{"id":37275,"date":"2019-10-31T22:16:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:16:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:42","slug":"tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/tanchiki-na-paskale-kak-uchili-detej-programmirovaniyu-v-90-h-i-chto-s-etim-bylo-ne-tak","title":{"rendered":"Tancuri \u00een Pascal: cum erau \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi copiii programare \u00een anii '90 \u0219i ce nu era \u00een regul\u0103 cu aceasta","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P \uc870\uae08 \u043e ceea ce a \u00eensemnat \u201einformatica\u201d \u0219colar\u0103 \u00een anii '90 \u0219i de ce to\u021bi programatorii de atunci erau exlusiv autodidac\u021bi.<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Pe ce \u00eenv\u0103\u021bau copiii s\u0103 programeze<\/h2>\n

\nLa \u00eenceputul anilor '90, \u0219colile din Moscova au \u00eenceput s\u0103 echipeze selectiv s\u0103lile cu calculatoare. Fereastra era \u00eemprejmuit\u0103 cu grilaje \u0219i u\u0219a era grea, acoperit\u0103 cu metal. \u00centotdeauna ap\u0103rea un profesor de informatic\u0103 (care p\u0103rea cel mai important dup\u0103 director), a c\u0103rui sarcin\u0103 principal\u0103 era s\u0103 se asigure c\u0103 nimeni nu atingea nimic. NIMIC. Chiar \u0219i u\u0219a de intrare.
\n\u00cen s\u0103li, cele mai frecvente erau sistemele BK-0010 (\u00een toate variantele sale) \u0219i BK-0011M.<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\nFotografie preluat\u0103 de aici<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Copiii \u00eenv\u0103\u021bau despre structura general\u0103 a unui sistem, dar \u0219i c\u00e2teva zeci de comenzi \u201eBASIC\u201d pentru a putea desena linii \u0219i cercuri pe ecran. Pentru clasele mici \u0219i medii, probabil c\u0103 aceasta era suficient.<\/p>\n

Exista totu\u0219i probleme cu salvarea crea\u021biilor lor (programelor). De cele mai multe ori, calculatoarele erau conectate \u00eentr-o re\u021bea cu topologia \u201ebus comun\u201d \u0219i o vitez\u0103 de transfer de 57600 baudi, utiliz\u00e2nd controlere monokanale. De regul\u0103, era un singur dischetar, care adesea nu func\u021biona bine. Uneori mergea, alteori nu, re\u021beaua se bloca, iar discheta nu era citit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Atunci, purtam cu mine aceast\u0103 minun\u0103\u021bie cu un spa\u021biu de 360 kB.<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n
\n\u0218ansele s\u0103 scot din nou programul meu de pe ea erau de aproximativ 50-70%.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, principala problem\u0103 a tuturor acestor pove\u0219ti cu calculatoarele \u201eBK\u201d erau bloc\u0103rile infinite.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Acestea se puteau \u00eent\u00e2mpla \u00een orice moment, fie la scrierea codului, fie la execu\u021bia programului. O re\u021bea blocat\u0103 \u00eensemna c\u0103 cele 45 de minute de timp au fost pierdute, deoarece trebuia s\u0103 refaci totul de la cap\u0103t, dar nu mai exista timp suficient pentru a face asta \u00een durata r\u0103mas\u0103 a lec\u021biei.<\/p>\n

Spre 1993, \u00een anumite \u0219coli \u0219i licee ap\u0103reau s\u0103li normale cu computere 286, iar \u00een unele locuri erau chiar \u0219i \u201etrei\u201d. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te limbajele de programare, existau dou\u0103 op\u021biuni: acolo unde se \u00eencheia \u201eBASIC\u201d, \u00eencepea \u201eTurbo Pascal\u201d.<\/p>\n

Programarea \u00een \u201eTurbo Pascal\u201d pe baza \u201etankurilor\u201d<\/h2>\n

\nLa \u201ePascal\u201d, copiii \u00eenv\u0103\u021bau s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 bucle, s\u0103 deseneze tot felul de func\u021bii, s\u0103 lucreze cu array-uri. La liceul de fizic\u0103 \u0219i matematic\u0103, unde am petrecut o vreme, se alocau o or\u0103 pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 pentru informatic\u0103. \u0218i timp de doi ani, acolo a fost o plictiseal\u0103 total\u0103. Desigur, mi-a\u0219 fi dorit s\u0103 fac ceva mai serios dec\u00e2t s\u0103 afi\u0219ez valorile unui array sau ale unei sinusoide.<\/p>\n

Tanchiki<\/h3>\n

\nBattle City a fost unul dintre cele mai populare jocuri pe consolele clone NES (Dendy \u0219i altele). <\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n
\n\u00cen 1996, popularitatea consolelor de 8 bi\u021bi a trecut, acestea z\u0103ceau de mult \u00een dulapuri, iar mie mi s-a p\u0103rut interesant s\u0103 fac un clone al \u201eTanchiki\u201d pentru PC. \u00cen continuare, voi vorbi despre cum era nevoie s\u0103 te descurci pentru a crea ceva cu grafic\u0103, mouse \u0219i sunet \u00een \u201ePascal\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n<\/p>\n

Po\u021bi desena doar be\u021be \u0219i cercuri<\/h3>\n

\nS\u0103 \u00eencepem cu grafica.<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n
\n\u00cen varianta de baz\u0103, \u201ePascal\u201d permitea desenarea unor figuri, umplerea \u0219i definirea culorilor pixelilor. Cele mai avansate proceduri din modulul Graph, care ne apropie de sprite-uri, sunt GetImage \u0219i PutImage. Cu ajutorul acestora, puteai captura \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 de memorie rezervat\u0103 o por\u021biune din ecran \u0219i apoi folosi acest fragment ca o imagine raster. Cu alte cuvinte, dac\u0103 dore\u0219ti s\u0103 folose\u0219ti repetat pe ecran anumite elemente sau imagini, le desenezi mai \u00eent\u00e2i, le copiezi \u00een memorie, \u0219tergi ecranul, desenezi urm\u0103torul element \u0219i tot a\u0219a, p\u00e2n\u0103 creezi biblioteca dorit\u0103 \u00een memorie. Deoarece totul se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 rapid, utilizatorul acestor trucuri nu observ\u0103 nimic.<\/p>\n

Primul modul \u00een care au fost folosite sprite-urile \u2013 editorul de h\u0103r\u021bi.<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n
\n\u00cen el era un c\u00e2mp de joc marcat. Clickul cu mouse-ul deschidea un meniu unde se putea alege una dintre cele patru op\u021biuni de obstacole. Apropo de mouse\u2026<\/p>\n

Mouse-ul \u2013 acesta este deja sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor '90<\/h3>\n

\nDesigur, toat\u0103 lumea avea mouse-uri, dar p\u00e2n\u0103 la mijlocul anilor '90, acestea erau folosite doar \u00een Windows 3.11, pachete grafice \u0219i un num\u0103r mic de jocuri. \u00cen Wolf \u0219i Doom jucai doar cu tastatura. De asemenea, \u00een mediul DOS, mouse-ul nu era foarte necesar. De aceea, modulul de lucru cu mouse-ul din Borland nu era inclus \u00een standard. Trebuia s\u0103-l cau\u021bi la cunoscu\u021bi, care se ridicau din umeri \u0219i exclamau \u201edar de ce ai nevoie de el?\u201d.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, g\u0103sirea unui modul pentru interogarea mouse-ului este doar jum\u0103tate din problem\u0103. Pentru a face clic cu mouse-ul pe butoanele de pe ecran, acestea trebuie desenate. \u00cen plus, trebuie s\u0103 existe dou\u0103 variante (ap\u0103sat \u0219i neap\u0103sat). La butonul neap\u0103sat, partea de sus este luminoas\u0103, iar dedesubt este umbra. La butonul ap\u0103sat, din contr\u0103. \u0218i trebuie s\u0103 le redimensionezi pe ecran de trei ori (neap\u0103sat, ap\u0103sat, apoi din nou neap\u0103sat). Plus, nu uita\u021bi s\u0103 seta\u021bi \u00eent\u00e2rzieri pentru afi\u0219are \u0219i s\u0103 ascunde\u021bi cursorul.<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n
\nDe exemplu, procesarea meniului principal \u00een cod ar\u0103ta a\u0219a:<\/p>\n

\"Tancuri
\n<\/p>\n

Sunet \u2013 doar un buzzer PC Speaker<\/h3>\n

\nO poveste separat\u0103 este sunetul. La \u00eenceputul anilor '90, clonele Sound Blaster abia \u00eencepeau s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i fac\u0103 apari\u021bia, iar majoritatea aplica\u021biilor func\u021bionau doar cu difuzorul \u00eencorporat. Maximul capacit\u0103\u021bilor sale \u2013 este redarea simultan\u0103 a unui singur ton. \u0218i exact acest lucru permitea Turbo Pascal. Prin procedura sound se putea \u00abcioc\u0103ni\u00bb cu frecven\u021be diferite, ceea ce era suficient pentru sunetele de \u00eempu\u0219c\u0103turi \u0219i explosion, dar pentru o melodie de fundal, a\u0219a cum era la mod\u0103 atunci, asta nu se potrivea. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, s-a g\u0103sit o solu\u021bie destul de ingenioas\u0103: \u00een arhiva noastr\u0103 de software a fost descoperit un \u00abexecutable\u00bb, desc\u0103rcat c\u00e2ndva de pe o BBS. Acesta era capabil s\u0103 fac\u0103 minuni \u2013 s\u0103 redea wav-uri necomprimate prin PC Speaker, f\u0103c\u00e2nd asta din linia de comand\u0103 \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 a avea o interfa\u021b\u0103 propriu-zis\u0103. Tot ce era necesar era s\u0103-l apel\u0103m prin procedura Pascal exec \u0219i s\u0103 ne asigur\u0103m c\u0103 aceast\u0103 construc\u021bie nu se pr\u0103bu\u0219e\u0219te. <\/p>\n

\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, muzica energic\u0103 a ap\u0103rut pe fundal, dar cu ea a ie\u0219it o situa\u021bie amuzant\u0103. \u00cen 1996, aveam un sistem pe Pentium 75, overclockat la 90. Pe el, totul func\u021biona perfect. La universitate, \u00eens\u0103, unde pe semestrul doi ne-au pus Pascal, \u00een sala de clas\u0103 erau \u201etr\u0103sni\u021bi\u201d care au v\u0103zut multe. Conform \u00een\u021belegerii cu profesorul, am adus aceste tankuri la a dou\u0103 sesiune, pentru a ob\u021bine o aprobat\u0103 \u0219i a nu mai merge acolo. \u0218i iat\u0103, dup\u0103 pornire, din difuzor a \u00eenceput s\u0103 r\u0103sune un \u021bip\u0103t zgomotos amestecat cu sunete g\u00e2tleje bulg\u0103itoare. \u00cen general, \u201etr\u0103snita\u201d de 33 MHz nu a putut s\u0103 ruleze corect acel \u201eexecutable\u201d. Dar \u00een rest, totul era \u00een regul\u0103. Desigur, except\u00e2nd \u00eent\u00e2rzierea la interogarea tastaturii, care strica \u00eentreaga experien\u021b\u0103 de joc, indiferent de performan\u021ba PC-ului.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Dar problema principal\u0103 nu este \u00een \u00abPascal\u00bb<\/h2>\n

\n\u00cen opinia mea, \u201eTanchiki\u201d este maximul pe care l-am putut ob\u021bine din Turbo Pascal f\u0103r\u0103 inser\u021bii de asamblare. Printre dezavantajele evidente ale produsului final se num\u0103r\u0103: \u00eent\u00e2rzierea \u00een citirea tastaturii \u0219i redarea lent\u0103 a graficii. Situa\u021bia era agravat\u0103 de num\u0103rul extrem de mic de biblioteci \u0219i module externe. Acestea puteau fi num\u0103rate pe degetele unei singure m\u00e2ini.<\/p>\n

Dar cel mai mult m\u0103 descuraja abordarea din educa\u021bia \u0219colar\u0103. La acea vreme, copiilor nu li se vorbea despre avantajele \u0219i oportunit\u0103\u021bile altor limbaje. La ore, se \u00eencepea aproape imediat s\u0103 se vorbeasc\u0103 despre begin, println \u0219i if, ceea ce \u00eei priva pe elevi de o \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare mai diversificat\u0103. Ambele limbaje pot fi considerate strict educa\u021bionale. Utilizarea lor \u201e\u00een lupt\u0103\u201d este un fenomen rar. <\/p>\n

De ce s\u0103-i \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m pe copii limbaje false \u2013 este o enigm\u0103 pentru mine. S\u0103 fie ele mai vizuale. S\u0103 existe variante de \u201eBASIC\u201d folosite \u00een unele locuri. Totu\u0219i, \u00een orice caz, dac\u0103 o persoan\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i propune s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i construiasc\u0103 viitorul \u00een programare, va trebui s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be de la zero alte limbaje. De ce s\u0103 nu li se ofere copiilor acelea\u0219i sarcini educa\u021bionale, dar pe o platform\u0103 (limbaj) normal\u0103, \u00een cadrul c\u0103reia s\u0103 se poat\u0103 dezvolta ulterior de unul singur?<\/p>\n

Apropo de sarcini. La \u0219coal\u0103 \u0219i la universitate, acestea au fost \u00eentotdeauna abstracte: s\u0103 calculeze ceva, s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 o func\u021bie, s\u0103 deseneze ceva. Am studiat \u00een trei \u0219coli diferite, plus c\u0103 am avut \u201ePascal\u201d \u00een primul an de universitate \u0219i niciodat\u0103 profesorii nu au pus o sarcin\u0103 aplicat\u0103 realist\u0103. De exemplu, s\u0103 fac\u0103 un carnet de adrese sau altceva util. Totul a fost for\u021bat. \u0218i c\u00e2nd o persoan\u0103 rezolv\u0103 luni de zile sarcini goale, care apoi ajung la co\u0219ul de gunoi\u2026 \u00cen general, oamenii ies din universitate deja epuiza\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Apropo, \u00een anul trei la aceea\u0219i universitate, ne-au introdus \u201eplusurile\u201d \u00een program\u0103. Se p\u0103rea c\u0103 este un lucru bun, dar lumea era obosit\u0103, s\u0103tul\u0103 de falsuri \u0219i sarcini \u201eeduca\u021bionale\u201d. Entuziasmul, ca la \u00eenceput, nu a mai fost observat la nimeni.<\/p>\n

P.S. Am c\u0103utat pe internet ce limbaje se predau acum \u00een \u0219coli la orele de informatic\u0103. Totul este la fel ca acum 25 de ani: Basic, Pascal. Cu c\u00e2teva inser\u021bii sporadice de Python.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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