f1e2d738d66e543b3818e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/341ea14a428914bd0d86c7c79ad6dbcb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nR\u0103m\u00e2ne un ultim aspect: c\u00e2nd portul prime\u0219te rolul de Backup? A\u0219a cum s-a men\u021bionat mai sus, Backup port este utilizat doar atunci c\u00e2nd dou\u0103 canale ale switch-ului sunt conectate la acela\u0219i segment, adic\u0103 la hub. \u00cen acest caz, Designated Port este ales exact dup\u0103 acelea\u0219i criterii:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cel mai mic Path Cost p\u00e2n\u0103 la switch-ul r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>Cel mai mic Bridge ID.<\/li>\n<li>Cel mai mic Port ID.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>Num\u0103rul maxim de dispozitive \u00een re\u021bea<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Standardul IEEE 802.1D nu impune cerin\u021be stricte privind num\u0103rul de dispozitive \u00een re\u021beaua LAN cu RSTP. Dar standardul recomand\u0103 utilizarea a nu mai mult de 7 switch-uri pe o ramur\u0103 (nu mai mult de 7 hop-uri), adic\u0103 nu mai mult de 15 \u00eentr-un inel. Dep\u0103\u0219irea acestei valori \u00eencepe s\u0103 creasc\u0103 timpul de convergen\u021b\u0103 al re\u021belei.<\/p>\n<p><b>Detalii privind implementarea ERR.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Informa\u021bii generale<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>Timp de convergen\u021b\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Timpul de convergen\u021b\u0103 ERR \u2013 15 ms. La num\u0103rul maxim de switch-uri \u00eentr-un inel \u0219i \u00een cazul interconect\u0103rii inelelor \u2013 18 ms.<\/p>\n<p><i>Topologii posibile<\/i><\/p>\n<p>ERR nu permite combinarea liber\u0103 a dispozitivelor ca RSTP. ERR are topologii clare care pot fi utilizate:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inel<\/li>\n<li>Inel duplicat<\/li>\n<li>Interconectare p\u00e2n\u0103 la trei inele<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/a54a8f3717948eb9066e6940f064962d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Inel<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/f905a0d6a789fc16fb0fbaea5f47e861.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nC\u00e2nd toate switch-urile sunt reunite \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 inel, pe fiecare switch trebuie s\u0103 fie configurate por\u021bile care vor participa la formarea inelului.<\/p>\n<p><i>Inel dublu<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/c578e1191b924f81d6cae1392f6b5fd5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nSwitch-urile pot fi unite \u00eentr-un inel dublu, ceea ce cre\u0219te semnificativ fiabilitatea inelului.<\/p>\n<p>Limit\u0103rile inelului dublu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inelul dublu nu poate fi folosit pentru a conecta switch-urile cu alte inele. Pentru aceasta, este necesar\u0103 utilizarea Ring Coupling.<\/li>\n<li>Inelul dublu nu poate fi folosit pentru inelul de couplare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/53ac9708e0cb2bf015022a0b419fb0eb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/0cb44b8e9256304cb9d75a98e9a43ec1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Couplarea inelelor<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/3a140cd59223bd91d3871dd7d2b1710a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nLa couplare, \u00een re\u021bea nu pot fi mai mult de 200 de dispozitive.<\/p>\n<p>Couplarea inelelor implic\u0103 unirea celorlalte inele \u00eentr-un alt inel.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 un inel este conectat la un inel de couplare printr-un singur switch, acesta se nume\u0219te <b>couplare a inelelor printr-un singur switch<\/b>. Dac\u0103 la inelul de couplare se conecteaz\u0103 dou\u0103 switch-uri din inelul local, atunci aceasta va fi <b>couplare prin dou\u0103 switch-uri<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>La couplarea printr-un singur switch, ambele ports ale dispozitivului sunt utilizate. Timpul de convergen\u021b\u0103 \u00een acest caz va fi de aproximativ 15-17 ms. Cu o astfel de couplare, switch-ul de couplare va fi un punct de e\u0219ec, deoarece pierz\u00e2nd acest switch, se pierde imediat tot inelul. Couplarea prin dou\u0103 switch-uri permite evitarea acestui lucru.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/0b92b7b888a08794e21d3d2e061fd23e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/46121d428a21674a437544be007ed00a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nEste posibil s\u0103 se couplueze inelele duplicate.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/3864138dcc5e82b9e12753eef2292bbd.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\n<i>Controlul traseelor<\/i><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/177a49f38e69c754de7af0b36d0c62e0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nFunc\u021bia Controlul traseelor permite configurarea por\u021bilor prin care vor fi transmise datele \u00een regim normal de func\u021bionare. Dac\u0103 canalul e\u0219ueaz\u0103 \u0219i re\u021beaua se reconstruc\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe o topologie de rezerv\u0103, atunci dup\u0103 restaurarea canalului, re\u021beaua se va reconstrui din nou pe topologia specificat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 func\u021bie permite economisirea pe cablul de rezerv\u0103. Mai mult, va fi \u00eentotdeauna cunoscut\u0103 topologia utilizat\u0103 pentru depanare.<\/p>\n<p>Topologia principal\u0103 comut\u0103 la rezerv\u0103 \u00een 15 ms. Comutarea invers\u0103 la restaurarea re\u021belei va dura aproximativ 30 ms.<\/p>\n<p>Limit\u0103ri:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nu poate fi folosit \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Dual Ring.<\/li>\n<li>Func\u021bia trebuie activat\u0103 pe toate switch-urile din re\u021bea.<\/li>\n<li>Unul dintre switch-uri este configurat ca maestru al Controlului traseelor.<\/li>\n<li>Trecerea automat\u0103 la topologia principal\u0103 dup\u0103 restaurare se efectueaz\u0103 dup\u0103 1 secund\u0103 \u00een mod implicit (acest parametru poate fi modificat prin SNMP \u00een intervalul de la 0 s la 99 s).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>Principiul de func\u021bionare<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/15b569669736d2cf9c6b0c0598b843fe.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPrincipiul de func\u021bionare al ERR<\/p>\n<p>Ca exemplu, s\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare \u0219ase switch-uri \u2013 1-6. Switch-urile sunt unite \u00eentr-un inel. Fiecare switch folose\u0219te dou\u0103 porturi pentru a se conecta la inel \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 statusurile. Switch-urile transmit statusurile porturilor una c\u0103tre cealalt\u0103. Aceste date sunt utilizate de dispozitive pentru a stabili starea ini\u021bial\u0103 a porturilor.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/930fe8518756e8cf9acab76087c81198.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPorturile au doar dou\u0103 roluri \u2013 <b>Blocat<\/b> \u0219i <b>Forwarding<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Switch-ul cu cel mai mare adres\u0103 MAC \u00ee\u0219i blocheaz\u0103 portul. Toate celelalte porturi din inel transmit date.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 portul blocat \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 func\u021bioneze, urm\u0103torul port cu cea mai mare adres\u0103 MAC devine blocat.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcare, switch-urile \u00eencep s\u0103 trimit\u0103 Ring Protocol Data Unit (R-PDU). R-PDU este transmis prin multicast. R-PDU este un mesaj de serviciu, similar cu BPDU \u00een RSTP. R-PDU con\u021bine statusurile porturilor switch-ului \u0219i adresa sa MAC. <\/p>\n<p><i>Algoritmul de ac\u021biuni \u00een caz de defectare a canalului<\/i><br \/>\nC\u00e2nd canalul defecteaz\u0103, switch-urile trimit R-PDU pentru a anun\u021ba modificarea statusului porturilor.<\/p>\n<p><i>Algoritmul de ac\u021biuni \u00een caz de restaurare a canalului<\/i><br \/>\nC\u00e2nd canalul defectat este readus \u00een func\u021biune, switch-urile trimit R-PDU pentru a anun\u021ba modificarea statusului porturilor.<\/p>\n<p>Switch-ul cu cea mai mare adres\u0103 MAC devine noul switch r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Canalul defectat devine rezerv\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/863a98f53a8792935ef492b2a798b8ef.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/e0972cdee89606adec01a2924f907a8e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/3e873198ff0a68bd09627408ff465722.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/dff04828d8778263c4808ccd7594eefb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/dfdb2a89ce223f0fa0eda950d411aaba.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDup\u0103 restaurare, unul dintre porturile canalului r\u0103m\u00e2ne blocat, iar al doilea este trecut \u00een stare de forwarding. Portul cu cea mai mare vitez\u0103 devine portul blocat. Dac\u0103 vitezele sunt egale, portul switch-ului cu cea mai mare adres\u0103 MAC va fi blocat. Acest principiu permite blocarea portului care va trece din starea blocat\u0103 \u00een starea de forwarding cu viteza maxim\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/911468a4eb3902af9ffc3bdc51958604.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\n<b>Num\u0103rul maxim de dispozitive \u00een re\u021bea<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Num\u0103rul maxim de switch-uri \u00eentr-un inel ERR este de 200. <\/p>\n<p><b>Interac\u021biunea ERR \u0219i RSTP<\/b><\/p>\n<p>RSTP poate fi utilizat \u00eempreun\u0103 cu ERR. Dar inelul RSTP \u0219i inelul ERR trebuie s\u0103 se intersecteze doar printr-un singur switch.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/ae522f0abf9c406542210fb8bce900fa.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\n<b>Rezumat<\/b><\/p>\n<p>ERR este ideal pentru organizarea topologiilor standard. De exemplu, un inel sau un inel duplicat.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/5924f05c3395ac6e220b8d70a6dba79d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/a2172fb28d3b37d01aea94d6673cc921.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAstfel de topologii sunt adesea utilizate pentru rezervare \u00een obiective industriale.<\/p>\n<p>Mai mult, prin utilizarea ERR, a doua topologie poate fi realizat\u0103 mai pu\u021bin fiabil, dar mai economic. Acest lucru poate fi realizat printr-un inel duplicat.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/08441dd845733c46b7d0e00d7e6de37b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDar nu \u00eentotdeauna este posibil s\u0103 aplici ERR. Exist\u0103 scheme destul de exotice. Cu unul dintre clien\u021bii no\u0219tri, am testat urm\u0103toarea topologie.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalii despre implementarea protocoalelor RSTP \u0219i redundan\u021ba Extins\u0103 Ring propritar\u0103\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/e55fa8e688e2a66a44f36f854a2e4ad6.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\n\u00cen acest caz, aplicarea ERR nu este posibil\u0103. Pentru acest tip de schem\u0103, am utilizat RSTP. Clien\u021bii aveau o cerin\u021b\u0103 strict\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te timpul de convergen\u021b\u0103 \u2013 mai pu\u021bin de 3 secunde. Pentru a atinge acest timp, a fost necesar s\u0103 definim clar comutatoarele principale (principal \u0219i de rezerv\u0103), precum \u0219i costurile porturilor manual.<\/p>\n<p>Ca rezultat, ERR c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 semnificativ la timpul de convergen\u021b\u0103, dar nu ofer\u0103 flexibilitatea pe care o ofer\u0103 RSTP.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/phoenix_contact\/blog\/460633\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b RSTP. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b RSTP \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 Phoenix Contact \u2013 Extended Ring Redundancy. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 RSTP \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 1-10 c \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e RSTP \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e: \u041d\u043e RSTP \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27236,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 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