{"id":36635,"date":"2019-10-31T22:12:47","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/utilizatsiya-tepla-dymovyh-gazov-ekologiya-s-vygodoj\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:12:47","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:47","slug":"utilizatsiya-tepla-dymovyh-gazov-ekologiya-s-vygodoj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/utilizatsiya-tepla-dymovyh-gazov-ekologiya-s-vygodoj","title":{"rendered":"Valorificarea c\u0103ldurii gazelor de ardere: ecologie cu profit","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cen c\u0103utarea metodelor de cre\u0219tere a eficien\u021bei \u00eentreprinderilor din sectorul energetic, precum \u0219i a altor obiective industriale care utilizeaz\u0103 echipamente ce ard combustibili fosili (boilere de abur, boilere de ap\u0103, cuptoare tehnologice etc.), problema utiliz\u0103rii poten\u021bialului gazelor de ardere nu este ridicat\u0103 \u00een prima instan\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>\u00centre timp, baz\u00e2ndu-se pe normele de calcul existente, elaborate cu zeci de ani \u00een urm\u0103, \u0219i pe standardele stabilite pentru alegerea indicatorilor cheie de performan\u021b\u0103 a echipamentului respectiv, organiza\u021biile de exploatare pierd bani, literalmente arunc\u00e2ndu-i \u00een conduct\u0103, \u00een timp ce contribuie la deteriorarea mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor la scar\u0103 global\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103, la fel ca echipa &#171;<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/1-engineer.ru\/\">Primul inginer<\/a><\/noindex>&#171;, considera\u021bi c\u0103 este gre\u0219it s\u0103 rata\u021bi oportunitatea de a avea grij\u0103 de mediu \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tatea locuitorilor ora\u0219ului dumneavoastr\u0103, profit\u00e2nd \u00een acela\u0219i timp de bugetul companiei, citi\u021bi articolul despre cum s\u0103 transforma\u021bi gazele de evacuare \u00een resurs\u0103 energetic\u0103.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Valorificarea c\u0103ldurii gazelor de ardere: ecologie cu profit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/0be3b38d5840ba0d3b7d71880b2ff28e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Studii de standarde<\/h2>\n<p>\nParametrul cheie care determin\u0103 eficien\u021ba unui agregat de cazan este temperatura gazelor de evacuare. C\u0103ldura pierdut\u0103 prin gaze de evacuare reprezint\u0103 o parte semnificativ\u0103 din toate pierderile de c\u0103ldur\u0103 (al\u0103turi de pierderile de c\u0103ldur\u0103 din arderea chimic\u0103 \u0219i mecanic\u0103 incomplet\u0103 a combustibilului, pierderile cauzate de c\u0103ldura fizic\u0103 a zgurenelor, precum \u0219i pierderile de c\u0103ldur\u0103 \u00een mediu datorate r\u0103cirii exterioare). Aceste pierderi au un impact decisiv asupra eficien\u021bei economice a func\u021bion\u0103rii cazanului, reduc\u00e2ndu-i eficien\u021ba. Astfel, \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 cu c\u00e2t temperatura gazelor de ardere este mai mic\u0103, cu at\u00e2t eficien\u021ba cazanului este mai mare.<\/p>\n<p>Temperatura optim\u0103 a gazelor de evacuare pentru diferite tipuri de combustibili \u0219i parametrii de func\u021bionare ai cazanului este determinat\u0103 pe baza calculelor tehnico-economice \u00eenc\u0103 din etapa ini\u021bial\u0103 a construc\u021biei sale. \u00cen acest context, utilizarea maxim\u0103 a c\u0103ldurii gazelor de evacuare este de obicei realizat\u0103 prin cre\u0219terea dimensiunilor suprafe\u021belor conven\u021bionale de transfer de c\u0103ldur\u0103, precum \u0219i prin dezvoltarea suprafe\u021belor de ventila\u021bie \u2013 economizoare de ap\u0103 \u0219i pre\u00eenc\u0103lzitoare regenerabile de aer.<\/p>\n<p>Dar chiar \u0219i \u00een ciuda implement\u0103rii tehnologiilor \u0219i echipamentelor pentru o utilizare c\u00e2t mai complet\u0103 a c\u0103ldurii, temperatura gazelor de evacuare conform legisla\u021biei actuale trebuie s\u0103 se afle \u00een intervalul:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>120-180 \u00b0C pentru cazanele cu combustibil solid (\u00een func\u021bie de umiditatea combustibilului \u0219i de parametrii de func\u021bionare ai cazanului),<\/li>\n<li>120-160 \u00b0C pentru cazanele pe motorin\u0103 (\u00een func\u021bie de con\u021binutul de sulf \u00een aceasta),<\/li>\n<li>120-130 \u00b0C pentru cazanele pe gaz natural.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nValorile indicate sunt stabilite av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere factorii de siguran\u021b\u0103 ecologic\u0103, dar, mai presus de toate, \u00een func\u021bie de cerin\u021bele de func\u021bionare \u0219i durabilitate a echipamentului.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, pragul minim este setat \u00een a\u0219a fel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 se elimine riscul form\u0103rii condensului \u00een partea convec\u021bional\u0103 a cazanului \u0219i mai departe \u00een tract (\u00een canalele de gaz \u0219i co\u0219urile de fum). Totu\u0219i, pentru a preveni coroziunea nu este necesar s\u0103 renun\u021b\u0103m la c\u0103ldura care este eliberat\u0103 \u00een atmosfer\u0103 \u00een loc s\u0103 fie utilizat\u0103 pentru a realiza o munc\u0103 util\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Valorificarea c\u0103ldurii gazelor de ardere: ecologie cu profit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/c7ccb20ee5145c228f8270774363b490.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Coroziunea. Excludem riscurile<\/h2>\n<p>\nNu ne contrazicem, coroziunea este un fenomen nepl\u0103cut, capabil s\u0103 pun\u0103 \u00een pericol asigurarea func\u021bion\u0103rii \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103 a instala\u021biei de cazan \u0219i s\u0103 reduc\u0103 semnificativ durata sa de exploatare.<\/p>\n<p>Atunci c\u00e2nd gazele de fum sunt r\u0103cite la temperatura punctului de rou\u0103 sau sub aceasta, are loc condensarea vaporilor de ap\u0103, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu aceasta trec \u00een stare lichid\u0103 \u0219i compu\u0219ii NOx, SOx, care, reac\u021bion\u00e2nd cu apa, formeaz\u0103 acizi, av\u00e2nd un efect distructiv asupra suprafe\u021belor interioare ale cazanului. \u00cen func\u021bie de tipul de combustibil ars, temperatura punctului de rou\u0103 acid este diferit\u0103, la fel \u0219i compozi\u021bia acizilor care se formeaz\u0103 sub form\u0103 de condensat. Rezultatul, \u00eens\u0103, este acela\u0219i \u2013 coroziune.<\/p>\n<p>Gazele de evacuare ale cazanelor care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe gaz natural constau \u00een principal din urm\u0103toarele produse de ardere: vapori de ap\u0103 (H2O), dioxid de carbon (CO2), monoxid de carbon (CO) \u0219i hidrocarburi combustibile nears\u0103 CnHm (ultimele dou\u0103 apar \u00een cazul arderei incomplete a combustibilului, c\u00e2nd regimul de ardere nu este reglat).<\/p>\n<p>Fiindc\u0103 \u00een aerul atmosferic se afl\u0103 o cantitate mare de azot, printre altele, \u00een produsele de ardere apar oxizi de azot NO \u0219i NO2, denumi\u021bi global NOx, care afecteaz\u0103 negativ mediul \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tatea uman\u0103. Combin\u00e2ndu-se cu apa, oxizii de azot formeaz\u0103 acidul nitric activ corrosiv.<\/p>\n<p>At the burning of fuel oil and coal, sulfur oxides, known as SOx, are produced in the combustion products. Their negative impact on the environment has been widely studied and is beyond doubt. The acid condensate formed when interacting with water causes sulfide corrosion of heating surfaces.<\/p>\n<p>Traditionally, the temperature of flue gases, as shown above, is chosen in such a way as to protect equipment from acid precipitation on the heating surfaces of the boiler. Moreover, the gas temperature must ensure the condensation of NOx and SOx outside the gas duct to protect not only the boiler itself but also the flue gas ducts and chimney from corrosion processes. Of course, there are specific standards that limit the allowable concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur oxides emissions, but this does not negate the fact that these combustion products accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere and fall back as acid precipitation on its surface.<\/p>\n<p>The sulfur contained in fuel oil and coal, as well as the carryover of unburned solid fuel particles (including ash), impose additional requirements for the cleaning of flue gases. The use of gas cleaning systems significantly increases the cost and complexity of flue gas heat recovery processes, making such measures unattractive from an economic perspective and often practically unprofitable.<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, local authorities set a minimum flue gas temperature at the outlet of the stack to ensure adequate dispersion of outgoing gases and the absence of a smoke plume. Additionally, some companies may voluntarily adopt such practices to improve their image, as the general public often interprets the presence of a visible smoke plume as a sign of environmental pollution, while the absence of a smoke plume may be seen as a sign of clean production.<\/p>\n<p>Toate acestea duc la situa\u021bia \u00een care, \u00een anumite condi\u021bii meteorologice, \u00eentreprinderile pot \u00eenc\u0103lzi deliberat gazele de ardere \u00eenainte de a le elibera \u00een atmosfer\u0103. De\u0219i, prin \u00een\u021belegerea compozi\u021biei gazelor evacuate de boilerul care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu gaz natural (ceea ce a fost detaliat mai sus), devine evident c\u0103 \u201efum\u201d alb care iese din horn (\u00een cazul unei set\u0103ri corespunz\u0103toare a modului de ardere) este \u00een mare parte vapori de ap\u0103 care se formeaz\u0103 ca rezultat al reac\u021biei de ardere a gazului natural \u00een camera de ardere a boilerului.<\/p>\n<p>Combaterea coroziunii necesit\u0103 utilizarea de materiale rezistente la efectele sale negative (astfel de materiale exist\u0103 \u0219i pot fi utilizate \u00een instala\u021biile care folosesc ca combustibil gaz, produse din rafinarea petrolului \u0219i chiar de\u0219euri), precum \u0219i organizarea colect\u0103rii, prelucr\u0103rii condensatului acid \u0219i eliminarea acestuia.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Valorificarea c\u0103ldurii gazelor de ardere: ecologie cu profit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/2fd11a8e0fb31fa32efb575038855137.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Tehnologie<\/h2>\n<p>\nImplementarea unui set de m\u0103suri pentru reducerea temperaturii gazelor de ardere din spatele boilerului la o \u00eentreprindere existent\u0103 asigur\u0103 cre\u0219terea eficien\u021bei energetice a \u00eentregii instala\u021bii, din care face parte unitatea de boiler, folosind \u00een primul r\u00e2nd boilerul \u00eensu\u0219i (c\u0103ldura generat\u0103 \u00een acesta).<\/p>\n<p>Conceptul unor astfel de solu\u021bii, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, se reduce la un singur lucru: pe por\u021biunea de gaz duct \u00eenainte de horn se monteaz\u0103 un schimb\u0103tor de c\u0103ldur\u0103, care absoarbe c\u0103ldura gazelor de ardere prin intermediul unui mediu de r\u0103cire (de exemplu, ap\u0103). Aceast\u0103 ap\u0103 poate fi at\u00e2t un agent termic final care trebuie \u00eenc\u0103lzit, c\u00e2t \u0219i un agent intermediar care transfer\u0103 c\u0103ldura prin echipamente de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103 suplimentare c\u0103tre un alt circuit.<\/p>\n<p>Schema principial\u0103 este prezentat\u0103 \u00een figur\u0103:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Valorificarea c\u0103ldurii gazelor de ardere: ecologie cu profit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/8d8adf7d5b3b1d113a6d4ba35f773620.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nColectarea condensatului generat se realizeaz\u0103 direct \u00een volumul noului aparat de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103, care este fabricat din materiale rezistente la coroziune. Acest lucru se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 pragul de temperatur\u0103 a punctului de rou\u0103 pentru umiditatea con\u021binut\u0103 \u00een volumul gazelor evacuate este dep\u0103\u0219it exact \u00een interiorul schimb\u0103torului de c\u0103ldur\u0103. Astfel, se utilizeaz\u0103 nu doar c\u0103ldura fizic\u0103 a gazelor de ardere, ci \u0219i c\u0103ldura latent\u0103 a condens\u0103rii vaporilor de ap\u0103 con\u021binu\u021bi \u00een acestea. Aparatul, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, trebuie s\u0103 fie proiectat astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 nu creeze o rezisten\u021b\u0103 aerodinamic\u0103 excesiv\u0103 \u0219i, ca urmare, s\u0103 nu afecteze condi\u021biile de func\u021bionare ale unit\u0103\u021bii de boiler.<\/p>\n<p>Structura aparatului de schimb de c\u0103ldur\u0103 poate fi fie un schimb\u0103tor de c\u0103ldur\u0103 recuperativ obi\u0219nuit, unde transferul de c\u0103ldur\u0103 de la gaze la lichid se produce printr-un perete de separare, fie un schimb\u0103tor de c\u0103ldur\u0103 de contact, \u00een care gazele de ardere intr\u0103 \u00een contact direct cu apa, care este pulverizat\u0103 prin duze \u00een fluxul acestora.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru schimb\u0103torul de c\u0103ldur\u0103 recuperativ, solu\u021bia pentru condensul acidoas\u0103 se reduce la organizarea colect\u0103rii \u0219i neutraliz\u0103rii acestuia. \u00cen cazul schimb\u0103torului de c\u0103ldur\u0103 de contact, se aplic\u0103 o abordare u\u0219or diferit\u0103, asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu sp\u0103larea periodic\u0103 a sistemului de ap\u0103 circulant\u0103: pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce aciditatea lichidului circulant cre\u0219te, o parte din acesta este prelevat\u0103 \u00eentr-un rezervor de acumulare, unde se efectueaz\u0103 tratarea cu reactivi, urmat\u0103 de eliminarea apei \u00een canalizarea de drenaj sau direc\u021bionarea acesteia \u00een ciclul tehnologic.<\/p>\n<p>Aplicarea separat\u0103 a energiei gazelor de ardere poate fi limitat\u0103 din cauza diferen\u021bei dintre temperatura gazelor \u0219i necesit\u0103\u021bile de temperatur\u0103 specific\u0103 la intrarea procesului consumator de energie. Cu toate acestea, \u0219i pentru astfel de situa\u021bii aparent f\u0103r\u0103 ie\u0219ire, a fost dezvoltat\u0103 o abordare care se bazeaz\u0103 pe tehnologiile \u0219i echipamentele de nou\u0103 calitate.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen scopul cre\u0219terii eficien\u021bei procesului de valorificare a c\u0103ldurii gazelor de ardere, \u00een practica mondial\u0103, solu\u021biile inovatoare bazate pe pompe de c\u0103ldur\u0103 sunt utilizate din ce \u00een ce mai frecvent ca element cheie al sistemului. \u00cen anumite sectoare industriale (de exemplu, \u00een bioenergetic\u0103), aceste solu\u021bii sunt aplicate la majoritatea cazanelor introduse \u00een exploatare. Economisirea suplimentar\u0103 a resurselor energetice primare \u00een acest caz se realizeaz\u0103 prin utilizarea nu a ma\u0219inilor electrice cu compresie pe aburi tradi\u021bionale, ci a pompelor de c\u0103ldur\u0103 absorbtive cu bromur\u0103 de litiu (ABTL), care au nevoie, pentru func\u021bionare, nu de electricitate, ci de c\u0103ldur\u0103 (de multe ori aceasta poate fi c\u0103ldura residual\u0103 neutilizat\u0103, care exist\u0103 din abundent\u0103 \u00een aproape orice \u00eentreprindere). Aceast\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103 dintr-o surs\u0103 extern\u0103 de \u00eenc\u0103lzire activeaz\u0103 ciclul intern al ABTL, care permite transformarea poten\u021bialului termic disponibil al gazelor de evacuare \u0219i transferarea acestuia c\u0103tre medii mai \u00eenc\u0103lzite.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Valorificarea c\u0103ldurii gazelor de ardere: ecologie cu profit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/82daf6ec9c80cb633f21101c4471a195.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Rezultatul<\/h2>\n<p>\nR\u0103cirea gazelor de ardere ale cazanului cu ajutorul unor solu\u021bii similare poate fi destul de profund\u0103 \u2013 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 30 \u0219i chiar 20 \u00b0C de la ini\u021bialele 120-130 \u00b0C. C\u0103ldura ob\u021binut\u0103 este suficient\u0103 pentru a \u00eenc\u0103lzi apa necesar\u0103 pentru preg\u0103tirea chimic\u0103 a apei, completare, furnizarea de ap\u0103 cald\u0103 \u0219i chiar pentru re\u021belele de \u00eenc\u0103lzire.<\/p>\n<p>Economisirea combustibilului poate ajunge la 5-10%, iar cre\u0219terea eficien\u021bei cazanului \u2013 2-3%.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, implementarea tehnologiei descrise permite rezolvarea simultan\u0103 a mai multor sarcini. Acestea sunt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>utilizarea maxim\u0103 \u0219i eficient\u0103 a c\u0103ldurii gazelor de fum (precum \u0219i a c\u0103ldurii ascunse de condensare a vapourilor de ap\u0103),<\/li>\n<li>reducerea volumului emisiilor de NOx \u0219i SOx \u00een atmosfer\u0103,<\/li>\n<li>ob\u021binerea unei resurse suplimentare \u2013 ap\u0103 purificat\u0103 (care va g\u0103si aplica\u021bie util\u0103 \u00een orice \u00eentreprindere, de exemplu, ca supliment pentru re\u021belele de \u00eenc\u0103lzire \u0219i alte circuite de ap\u0103),<\/li>\n<li>eliminarea tor\u021belor de fum (acestea devin barely visible sau dispar complet).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPractic, se dovede\u0219te c\u0103 fezabilitatea aplic\u0103rii unor solu\u021bii similare depinde \u00een primul r\u00e2nd de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>posibilitatea utiliz\u0103rii utile a c\u0103ldurii gazelor de fum existente,<\/li>\n<li>durata de utilizare a energiei termice ob\u021binute pe parcursul anului,<\/li>\n<li>costul resurselor energetice \u00een \u00eentreprindere,<\/li>\n<li>existenta dep\u0103\u0219irii concentra\u021biei maxime admise a emisiilor de NOx \u0219i SOx (precum \u0219i de severitatea legisla\u021biei ecologice locale),<\/li>\n<li>metoda de neutralizare a condensatului \u0219i op\u021biunile pentru utilizarea sa ulterioar\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/lanit\/blog\/460419\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, 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