{"id":37376,"date":"2019-10-31T22:17:16","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:17:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/opticheskij-telegraf-svch-set-i-bashnya-tesly-neobychnye-vyshki-svyazi\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:17:16","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:17:16","slug":"opticheskij-telegraf-svch-set-i-bashnya-tesly-neobychnye-vyshki-svyazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/opticheskij-telegraf-svch-set-i-bashnya-tesly-neobychnye-vyshki-svyazi","title":{"rendered":"Telegraf optic, re\u021bea cu microunde \u0219i turnul Tesla: turnuri de comunica\u021bie neobi\u0219nuite.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Telegraf
\n
\nNe-am obi\u0219nuit cu ideea c\u0103 turnurile \u0219i antenele de comunicare arat\u0103 plictisitor sau inestetic. Din fericire, \u00een istorie au existat \u2014 \u0219i exist\u0103 \u2014 exemple interesante \u0219i neobi\u0219nuite ale acestor structuri, \u00een general, utilitare. Am adunat o mic\u0103 selec\u021bie de turnuri de comunica\u021bie care ni s-au p\u0103rut deosebite.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Turnul din Stockholm<\/h1>\n

\nS\u0103 \u00eencepem cu \u201etrumpeta\u201d \u2014 cea mai neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u0219i cea mai veche construc\u021bie din selec\u021bia noastr\u0103. S\u0103 o numim \u201eturn\u201d ar fi o exagerare. \u00cen 1887, \u00een Stockholm, a fost construit un turn din grinzi de o\u021bel, cu sec\u021biune p\u0103trat\u0103. Cu turnule\u021be \u00een col\u021buri, catarge pentru steaguri \u0219i decora\u021biuni pe perimetru \u2014 o adev\u0103rat\u0103 frumuse\u021be!<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n
\n\"Telegraf
\n
\nTurnul ar\u0103ta magic iarna, c\u00e2nd firele erau acoperite de ghea\u021b\u0103:<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n
\n\"Telegraf
\n
\n\u00cen 1913, turnul a \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai fie un hub telefonic, dar nu a fost demolat \u0219i a r\u0103mas ca o atrac\u021bie turistic\u0103. Din p\u0103cate, exact 40 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een cl\u0103dire a izbucnit un incendiu, iar turnul a fost dezmembrat.<\/p>\n

Re\u021beaua de microunde<\/h1>\n

\n\u00cen 1948, compania american\u0103 AT&T a lansat un proiect costisitor pentru a crea o re\u021bea de turnuri de comunica\u021bie prin radio \u00een banda de microunde. \u00cen 1951, re\u021beaua format\u0103 din 107 turnuri a fost pus\u0103 \u00een func\u021biune. Pentru prima dat\u0103, era posibil s\u0103 efectuezi apeluri telefonice \u00een toat\u0103 \u021bara \u0219i s\u0103 transmi\u021bi semnale TV exclusiv \u201epe calea aerului\u201d, f\u0103r\u0103 a folosi re\u021bele de cablu. Re\u021belele lor de antene seam\u0103n\u0103 cu gramofon sau cu boxe de designer construite pe baza unei scheme de r\u0103spuns invers.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, mai t\u00e2rziu, re\u021beaua a fost abandonat\u0103, pentru c\u0103 \u00een locul comunica\u021biilor prin microunde a ap\u0103rut fibra optic\u0103. Soarta turnurilor a fost diferit\u0103: unele ruginesc degeaba, altele au fost t\u0103iate pentru metal, unele sunt folosite pentru a organiza comunica\u021bii de c\u0103tre companii mai mici; unele turnuri sunt folosite de localnici pentru propriile nevoi.<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n
\n\"Telegraf
\n
\n\"Telegraf
\n<\/p>\n

Turnul Wardencliff<\/h1>\n

\nNikola Tesla a fost un geniu \u0219i, cu siguran\u021b\u0103, este \u00eenc\u0103 subestimat. Poate c\u0103 nu a fost lipsit de un strop de nebunie. Poate, dac\u0103 investitorii s\u0103i nu l-ar fi dezam\u0103git, ar fi putut intra \u00een istorie ca omul care a schimbat via\u021ba \u00eentregii umanit\u0103\u021bi. Dar acum, despre asta nu putem dec\u00e2t s\u0103 specul\u0103m.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1901, Tesla a \u00eenceput construc\u021bia turnului Wardenclyffe, care trebuia s\u0103 stea la baza unei linii de comunica\u021bie transatlantice. De asemenea, prin intermediul acestuia, Tesla dorea s\u0103 demonstreze principialitatea posibilit\u0103\u021bii transmiterii wireless a energiei electrice \u2014 inventatorul visa s\u0103 creeze un sistem mondial de transmitere a energiei electrice, radiodifuzare \u0219i comunica\u021bii radio. Din p\u0103cate, ambi\u021biile sale au contradictat interesele comerciale ale propriilor investitori, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t Tesla a \u00eencetat s\u0103 mai primeasc\u0103 fonduri pentru continuarea proiectului, care a fost \u00eenchis \u00een 1905.<\/p>\n

Turnul a fost construit l\u00e2ng\u0103 laboratorul lui Tesla:<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n
\nDin p\u0103cate, crea\u021bia geniului nu a supravie\u021buit p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een zilele noastre \u2014 turnul a fost demolat \u00een 1917.<\/p>\n

Gigantul cu trei col\u021buri<\/h1>\n

\n\u00cen schimb, aceast\u0103 turnur\u0103 tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u0219i prosper\u0103, fiind activ utilizat\u0103 \u0219i aduc\u00e2nd beneficii. Structura, \u00eenalt\u0103 de 298 de metri, a fost ridicat\u0103 pe un deal din San Francisco. A fost construit\u0103 \u00een 1973 \u0219i este folosit\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een ziua de azi pentru transmisii de televiziune \u0219i radio. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2017, turnul Sutro a fost cel mai \u00eenalt obiect arhitectural din ora\u0219.<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n\"Telegraf
\n
\nFac\u00e2nd clic pe aceast\u0103 imagine, se va deschide o fotografie complet\u0103:<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf<\/a><\/noindex>
\nPriveli\u0219te asupra San Francisco de la turn:<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n<\/p>\n

Pe fundul apei mici<\/h1>\n

\nC\u00e2ndva, for\u021bele aeriene ale Statelor Unite au construit \u00een Golful Mexic mai multe turnuri de comunica\u021bie cu relee radio.<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\nDirect pe fundul m\u0103rii, pe temelii de beton au fost montate tripozi din o\u021bel, iar deasupra apei se \u00eenal\u021b\u0103 turnuri elegante ale antenelor cu platforme echipate, pe care se poate amplasa o mic\u0103 cas\u0103. O priveli\u0219te foarte neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 \u2014 un turn ajurat ie\u0219ind din mijlocul m\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\nA\u0219a cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 de obicei, dezvoltarea tehnologiilor de comunica\u021bie a f\u0103cut ca turnurile s\u0103 devin\u0103 inutile, iar ast\u0103zi militarii nu \u0219tiu ce s\u0103 fac\u0103 cu ele: fie s\u0103 le taie, fie s\u0103 le scufunde, fie s\u0103 le lase a\u0219a cum sunt. Este curios c\u0103, de-a lungul anilor de existen\u021b\u0103, antenele s-au transformat \u00een ni\u0219te recife artificiale cu propriile ecosisteme mici, \u0219i au fost frecventate de pasiona\u021bi ai pescuitului marin \u0219i scufund\u0103rilor, care au depus chiar o peti\u021bie pentru a nu le distruge.<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n\"Telegraf
\n\"Telegraf<\/p>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la radio<\/h1>\n

\n\u0218i la finalul selec\u021biei noastre dorim s\u0103 v\u0103 povestim despre inven\u021bia a doi francezi, fra\u021bii Chappe. \u00cen anul 1792, ei au demonstrat a\u0219a-numitul \u201esemafor\u201d \u2014 o mic\u0103 turn cu o bar\u0103 transversala rotativ\u0103, la capetele c\u0103reia se aflau \u0219i pl\u0103ci rotative. Fra\u021bii Chappe au propus codificarea literelor \u0219i cifrelor alfabetului prin diferite pozi\u021bii ale barei \u0219i pl\u0103cilor.<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\n
\nPl\u0103cile \u0219i bara trebuiau rotite manual. Ast\u0103zi, totul pare incredibil de lent \u0219i inconvenient, de asemenea, acest sistem avea un dezavantaj serious: depindea \u00een totalitate de vreme \u0219i de momentul zilei. Dar la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului 18 a fost o realizare uimitoare \u2014 \u00eentre ora\u0219e, printr-o re\u021bea de turnuri, mesajele scurte puteau fi transmise \u00een aproximativ 20 de minute.<\/p>\n

\"Telegraf
\nIar p\u00e2n\u0103 la mijlocul secolului 19, toate tipurile de telegrafie optic\u0103 \u2014 inclusiv variantele care foloseau semnale luminoase \u2014 au fost \u00eenlocuite de telegrafia electric\u0103, prin cablu. Iar pe unele monumente arhitecturale au r\u0103mas p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi turnuri pe care au stat c\u00e2ndva sta\u021biile semaforului. De exemplu, pe acoperi\u0219ul Palatului de Iarn\u0103.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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