{"id":36971,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:01","slug":"kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","title":{"rendered":"Ce impact au \u00eentreruperile de internet?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Ce
\n
\nPe 3 august, \u00een Moscova, \u00eentre orele 12:00 \u0219i 14:30, re\u021beaua Rostelecom AS12389 a experimentat o sc\u0103dere mic\u0103, dar notabil\u0103. NetBlocks consider\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> a fost primul \u00abshutdown de stat\u00bb din istoria Moscovei. Acest termen se refer\u0103 la \u00eentreruperea sau restric\u021bionarea accesului la internet de c\u0103tre autorit\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Ceea ce s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat la Moscova pentru prima dat\u0103 este deja un trend global de c\u00e2\u021biva ani. \u00cen ultimii trei ani, au fost \u00eenregistrate 377 de \u00eentreruperi inten\u021bionate ale internetului de c\u0103tre autorit\u0103\u021bi la nivel mondial, conform Access Now<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Statele utilizeaz\u0103 tot mai frecvent restric\u021bionarea accesului la internet, at\u00e2t ca instrument de cenzur\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i ca instrument \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva ac\u021biunilor ilegale.<\/p>\n

Dar \u00eentrebarea este c\u00e2t de eficient este acest instrument? Ce rezultate aduce utilizarea sa? \u00cen ultima vreme, au ap\u0103rut c\u00e2teva studii care arunc\u0103 pu\u021bin\u0103 lumin\u0103 asupra acestei \u00eentreb\u0103ri.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 dou\u0103 moduri principale de \u00eentrerupere a internetului, care sunt cele mai frecvent utilizate:
\nPrimul este perturbarea func\u021bion\u0103rii \u00eentregii re\u021bele, a\u0219a cum a fost recent \u00een Mauritania<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Al doilea este blocarea accesului la anumite site-uri web (de exemplu, la re\u021belele sociale) sau la aplica\u021bii de mesagerie a\u0219a cum a fost recent \u00een Liberia<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"Ce
\nPrimul episod major de \u00eentrerupere a internetului a avut loc \u00een 2011, c\u00e2nd guvernul egiptean a oprit internetul \u0219i re\u021belele mobile timp de cinci zile \u00een timpul \u00abprim\u0103verii arabe<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Dar doar \u00een 2016 guvernele unor \u021b\u0103ri africane au \u00eenceput s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 activ \u00eentreruperile regulate. Primul experiment cu \u00eentreruperile a fost realizat de Republica Congo, care a blocat toate telecomunica\u021biile timp de o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een timpul alegerilor preziden\u021biale.<\/p>\n

Este important s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 \u00eentreruperile nu sunt \u00eentotdeauna cenzur\u0103 politic\u0103. Algeria, Irak \u0219i Uganda au oprit temporar internetul<\/a><\/noindex> pentru a preveni scurgerea \u00eentreb\u0103rilor de examen \u00een timpul desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103rii examenelor \u0219colare. \u00cen Brazilia instan\u021ba a blocat<\/a><\/noindex> WhatsApp \u00een 2015 \u0219i 2016, dup\u0103 ce Facebook Inc (proprietarul WhatsApp) nu a satisf\u0103cut solicit\u0103rile instan\u021bei pentru date \u00een cadrul unei anchete penale.<\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, este adev\u0103rat c\u0103 discursurile de ur\u0103 \u0219i \u0219tirile false se pot r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi foarte repede pe re\u021belele sociale \u0219i prin mesagerii. Unul dintre modurile prin care autorit\u0103\u021bile \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 previn\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea acestor informa\u021bii este limitarea accesului la internet.
\nAnul trecut, de exemplu, fluxul lin\u0219ajelor din India<\/a><\/noindex> a fost provocat de zvonuri r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite prin WhatsApp, ceea ce a dus la 46 de crime \u0219ocante.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, \u00een grupul de protec\u021bie a drepturilor digitale Access Now<\/a><\/noindex> se consider\u0103 c\u0103 r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea dezinform\u0103rii serve\u0219te adesea doar ca o masc\u0103 pentru \u00eentreruperile temporare. De exemplu, o cercetare<\/a><\/noindex> \u00eentreruperile internetului \u00een Siria au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 acestea, de obicei, coincid cu niveluri semnificativ mai ridicate de violen\u021b\u0103 din partea for\u021belor guvernamentale.<\/p>\n

\"Ce
\nCauze oficiale VS reale ale \u00eentreruperii internetului \u00een 2018, conform Access Now<\/a><\/noindex><\/i>.<\/p>\n

Geografia \u00eentreruperilor<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cen 2018 Access Now<\/a><\/noindex> au fost \u00eenregistrate 196 de \u00eentreruperi ale internetului la nivel mondial. Ca \u0219i \u00een anii anteriori, cele mai multe \u00eentreruperi au avut loc \u00een India, 67% dintre toate \u00eentreruperile \u00eenregistrate la nivel global.<\/p>\n

Celelalte 33% se afl\u0103 \u00een diferite \u021b\u0103ri: Algeria, Bangladesh, Camerun, Ciad, Coasta de Filde\u0219, Republica Democrat\u0103 Congo, Etiopia, Indonezia, Irakul, Kazahstan, Mali, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Filipine \u0219i Rusia.<\/p>\n

\"Ce
\n<\/p>\n

Impactul \u00eentreruperilor<\/h2>\n

\nO cercetare interesant\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> a fost publicat\u0103 \u00een februarie 2019, autorul s\u0103u, Jan Rydzak de la Universitatea Stanford, investigheaz\u0103 \u00eentreruperile internetului \u0219i efectele lor de aproximativ 5 ani.<\/p>\n

Jan Rydzak a studiat India, unde au fost mai multe \u00eentreruperi ale internetului dec\u00e2t \u00een orice alt\u0103 parte a lumii. Multe dintre cauzele acestora nu au fost explicate, dar cele care au fost \u00een mod oficial recunoscute erau, de obicei, justificate prin necesitatea de a suprima diverse ac\u021biuni colective violente.<\/p>\n

\u00cen total, Rydzak a analizat 22.891 de proteste \u00een India \u00een perioada 2016-2017. Cercetarea sa arat\u0103 c\u0103 at\u00e2t restric\u021biile de acces la internet, c\u00e2t \u0219i la re\u021belele sociale nu par s\u0103 reduc\u0103 nivelul de escaladare. <\/p>\n

\u00cen cazurile \u00een care protestele au fost legate de violen\u021b\u0103, el a descoperit c\u0103 \u00eentreruperile de internet erau \u00een general asociate cu o escaladare a acesteia. Fiecare zi ulterioar\u0103 dup\u0103 \u00eentreruperea internetului a dus la mai mult\u0103 violen\u021b\u0103 dec\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd protestul avea loc cu acces constant la internet.<\/p>\n

\u00centre timp, \u00een timpul perioadelor de deconectare a internetului \u00een protestele pa\u0219nice, care, de altfel, depind mai mult de coordonarea atent\u0103 prin canale digitale, nu s-a observat o influen\u021b\u0103 statistic semnificativ\u0103 a deconect\u0103rilor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen plus, datele ob\u021binute sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een unele cazuri, deconectarea accesului la re\u021bea a condus la \u00eenlocuirea tacticilor non-violente cu cele violente, care aparent depind mai pu\u021bin de comunicarea eficient\u0103 \u0219i coordonare.<\/p>\n

Pre\u021bul deconect\u0103rilor<\/h2>\n

\nDe\u0219i deconectarea accesului la internet devine o m\u0103sur\u0103 din ce \u00een ce mai popular\u0103 pentru multe guverne, nu trebuie uitat c\u0103 aceasta nu este o pl\u0103cere gratuit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Analiz\u00e2nd impactul a 81 de restric\u021bii pe termen scurt asupra accesului la internet<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een 19 \u021b\u0103ri \u00eentre iulie 2015 \u0219i iunie 2016, Darrell West de la Institutul Brookings a descoperit c\u0103 pierderile totale ale PIB-ului sunt estimate la 2,4 miliarde de dolari.<\/p>\n

\"Ce
\nLista \u021b\u0103rilor cu cele mai mari pierderi din cauza deconect\u0103rii internetului.<\/i><\/p>\n

Este important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 Darrell West a considerat doar impactul economic al deconect\u0103rilor asupra produsului intern brut<\/a><\/noindex>. Nu a evaluat pierderile de venituri fiscale, impactul asupra productivit\u0103\u021bii muncii sau pierderea \u00eencrederii investitorilor ca urmare a deconect\u0103rilor.
\nAstfel, cifra de 2,4 miliarde de dolari este o estimare conservatoare, care probabil subestimeaz\u0103 daunele economice reale.<\/p>\n

Ie\u0219ire<\/h2>\n

\n\u00centrebarea necesit\u0103 cu siguran\u021b\u0103 o cercetare suplimentar\u0103. De exemplu, r\u0103spunsul la \u00eentrebarea c\u00e2t de mult se poate aplica cercetarea shutdown-urilor din India la alte \u021b\u0103ri nu este deloc evident.<\/p>\n

Dar, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, se pare c\u0103 deconectarea internetului este, \u00een cel mai bun caz, un instrument prost func\u021bion\u00e2nd cu un cost ridicat de utilizare. Utilizarea sa poate duce la consecin\u021be negative.<\/p>\n

\u0218i poate chiar la alte riscuri, precum restric\u021biile interna\u021bionale impuse de organiza\u021bii sau instan\u021be, deteriorarea climatului investi\u021bional. Probabilitatea ca acestea s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple nu a fost \u00eenc\u0103 studiat\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u0218i dac\u0103 da, atunci de ce?
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

3 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 12:00 \u0438 14:30 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 AS12389 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. NetBlocks \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043c\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434. \u0417\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e 377 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27706,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Ce impact au deconect\u0103rile internetului? | ProHoster","description":"Pe 3 august, la Moscova, \u00eentre 12:00 \u0219i 14:30, re\u021beaua.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430? | ProHoster","og:description":"3 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 12:00 \u0438 14:30 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:15:01+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:15:01+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"36971","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 05:34:19","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:35:27","updated":"2026-01-22 05:34:19","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36971"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36971\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}