{"id":36917,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","slug":"shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","title":{"rendered":"Lupta celor dou\u0103 yokozuna","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Lupta
\n
\nMai pu\u021bin de o zi p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenceputul v\u00e2nz\u0103rilor noilor procesoare AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome. \u00cen acest articol, ne-am propus s\u0103 redescoperim \u00eenceputurile rivalit\u0103\u021bii dintre cei doi mari produc\u0103tori de CPU.<\/p>\n

Primul procesor comercial disponibil pe 8 bi\u021bi din lume a fost Intel\u00ae i8008, lansat \u00een 1972. Procesorul avea o frecven\u021b\u0103 de 200 kHz, era fabricat conform procesului tehnologic de 10 \u00b5m (10.000 nm) \u0219i era destinat calculatoarelor avansate, terminalelor de intrare-ie\u0219ire \u0219i ma\u0219inilor de \u00eembuteliere.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Lupta
\n
\n\u00cen 1974, acest procesor a stat la baza microcomputerului Mark-8, prezentat ca un proiect DIY pe coperta revistei Radio-Electronics. Autorul proiectului, Jonathan Titus, oferea tuturor doritorilor un pliant care costa 5 dolari, con\u021bin\u00e2nd schi\u021be ale traseelor pl\u0103cilor de circuite \u0219i descrierea procesului de asamblare. Cur\u00e2nd a ap\u0103rut un proiect similar al unui calculator personal, Altair 8800, creat de compania MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems).<\/p>\n

\u00cenceputul rivalit\u0103\u021bii<\/h2>\n

\nLa doi ani dup\u0103 crearea i8008, Intel a lansat noul s\u0103u cip - i8080, bazat pe arhitectura \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit\u0103 a i8008 \u0219i fabricat conform procesului tehnologic de 6 \u00b5m (6.000 nm). Acest procesor era de aproximativ 10 ori mai rapid dec\u00e2t predecesorul s\u0103u (frecven\u021b\u0103 de 2 MHz) \u0219i avea un set de instruc\u021biuni mai dezvoltat.<\/p>\n

\"Lupta
\n
\nIngineria invers\u0103 a procesorului Intel\u00ae i8080, realizat\u0103 de trei ingineri talenta\u021bi - Sean \u0219i Kim Hailey, precum \u0219i Jay Kumar, a dus la crearea unei clone modificate, denumit\u0103 AMD AM9080.<\/p>\n

\"Lupta
\n
\nIni\u021bial, AMD Am9080 a fost fabricat f\u0103r\u0103 licen\u021b\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 ulterior a fost \u00eencheiat un acord de licen\u021biere cu Intel. Astfel, ambele companii au ob\u021binut un avantaj pe pie\u021bele de cipuri, deoarece cump\u0103r\u0103torii c\u0103utau s\u0103 evite o poten\u021bial\u0103 dependen\u021b\u0103 de un singur furnizor. Primele v\u00e2nz\u0103ri au fost extrem de profitabile, costul de produc\u021bie fiind de 50 de cen\u021bi, iar chipurile erau cump\u0103rate activ de c\u0103tre armat\u0103 cu 700 de dolari bucata.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 aceea, Kim Hailey a decis s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 fac\u0103 inginerie invers\u0103 asupra cipului de memorie Intel\u00ae EPROM 1702. La acea vreme, aceasta era cea mai avansat\u0103 tehnologie de memorie permanent\u0103. Proiectul a reu\u0219it doar par\u021bial - clona creat\u0103 p\u0103stra datele timp de doar 3 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni la temperatura camerei. <\/p>\n

Rup\u00e2nd numeroase cipuri \u0219i baz\u00e2ndu-se pe cuno\u0219tin\u021bele sale de chimie, Kim a concluzionat c\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 a cunoa\u0219te temperatura exact\u0103 de cre\u0219tere a oxidului, nu va fi posibil s\u0103 se ating\u0103 valorile promi\u021b\u0103toare anun\u021bate de Intel (10 ani la 85 de grade). Demonstr\u00e2nd un talent pentru ingineria social\u0103, el a sunat la fabrica Intel \u0219i a \u00eentrebat la ce temperatur\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cuptoarele lor. Uimitor, dar i-au spus f\u0103r\u0103 ezitare cifra exact\u0103 \u2014 830 de grade. Bingo! Desigur, astfel de trucuri nu puteau s\u0103 nu aib\u0103 consecin\u021be negative.<\/p>\n

Primul proces<\/h2>\n

\nLa \u00eenceputul anului 1981, Intel se preg\u0103tea s\u0103 \u00eencheie un contract pentru produc\u021bia de procesoare cu IBM, cel mai mare produc\u0103tor de computere din lume la acea vreme. Intel \u00eens\u0103 nu dispunea de suficiente capacit\u0103\u021bi de produc\u021bie pentru a satisface cerin\u021bele IBM, a\u0219a c\u0103, pentru a nu pierde contractul, a fost necesar s\u0103 se ajung\u0103 la un compromis. Acest compromis a fost un acord de licen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre Intel \u0219i AMD, care le-a permis celor din urm\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenceap\u0103 produc\u021bia de clone ale Intel\u00ae 8086, 80186 \u0219i 80286.<\/p>\n

La patru ani dup\u0103 aceea, pe pia\u021ba procesoarelor cu arhitectur\u0103 x86 a fost lansat noul Intel\u00ae 80386 cu o frecven\u021b\u0103 de 33 MHz, realizat pe un proces tehnologic de 1 \u00b5m (1000 nm). \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, AMD preg\u0103tea \u0219i un cip similar denumit Am386\u2122, \u00eens\u0103 lansarea a fost am\u00e2nat\u0103 pe termen nedefinit datorit\u0103 refuzului categoric al Intel de a furniza date despre tehnologie \u00een cadrul acordului de licen\u021b\u0103. Aceasta a devenit motivul pentru a se ajunge \u00een instan\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cadrul procesului, Intel a \u00eencercat s\u0103 demonstreze c\u0103 termenii acordului se aplic\u0103 doar procesoarelor din genera\u021biile anterioare, lansate \u00eenainte de 80386. AMD, pe de alt\u0103 parte, a insistat c\u0103 termenii acordului \u00eei permit nu doar s\u0103 reproduc\u0103 80386, ci \u0219i modelele viitoare bazate pe arhitectura x86.<\/p>\n

\"Lupta
\n
\nLitigiile au durat c\u00e2\u021biva ani \u0219i s-au \u00eencheiat cu victoria AMD (Intel a pl\u0103tit AMD 1 miliard de dolari). Rela\u021bia de \u00eencredere \u00eentre companii a ajuns la cap\u0103t, iar Am386\u2122 a fost lansat abia \u00een 1991. Cu toate acestea, procesorul a fost foarte c\u0103utat, deoarece func\u021biona la o frecven\u021b\u0103 mai mare dec\u00e2t originalul (40 MHz fa\u021b\u0103 de 33 MHz).<\/p>\n

\"Lupta
\n<\/p>\n

Dezvoltarea concuren\u021bei<\/h2>\n

\nPrimul procesor din lume, bazat pe un nucleu hibrid CISC-RISC \u0219i av\u00e2nd un coprocessor matematic (FPU) direct pe acela\u0219i cristal, a fost Intel\u00ae 80486. FPU a permis accelerarea semnificativ\u0103 a opera\u021biunilor cu virgul\u0103 mobil\u0103, reduc\u00e2nd sarcina de pe CPU. O alt\u0103 inova\u021bie a fost implementarea mecanismului de execu\u021bie \u00een pipeline, ceea ce a crescut de asemenea performan\u021ba. Dimensiunea unui element varia \u00eentre 600 \u0219i 1000 nm, iar pe cristal erau deja \u00eentre 0,9 \u0219i 1,6 milioane de tranzistori.<\/p>\n

AMD, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, a prezentat un analog func\u021bional complet sub numele Am486, folosind microcodul Intel\u00ae 80386 \u0219i coprocessorul Intel\u00ae 80287. Aceast\u0103 circumstan\u021b\u0103 a dus la numeroase dispute legale. Decizia judec\u0103toreasc\u0103 din 1992 a confirmat c\u0103 AMD a \u00eenc\u0103lcat drepturile de autor \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu microcodul FPU 80287, dup\u0103 care compania a \u00eenceput dezvoltarea propriului microcod.<\/p>\n

Procesele judec\u0103tore\u0219ti ulterioare au confirmat \u0219i apoi au infirmat dreptul AMD de a folosi microcodurile Intel\u00ae. Punctul final \u00een aceste probleme a fost pus de Curtea Suprem\u0103 a Statului California, recunosc\u00e2nd ca ilegal dreptul companiei AMD de a utiliza microcodul 80386. \u00cen urma acestui fapt, a fost semnat un acord \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 companii, care a permis totu\u0219i AMD s\u0103 produc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 v\u00e2nd\u0103 procesoare care con\u021bineau microcodul 80287, 80386 \u0219i 80486.<\/p>\n

Cei mai mul\u021bi juc\u0103tori de pe pia\u021ba x86, cum ar fi Cyrix, Texas Instruments \u0219i UMC, au \u00eencercat s\u0103 repete succesul Intel, lans\u00e2nd analogi func\u021bionali ai cipului 80486. Cu toate acestea, nu au avut succes. UMC a ie\u0219it din curs\u0103 dup\u0103 o interdic\u021bie judec\u0103toreasc\u0103 de v\u00e2nzare a Green CPU pe teritoriul SUA. Cyrix nu a reu\u0219it s\u0103 \u00eencheie contracte profitabile cu marii asamblatori \u0219i au existat litigii cu Intel privind utilizarea tehnologiilor brevete. Astfel, liderii pie\u021bei x86 au r\u0103mas doar Intel \u0219i AMD.<\/p>\n

Cre\u0219terea vitezei<\/h2>\n

\nC\u0103ut\u00e2nd s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 suprema\u021bia, at\u00e2t Intel, c\u00e2t \u0219i AMD au \u00eencercat s\u0103 ating\u0103 maximum de performan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i vitez\u0103. Astfel, AMD a fost prima din lume care a dep\u0103\u0219it pragul de 1 GHz, lans\u00e2nd Athlon\u2122 (37 milioane de tranzistori, 130 nm) pe nucleul Thunderbird. \u00cen aceast\u0103 etap\u0103 a \u201ecurse\u201d Intel s-a confruntat cu probleme de instabilitate a cache-ului de nivel doi la Pentium\u00ae III pe nucleul Coppermine, ceea ce a dus la \u00eent\u00e2rzierea lans\u0103rii produsului.<\/p>\n

Un fapt interesant - numele Athlon provine din limba greac\u0103 veche \u0219i poate fi tradus ca \u201ecompeti\u021bie\u201d sau \u201eloc de lupt\u0103, aren\u0103\u201d. <\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Etapele la fel de reu\u0219ite pentru AMD au fost lansarea procesorului dual-core Athlon\u2122 X2 (90 nm), iar dup\u0103 2 ani Quad-Core Opteron\u2122 (65 nm), unde toate cele 4 nuclee sunt cultivate pe un singur cristal, nu sunt o asamblare din 2 cristale cu c\u00e2te 2 nuclee fiecare. \u00centre timp, Intel lanseaz\u0103 celebrele sale Core\u2122 2 Duo \u0219i Core\u2122 2 Quad, realizate pe procesul tehnologic de 65 nm.<\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 cu cre\u0219terea frecven\u021belor de ceas \u0219i a num\u0103rului de nuclee, s-a ridicat urgent problema st\u0103p\u00e2nirii unor noi procese tehnologice, precum \u0219i intrarea pe alte pie\u021be. Cea mai mare afacere a corpora\u021biei AMD a fost achizi\u021bia ATI Technologies pentru 5,4 miliarde de dolari. Astfel, AMD a p\u0103truns pe pia\u021ba acceleratorilor grafici \u0219i a devenit principalul concurent al Nvidia. Intel, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, a achizi\u021bionat una dintre subdiviziunile Texas Instruments, precum \u0219i compania Altera pentru 16,7 miliarde de dolari. Rezultatul a fost intrarea pe pia\u021ba circuitelor integrate logice programabile \u0219i SoC pentru electronica de consum.<\/p>\n

Un lucru demn de remarcat este c\u0103, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 2009, AMD a renun\u021bat la produc\u021bia proprie, concentr\u00e2ndu-se exclusiv pe dezvoltare. Procesoarele moderne AMD sunt produse \u00een facilit\u0103\u021bile de produc\u021bie ale companiilor GlobalFoundries \u0219i TSMC. Intel, pe de alt\u0103 parte, continu\u0103 s\u0103 dezvolte propriile capacit\u0103\u021bi de produc\u021bie pentru elementele semiconductoare.<\/p>\n

Din 2018, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 competi\u021bia direct\u0103, ambele companii au \u00eenceput \u0219i proiecte comune. Un exemplu clar este lansarea procesoarelor Intel\u00ae Core\u2122 de genera\u021bie a 8-a cu grafic\u0103 integrat\u0103 AMD Radeon\u2122 RX Vega M, combin\u00e2nd astfel punctele forte ale ambelor companii. Aceast\u0103 solu\u021bie va permite reducerea dimensiunilor laptopurilor \u0219i mini-computerelor, cresc\u00e2nd \u00een acela\u0219i timp performan\u021ba \u0219i durata de via\u021b\u0103 a bateriei.<\/p>\n

Concluzie<\/h2>\n

\nDe-a lungul \u00eentregii istorii a ambelor companii, au existat numeroase episoade de ne\u00een\u021belegeri \u0219i acuza\u021bii reciproce. Lupta pentru suprema\u021bie a continuat ne\u00eentrerupt \u0219i continu\u0103 \u0219i \u00een prezent. Anul acesta am v\u0103zut o actualizare serioas\u0103 a gamei de procesoare Intel\u00ae Xeon\u00ae Scalable, despre care am povestit deja \u00een blogul nostru<\/a><\/noindex>, iar acum este r\u00e2ndul AMD s\u0103 urce pe scen\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cur\u00e2nd, noile procesoare AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome vor ap\u0103rea \u00een laboratorul nostru. Afla\u021bi<\/a><\/noindex> despre sosirea lor primii.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 CPU. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c 8-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c 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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27660,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47B\u0103t\u0103lia celor doi yokozuna | ProHoster","description":"Mai pu\u021bin de 24 de ore p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenceputul v\u00e2nz\u0103rilor noilor procesoare AMD EPYC\u2122 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