{"id":37684,"date":"2019-10-31T22:19:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:19:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/zachem-nuzhen-devops-i-kto-takie-devops-spetsialisty\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:19:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:19:05","slug":"zachem-nuzhen-devops-i-kto-takie-devops-spetsialisty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zachem-nuzhen-devops-i-kto-takie-devops-spetsialisty","title":{"rendered":"De ce este necesar DevOps \u0219i cine sunt speciali\u0219tii DevOps","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e2nd o aplica\u021bie nu func\u021bioneaz\u0103, cel mai pu\u021bin \u00ee\u021bi dore\u0219ti s\u0103 auzi de la colegi expresia \u201eproblema este de partea voastr\u0103\u201d. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, utilizatorii au de suferit \u2013 iar lor nu le pas\u0103 care parte a echipei este responsabil\u0103 pentru defectiune. Cultura DevOps a ap\u0103rut tocmai pentru a uni dezvoltarea \u0219i suportul \u0219i a-i aduce \u00eempreun\u0103 \u00een jurul unei responsabilit\u0103\u021bi comune pentru produsul final.<\/p>\n

Ce practici sunt incluse \u00een conceptul de DevOps \u0219i de ce sunt importante? Ce fac inginerii DevOps \u0219i ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie? La aceste \u0219i alte \u00eentreb\u0103ri r\u0103spund exper\u021bii de la EPAM: Kirill Sergeev, inginer de sistem \u0219i evanghelist DevOps, \u0219i Igor Boiko, inginer de sistem senior \u0219i coordonator al uneia dintre echipele DevOps ale companiei.<\/p>\n

\"De
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

De ce este necesar DevOps?<\/h3>\n

\nAnterior, \u00eentre dezvoltatori \u0219i suport (a\u0219a numitul operations) existau bariere. Sun\u0103 paradoxal, dar aveau obiective \u0219i KPI diferite, de\u0219i realizau acela\u0219i lucru. Obiectivul dezvolt\u0103rii era de a implementa c\u00e2t mai repede cerin\u021bele de afaceri \u0219i de a le ad\u0103uga \u00eentr-un produs func\u021bional. Suportul era responsabil de asigurarea unei func\u021bion\u0103ri stabile a aplica\u021biei \u2013 iar orice schimbare punea stabilitatea \u00een pericol. Exist\u0103 un conflict de interese \u2013 DevOps a ap\u0103rut pentru a-l rezolva.<\/p>\n

Ce este DevOps?<\/h3>\n

\n\u00centrebarea este bun\u0103 \u2013 \u0219i controversat\u0103: \u00een lume nu s-a ajuns \u00eenc\u0103 la un consens. La EPAM consider\u0103m c\u0103 DevOps \u00eembin\u0103 tehnologii, procese \u0219i cultura interac\u021biunii \u00een cadrul echipei. Aceast\u0103 combinare este orientat\u0103 c\u0103tre livrarea continu\u0103 a valorii c\u0103tre utilizatorii finali.<\/p>\n

Kirill Sergeev<\/b>: \u201eDezvoltatorii scriu cod, testerii \u00eel verific\u0103, iar administratorii instaleaz\u0103 produsul final \u00een mediul de produc\u021bie. O perioad\u0103 \u00eendelungat\u0103, aceste p\u0103r\u021bi ale echipei au fost oarecum separate, iar apoi a ap\u0103rut ideea de a le uni printr-un proces comun. A\u0219a au ap\u0103rut practicile DevOps.\u201d<\/p>\n

A sosit ziua \u00een care dezvoltatorii \u0219i inginerii de sistem au \u00eenceput s\u0103-\u0219i manifeste interesul unul fa\u021b\u0103 de cel\u0103lalt. Bariera dintre produc\u021bie \u0219i suport a \u00eenceput s\u0103 dispar\u0103. A\u0219a a ap\u0103rut DevOps, care include practici, cultur\u0103 \u0219i ordine \u00een interac\u021biunea din echip\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"De
\n<\/p>\n

Care este esen\u021ba culturii DevOps?<\/h3>\n

\nResponsabilitatea pentru rezultatul final revine fiec\u0103rui membru al echipei. Ceea ce este interesant \u0219i complex \u00een filosofia DevOps este \u00een\u021belegerea c\u0103 o persoan\u0103 nu este responsabil\u0103 doar pentru etapa sa de lucru, ci \u0219i pentru modul \u00een care va func\u021biona \u00eentregul produs. Problema nu este de partea cuiva \u2013 este comun\u0103, iar fiecare membru al echipei ajut\u0103 la solu\u021bionarea acesteia.<\/p>\n

Principiul fundamental al culturii DevOps este de a rezolva problemele, nu doar de a aplica practici DevOps. Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, aceste practici sunt implementate nu \u00abde partea cuiva\u00bb, ci \u00een \u00eentregul produs. Proiectul nu are nevoie doar de un inginer DevOps \u2013 are nevoie de solu\u021bionarea problemei, iar rolul inginerului DevOps poate fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit \u00eentre mai mul\u021bi membri ai echipei cu specializ\u0103ri diferite.<\/p>\n

Ce practici DevOps exist\u0103?<\/h3>\n

\nPracticile DevOps acoper\u0103 toate etapele ciclului de via\u021b\u0103 al software-ului.<\/p>\n

Igor Boiko<\/b>: \u00abCazul ideal este atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eencepem s\u0103 folosim practicile DevOps \u00eenc\u0103 de la ini\u021bierea proiectului. \u00cempreun\u0103 cu arhitec\u021bii, planific\u0103m care va fi peisajul arhitectural al aplica\u021biei, unde va fi localizat\u0103 \u0219i cum va fi scalat\u0103, alegem platforma. \u00cen prezent, arhitectura microserviciilor este la mod\u0103 \u2013 pentru aceasta alegem un sistem de orchestrare: trebuie s\u0103 putem gestiona fiecare element al aplica\u021biei separat \u0219i s\u0103-l actualiz\u0103m independent de ceilal\u021bi. O alt\u0103 practic\u0103 este \u201cinfrastructura ca \u0219i cod\u201d. Aceasta se refer\u0103 la abordarea prin care infrastructura proiectului este creat\u0103 \u0219i gestionat\u0103 prin intermediul codului, nu prin interac\u021biune direct\u0103 cu serverele.<\/p>\n

Apoi trecem la etapa de dezvoltare. Aici, una dintre cele mai mari practici este construirea CI\/CD: trebuie s\u0103 ajut\u0103m dezvoltatorii s\u0103 integreze modific\u0103rile \u00een produs rapid, \u00een por\u021bii mici, mai des \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 dureri. CI\/CD acoper\u0103 at\u00e2t verificarea codului, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103rcarea versiunii principale \u00een baza de cod, precum \u0219i desf\u0103\u0219urarea aplica\u021biei \u00een medii de testare \u0219i produc\u021bie.<\/p>\n

\u00cen etapele CI\/CD, codul trece prin por\u021bile de calitate. Acestea verific\u0103 dac\u0103 codul care a ie\u0219it de pe sta\u021bia de lucru a dezvoltatorului corespunde criteriilor de calitate stabilite. Aici se adaug\u0103 teste unitare \u0219i UI. Pentru o desf\u0103\u0219urare rapid\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 dureri \u0219i concentrat\u0103 a produsului, se poate alege un tip de desf\u0103\u0219urare potrivit.<\/p>\n

Practicile DevOps au un rol \u0219i \u00een etapa de suport a produsului finalizat. Acestea sunt utilizate pentru monitorizare, feedback, securitate \u0219i implementarea modific\u0103rilor. \u00cen toate aceste sarcini, DevOps se concentreaz\u0103 pe \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021biri continue. Minimiza\u021bi opera\u021biile repetitive, le automatiz\u0103m. Acest lucru include migrarea, extinderea aplica\u021biei \u0219i asigurarea func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n

Care sunt beneficiile practicilor DevOps?<\/h3>\n

\nDac\u0103 am scrie un manual despre practicile moderne DevOps, pe prima sa pagin\u0103 ar figura trei puncte: automatizare, accelerarea lans\u0103rii \u0219i feedback rapid din partea utilizatorilor.<\/p>\n

Kirill Sergeev<\/b>: \u201ePrimul \u2013 este automatizarea. Toate interac\u021biunile din echip\u0103 le putem automatiza: am scris cod \u2013 l-am implementat \u2013 l-am verificat \u2013 l-am instalat \u2013 am adunat feedback \u2013 ne-am \u00eentors la \u00eenceput. Totul se face automat.<\/p>\n

Al doilea \u2013 accelerarea lans\u0103rii \u0219i chiar simplificarea dezvolt\u0103rii. Este \u00eentotdeauna important pentru client ca produsul s\u0103 ajung\u0103 pe pia\u021b\u0103 c\u00e2t mai repede, pentru a \u00eencepe s\u0103 aduc\u0103 beneficii mai devreme dec\u00e2t omologii s\u0103i de la concuren\u021b\u0103. Procesul de livrare a produsului poate fi \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit constant: scurt\u00e2nd timpul, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd etichete de control suplimentare, perfec\u021bion\u00e2nd monitorizarea.<\/p>\n

Al treilea \u2013 este accelerarea feedback-ului din partea utilizatorului. Dac\u0103 are observa\u021bii, putem face ajust\u0103ri imediat \u0219i actualiza aplica\u021bia instantaneu.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"De
\n<\/p>\n

Cum se raporteaz\u0103 conceptele de \u201einginer de sistem\u201d, \u201einginer de build\u201d \u0219i \u201einginer DevOps\u201d?<\/h3>\n

\nSe suprapun, dar se refer\u0103 la domenii u\u0219or diferite.<\/p>\n

Inginerul de sistem la EPAM \u2013 este o pozi\u021bie. Ace\u0219tia pot avea diferite niveluri: de la junior la specialist chief.<\/p>\n

Inginerul de build \u2013 este mai degrab\u0103 un rol pe care \u00eel poate \u00eendeplini \u00een cadrul proiectului. Acum sunt denumi\u021bi astfel persoanele responsabile pentru CI\/CD.<\/p>\n

Inginerul DevOps este specialistul care implementeaz\u0103 practicile DevOps \u00een proiect.<\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 sintetiz\u0103m toate acestea, rezult\u0103 aproximativ urm\u0103toarele: persoana \u00een pozi\u021bia de inginer de sistem \u00eendepline\u0219te rolul de inginer de build \u00een proiect \u0219i se ocup\u0103 acolo cu implementarea practicilor DevOps.<\/p>\n

Cu ce se ocup\u0103 exact inginerul DevOps?<\/h3>\n

\nInginerii DevOps adun\u0103 toate componentele care constituie un proiect. Ei \u00een\u021beleg specificul muncii programatorilor, testelor, administratorilor de sistem \u0219i ajut\u0103 la simplificarea acestora. \u00cen\u021beleg necesit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i cerin\u021bele afacerii, rolul s\u0103u \u00een procesul de dezvoltare \u0219i construiesc procesul av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere interesele clientului.<\/p>\n

Am discutat mult despre automatizare \u2013 acesta este un domeniu \u00een care inginerii DevOps se concentreaz\u0103 \u00een primul r\u00e2nd. Este un punct foarte important, care include, printre altele, preg\u0103tirea mediului.<\/p>\n

Kirill Sergeev<\/b>: \u201e\u00cenainte de a implementa actualiz\u0103ri \u00een produs, acestea trebuie testate \u00eentr-un mediu extern. Acesta este preg\u0103tit de inginerii DevOps. Tot ei promoveaz\u0103 cultura DevOps \u00een general: implementeaz\u0103 practici DevOps la toate nivelurile proiectelor lor. Aceste trei principii: automatizare, simplificare, accelerare \u2013 le aduc \u00een toate locurile \u00een care pot ajunge\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tie un inginer DevOps?<\/h3>\n

\n\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, el ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021be din diferite domenii: programare, lucru cu sisteme de operare, baze de date, sisteme de compilare \u0219i configurare. La acestea se adaug\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bi de a lucra cu infrastructuri cloud, sisteme de orchestrare, monitorizare.<\/p>\n

1. Limbaje de programare<\/b><\/p>\n

Inginerii DevOps \u0219tiu c\u00e2teva limbi de baz\u0103 pentru automatizare \u0219i pot, de exemplu, s\u0103-i spun\u0103 programatorului: \u201eHai s\u0103 faci instalarea codului nu manual, ci cu ajutorul scriptului nostru, care automatizeaz\u0103 totul. Pentru acesta, vom preg\u0103ti un fi\u0219ier de configurare, care va fi u\u0219or de citit at\u00e2t pentru tine, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru noi \u2013 \u0219i vom putea s\u0103-l modific\u0103m \u00een orice moment. \u00cen plus, vom putea vedea cine, c\u00e2nd \u0219i de ce face modific\u0103ri \u00een el\u201d.<\/p>\n

Un inginer DevOps poate \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba unul sau mai multe dintre aceste limbaje: Python, Groovy, Bash, Powershell, Ruby, Go. Nu este necesar s\u0103 le cunoasc\u0103 la un nivel profund \u2013 este suficient s\u0103 \u0219tie elementele de baz\u0103 ale sintaxei, principiile OOP \u0219i capacitatea de a scrie scripturi simple pentru automatizare.<\/p>\n

2. Sisteme de operare<\/b><\/p>\n

Inginerul DevOps trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 pe ce server va fi instalat produsul, \u00een ce mediu va fi rulat, cu ce servicii va interac\u021biona. Se poate specializa pe Windows sau pe familia Linux.<\/p>\n

3. Sisteme de control al versiunilor<\/b><\/p>\n

F\u0103r\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021be despre sistemele de control al versiunilor, inginerul DevOps nu poate avansa. Git este unul dintre cele mai populare sisteme \u00een prezent.<\/p>\n

4. Provideri de cloud<\/b><\/p>\n

AWS, Google, Azure \u2013 mai ales dac\u0103 discut\u0103m despre direc\u021bia Windows.<\/p>\n

Kirill Sergeev<\/b>: \u00abFurnizorii de cloud ne ofer\u0103 servere virtuale<\/a>, care se integreaz\u0103 perfect \u00een CI\/CD.<\/p>\n

Instalarea a zece servere fizice<\/a> necesit\u0103 aproximativ o sut\u0103 de opera\u021biuni manuale. Fiecare server trebuie pornit manual, instalat \u0219i configurat cu sistemul de operare dorit, aplica\u021bia noastr\u0103 trebuie instalat\u0103 pe cele zece servere, \u0219i apoi trebuie s\u0103 verific\u0103m totul de zece ori. Serviciile cloud \u00eenlocuiesc aceast\u0103 procedur\u0103 cu zece linii de cod, iar un bun inginer DevOps trebuie s\u0103 fie capabil s\u0103 le opereze. Astfel, \u00ee\u0219i economise\u0219te timp, eforturi \u0219i bani \u2013 at\u00e2t pentru client, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru companie\u00bb.<\/p>\n

5. Sisteme de orchestrare: Docker \u0219i Kubernetes<\/b><\/p>\n

Kirill Sergeev<\/b>: \u00abServerele virtuale sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een containere, \u00een fiecare dintre care putem instala aplica\u021bia noastr\u0103. C\u00e2nd sunt multe containere, trebuie s\u0103 le gestion\u0103m: s\u0103 activ\u0103m unul, s\u0103 dezactiv\u0103m altul, s\u0103 facem backup-uri. Aceasta devine o sarcin\u0103 destul de complex\u0103, pentru care este nevoie de un sistem de orchestrare.<\/p>\n

Anterior, fiecare aplica\u021bie era gestionat\u0103 de un server separat \u2013 orice modificare \u00een func\u021bionarea sa putea afecta integritatea aplica\u021biei. Datorit\u0103 containerelor, aplica\u021biile devin izolate \u0219i se ruleaz\u0103 separat \u2013 fiecare pe propria ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103. Dac\u0103 apare o eroare, nu trebuie s\u0103 pierdem timp \u00een c\u0103utarea cauzei. Este mai simplu s\u0103 distrugem vechiul container \u0219i s\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m unul nou\u00bb.<\/p>\n

6. Sisteme de configurare: Chef, Ansible, Puppet<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd trebuie s\u0103 \u00eentre\u021binem un parc \u00eentreg de servere, este necesar s\u0103 facem multe opera\u021biuni de acela\u0219i tip. Aceasta este o munc\u0103 care dureaz\u0103 \u0219i este complicat\u0103, iar munca manual\u0103 cre\u0219te riscul de erori. Aici intervin sistemele de configurare. Cu ajutorul lor, se creeaz\u0103 un script care este u\u0219or de citit at\u00e2t de programatori, c\u00e2t \u0219i de inginerii DevOps \u0219i de administratorii de sistem. Acest script ajut\u0103 la efectuarea automat\u0103 a opera\u021biunilor similare pe servere. Astfel, num\u0103rul opera\u021biunilor manuale (\u0219i, prin urmare, al erorilor) devine mai mic.<\/p>\n

Ce carier\u0103 poate construi un inginer DevOps?<\/h3>\n

\nSe poate dezvolta at\u00e2t pe orizontal\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i pe vertical\u0103.<\/p>\n

Igor Boiko<\/b>: \u00abDin punctul de vedere al dezvolt\u0103rii orizontale, inginerii DevOps au \u00een prezent cele mai largi perspective. Totul se schimb\u0103 constant, iar abilit\u0103\u021bile pot fi dezvoltate \u00een cele mai diverse direc\u021bii: de la sisteme de control al versiunilor p\u00e2n\u0103 la monitorizare, de la gestionarea configura\u021biilor p\u00e2n\u0103 la baze de date.<\/p>\n

Po\u021bi deveni arhitect de sisteme dac\u0103 e\u0219ti interesat s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 o aplica\u021bie pe toate etapele ciclului s\u0103u de via\u021b\u0103 \u2013 de la dezvoltare la suport.<\/p>\n

Cum s\u0103 devii inginer DevOps?<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Cite\u0219te c\u0103r\u021bile \u201eProiectul Phoenix\u201d \u0219i DevOps Handbook. Acestea sunt adev\u0103ratele c\u0103r\u021bi fundamentale ale filozofiei DevOps, iar prima este un roman de fic\u021biune.<\/li>\n
  2. Studiaz\u0103 tehnologiile din lista de mai sus: fie pe cont propriu, fie prin cursuri online.<\/li>\n
  3. Al\u0103tur\u0103-te ca inginer DevOps \u00eentr-un proiect open-source.<\/li>\n
  4. Exerseaz\u0103 \u0219i propune practici DevOps pe proiectele tale personale \u0219i de munc\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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