{"id":36722,"date":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:13:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:13:23","slug":"raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","title":{"rendered":"Diferen\u021ba dintre bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Pe 30 noiembrie 2010, David Collier a scris:<\/i><\/p>\n

Am observat c\u0103 \u00een busybox leg\u0103turile sunt distribuite \u00een aceste patru directoare.
\nExist\u0103 o regul\u0103 simpl\u0103 pentru a determina \u00een care director ar trebui s\u0103 fie fiecare leg\u0103tur\u0103\u2026
\nDe exemplu, kill se afl\u0103 \u00een \/bin, iar killall \u00een \/usr\/bin\u2026 Nu v\u0103d nicio logic\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nProbabil \u0219ti\u021bi c\u0103 Ken Thompson \u0219i Dennis Ritchie au creat Unix pe PDP-7 \u00een 1969. A\u0219adar, \u00een jurul anului 1971, s-au modernizat la PDP-11 cu c\u00e2teva discuri RK05 (de c\u00e2te 1,5 megabai fiecare).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd sistemul de operare a crescut \u0219i nu a mai \u00eenc\u0103put pe primul disc (unde se afla sistemul de fi\u0219iere r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103), au mutat o parte pe al doilea, unde erau directoarele home (de aceea punctul de montare se numea \/usr \u2014 de la cuv\u00e2ntul user). Au duplicat acolo toate directoarele necesare ale sistemului de operare (\/bin, \/sbin, \/lib, \/tmp ...) \u0219i au depozitat fi\u0219iere pe noul disc, deoarece pe vechiul disc nu mai era loc. Apoi au primit un al treilea disc, l-au montat \u00een directoarele \/home \u0219i au mutat acolo directoarele home ale utilizatorilor, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t sistemul de operare s\u0103 poat\u0103 ocupa tot spa\u021biul r\u0103mas pe cele dou\u0103 discuri, iar acesta era \u00een jur de trei megabai<\/b> (wow!).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Desigur, a trebuit s\u0103 introduc\u0103 o regul\u0103: 'atunci c\u00e2nd sistemul de operare porne\u0219te, trebuie s\u0103 fie capabil s\u0103 monteze al doilea disc \u00een directorul \/usr, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 punem programe precum mount pe al doilea disc \u00een \/usr, altfel vom avea problema g\u0103inii \u0219i a oului'. A\u0219a de simplu. \u0218i aceasta era valabil\u0103 pentru Unix V6 acum 35 de ani.<\/p>\n

\u00cemp\u0103r\u021birea \/bin \u0219i \/usr\/bin (\u0219i a tuturor directoarelor similare) este o consecin\u021b\u0103 a acelor evenimente, un detaliu de implementare din anii '70, care a fost repetat\u0103 de birocra\u021bi timp de decenii \u00eentregi. Ei nu s-au \u00eentrebat de ce<\/i>, au f\u0103cut pur \u0219i simplu a\u0219a. Aceast\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire a \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai aib\u0103 sens cu mult \u00eenainte de a fi creat Linux, din mai multe motive:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. La pornire se folose\u0219te initrd sau initramfs, care \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 problemele de genul 'acest fi\u0219ier ne trebuie \u00eenainte de acel fi\u0219ier'. A\u0219adar, avem este deja disponibil<\/i> un sistem de fi\u0219iere temporar, care este folosit pentru a porni tot restul. <\/li>\n
  2. Bibliotecile partajate (care au fost ad\u0103ugate \u00een Unix de c\u0103tre b\u0103ie\u021bii de la Berkley) nu permit modificarea independent\u0103 a con\u021binutului din \/lib \u0219i \/usr\/lib. Aceste dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi trebuie s\u0103 fie conforme \u00eentre ele, altfel nu vor func\u021biona. Acest lucru nu se \u00eent\u00e2mpla \u00een 1974, deoarece atunci existau o anumit\u0103 independen\u021b\u0103 datorit\u0103 link\u0103rii statice. <\/li>\n
  3. Hard disk-urile ieftine au dep\u0103\u0219it bariera de 100 de megabytes undeva \u00een 1990, iar aproximativ \u00een aceea\u0219i perioad\u0103 au fost introduse programele pentru redimensionarea parti\u021biilor (partition magic 3.0 a fost lansat \u00een 1997). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nDesigur, deoarece exist\u0103 o divizare, unii oameni au venit cu reguli care o justific\u0103. De exemplu, partea r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 este nevoie pentru diferite lucruri obi\u0219nuite ale sistemului de operare, iar \u00een \/usr ar trebui s\u0103 se plaseze fi\u0219ierele locale. Sau \u00een \/ se pune ceea ce distribuie AT&T, iar \u00een \/usr \u2014 ceea ce a ad\u0103ugat distribu\u021bia ta, IBM AIX, sau Dec Ultrix, sau SGI Irix, iar \u00een \/usr\/local se afl\u0103 fi\u0219iere specifice sistemului t\u0103u. Apoi cineva a decis c\u0103 \/usr\/local nu este un loc potrivit pentru a instala noul software, a\u0219a c\u0103 s\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m \u0219i \/opt! Nu m-ar surprinde dac\u0103 ar ap\u0103rea \u0219i \/opt\/local...<\/p>\n

    Desigur, \u00een decursul a 30 de ani, datorit\u0103 acestei \u00eemp\u0103r\u021biri, au ap\u0103rut \u0219i disp\u0103rut tot felul de reguli interesante specifice diferitelor distribu\u021bii. De exemplu, \u201e\/tmp se cur\u0103\u021b\u0103 la repornire, dar \/usr\/tmp nu\u201d. (\u0218i \u00een Ubuntu \/usr\/tmp nu exist\u0103 \u00een principiu, iar \u00een Gentoo \/usr\/tmp este un link simbolic c\u0103tre \/var\/tmp, c\u0103ruia acum i se aplic\u0103 acea regul\u0103, iar el nu se cur\u0103\u021b\u0103 la repornire. Da, toate acestea au fost \u00eenainte de tmpfs. De asemenea, este cazul ca sistemul de fi\u0219iere r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 s\u0103 fie disponibil doar \u00een mod read-only, iar atunci \u00een \/usr nu trebuie scris nimic, ci trebuie scris \u00een \/var. Sau \u00een \/ \u00een principal<\/i> nu se poate scrie, cu excep\u021bia faptului c\u0103 \u00een \/etc, care uneori a fost \u00eencercat\u0103 s\u0103 fie mutat\u0103 \u00een \/var...)<\/p>\n

    Birocra\u021bii precum Linux Foundation (care au absorbit Free Standards Group \u00een timpul extinderii cu mul\u021bi ani \u00een urm\u0103) documenteaz\u0103 \u0219i complic\u0103 aceste reguli cu pl\u0103cere, f\u0103r\u0103 a \u00eencerca s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 de ce au ap\u0103rut. Nu au idee c\u0103 Ken \u0219i Dennis au mutat pur \u0219i simplu o parte din OS \u00een directorul lor home, pentru c\u0103 discul RK05 de pe PDP-11 era prea mic.<\/p>\n

    Sunt aproape sigur c\u0103 busybox pur \u0219i simplu plaseaz\u0103 fi\u0219ierele a\u0219a cum s-a f\u0103cut istoric. Nu exist\u0103 o real\u0103 justificare pentru a face asta \u0219i ast\u0103zi. Personal, eu doar fac ca \/bin, \/sbin \u0219i \/lib s\u0103 fie linkuri c\u0103tre directoare similare \u00een \/usr. Oamenii care lucreaz\u0103 cu software \u00eencorporat \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 simplifice...
    \n
    Sursa:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u2026 \u041a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, kill \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \/bin, \u0430 killall \u2014 \u0432 \/usr\/bin\u2026 \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Diferen\u021ba dintre bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","description":"Pe 30 noiembrie 2010, David Collier a scris: Am observat c\u0103 \u00een busybox linkurile sunt organize pe aceste patru directoare. Exist\u0103 vreo regul\u0103 simpl\u0103 pentru a determina \u00een care.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 bin, sbin, usr\/bin, usr\/sbin | ProHoster","og:description":"30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0440 (David Collier) \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b: \u042f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 busybox \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/raznitsa-mezhdu-bin-sbin-usr-bin-usr-sbin","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:13:23+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"36722","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:40:22","updated":"2026-01-22 04:34:22","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36722"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36722\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36722"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36722"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36722"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}