{"id":37790,"date":"2019-10-31T22:19:46","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/prikladnye-tehnologii-na-ruinah-blokchejn-lihoradki-ili-o-prakticheskoj-polze-raspredeleniya-resursov\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:19:46","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:19:46","slug":"prikladnye-tehnologii-na-ruinah-blokchejn-lihoradki-ili-o-prakticheskoj-polze-raspredeleniya-resursov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/prikladnye-tehnologii-na-ruinah-blokchejn-lihoradki-ili-o-prakticheskoj-polze-raspredeleniya-resursov","title":{"rendered":"Tehnologii aplicate pe ruinele febrei blockchain sau despre utilitatea practic\u0103 a distribu\u021biei resurselor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cen ultimii ani, fluxurile de \u0219tiri au fost inundate de mesaje despre re\u021belele de calcul distribuit, care apar literalmente din niciunde, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 rezolve cele mai diverse probleme \u2014 s\u0103 transforme ora\u0219ele \u00een unele inteligente, s\u0103 salveze lumea de \u00eenc\u0103lc\u0103rile drepturilor de autor sau, din contr\u0103, s\u0103 ofere \u00een secret informa\u021bii sau resurse, s\u0103 scape de controlul statului \u00een diverse domenii. Indiferent de sfer\u0103, toate acestea au o serie de tr\u0103s\u0103turi comune, dictat\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 carburantul pentru dezvoltarea lor au fost algoritmii \u0219i metodele care au ajuns \u00een mase \u00een timpul recentei bule de criptomonede \u0219i a tehnologiilor \u00eenrudite. Probabil c\u0103 fiecare a treia articol de pe resursele de specialitate \u00een acea perioad\u0103 avea cuv\u00e2ntul \"blockchain\" \u00een titlu \u2014 discutarea noilor solu\u021bii software \u0219i modele economice a devenit pentru o vreme tendin\u021ba dominant\u0103, \u00eentr-un fundal \u00een care alte sfere de aplicare ale sistemelor de calcul distribuit au fost puse \u00een plan secund. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, viziunile \u0219i profesioni\u0219tii au vazut esen\u021ba fenomenului: calculul distribuit de mas\u0103, asociat cu construirea de re\u021bele dintr-un num\u0103r mare de participan\u021bi dispersa\u021bi \u0219i eterogeni, a ajuns la un nou nivel de dezvoltare. Este suficient s\u0103 scapi din minte temele hype \u0219i s\u0103 prive\u0219ti subiectul dintr-o alt\u0103 perspectiv\u0103: toate aceste re\u021bele, formate din oceane uria\u0219e de participan\u021bi separa\u021bi \u0219i diferi\u021bi, nu au ap\u0103rut din senin. Entuzia\u0219tii mi\u0219c\u0103rii crypto au reu\u0219it s\u0103 rezolve \u00een mod inedit probleme complexe de sincronizare a datelor \u0219i distribu\u021bie a resurselor \u0219i sarcinilor, ceea ce a permis \u00eempreunarea unei astfel de mase de echipamente pentru a crea un nou ecosistem destinat rezolv\u0103rii unei sarcini foarte specifice.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nDesigur, acest lucru nu a trecut neobservat de echipele \u0219i comunit\u0103\u021bile care se ocup\u0103 cu dezvoltarea calculului distribuit liber, iar noile proiecte nu au \u00eent\u00e2rziat s\u0103 apar\u0103.<br \/>\nCu toate acestea, \u00een ciuda cre\u0219terii semnificative a volumului de informa\u021bii disponibile despre progresele \u00een domeniul construirii re\u021belelor \u0219i lucrului cu echipamente, creatorii sistemelor promi\u021b\u0103toare se vor confrunta cu probleme serioase.<\/p>\n<h3>Prima dintre acestea, oric\u00e2t de ciudat ar suna, este problema alegerii direc\u021biei.<\/h3>\n<p>\nDirec\u021bia poate fi corect\u0103 sau poate conduce \u00eentr-o fund\u0103tur\u0103 - acest lucru nu se poate evita, livr\u0103rile centralizate de prev\u0103z\u0103tori \u00een comunitatea IT sunt \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rziate. Dar este necesar s\u0103 facem o alegere pentru a nu c\u0103dea \u00een capcana tradi\u021bional\u0103, const\u00e2nd \u00een faptul c\u0103 echipa \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 un domeniu prea larg \u0219i \u00eencearc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput s\u0103 creeze \u00eenc\u0103 un proiect nespecializat de calcul distribuit de amploare general\u0103. Se pare c\u0103 frontul de lucru nu este at\u00e2t de \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103tor, trebuie \u00een principal s\u0103 aplici realiz\u0103rile existente: s\u0103 unifici nodurile \u00eentr-o re\u021bea, s\u0103 adaptezi algoritmii de determinare a topologiilor, schimbului de date \u0219i controlului coeren\u021bei lor, s\u0103 implementezi metodologia de clasificare a nodurilor \u0219i g\u0103sirea consensului \u0219i, bine\u00een\u021beles, doar s\u0103 creezi propriul t\u0103u limbaj de interogare \u0219i \u00eentregul mediu lingvistic \u0219i computa\u021bional. Ideea unui mecanism universal este foarte atr\u0103g\u0103toare \u0219i revine constant \u00een diferite domenii, dar la ie\u0219ire se ob\u021bine \u00een continuare unul din trei rezultate: solu\u021bia creat\u0103 fie se dovede\u0219te a fi de fapt un prototip limitat cu o mul\u021bime de \u201eToDo\u201d-uri \u00een backlog, fie devine un monstru inutilizabil, preg\u0103tit s\u0103 trag\u0103 pe oricine atinge \u00een \u201emla\u0219tina turingian\u0103\u201d malodorant\u0103, fie pur \u0219i simplu moare din cauza c\u0103 cei care tr\u0103geau proiectul \u00eentr-o direc\u021bie neclar\u0103 - r\u0103\u021boi, rac \u0219i \u0219tiuc\u0103 - s-au epuizat.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0103 nu repet\u0103m gre\u0219elile stupide \u0219i s\u0103 alegem o direc\u021bie cu un cerc de sarcini clar definit, care s\u0103 se potriveasc\u0103 bine modelului de calcul distribuit. Putem \u00een\u021belege persoanele care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 totul \u0219i imediat \u2014 desigur, exist\u0103 multe op\u021biuni din care s\u0103 alegem. \u0218i multe lucruri sunt extrem de interesante at\u00e2t din punct de vedere R&amp;D \u0219i al dezvolt\u0103rii, c\u00e2t \u0219i din perspectiva economic\u0103. Cu ajutorul unei re\u021bele distribuite, putem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Antrena re\u021bele neuronale <\/li>\n<li>Prelucra fluxuri de semnale <\/li>\n<li>Calcula structura proteinelor <\/li>\n<li>Realiza rand\u0103ri ale scenelor tridimensionale <\/li>\n<li>Modela hidrodinamica <\/li>\n<li>Testa strategii de tranzac\u021bionare pentru burse <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPentru a nu ne l\u0103sa atra\u0219i de compunerea unei liste de lucruri interesante care se paralelizeaz\u0103 bine, s\u0103 alegem ca subiectul nostru viitor randarea distribuit\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Renderizarea distribuit\u0103, pe sine, nu este un fenomen nou. Kiturile de instrumente de randare existente au sus\u021binut de mult distribu\u021bia sarcinilor pe diferite ma\u0219ini; f\u0103r\u0103 aceasta, via\u021ba \u00een secolul XXI ar fi fost destul de nesatisf\u0103c\u0103toare. Cu toate acestea, nu trebuie s\u0103 credem c\u0103 subiectul a fost epuizat \u0219i c\u0103 nu mai exist\u0103 nimic de f\u0103cut; vom analiza o problem\u0103 important\u0103: crearea unui instrument pentru formarea unei re\u021bele de randare.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen re\u021beaua noastr\u0103 de randare, avem o combina\u021bie de noduri care trebuie s\u0103 execute sarcinile de randare, cu noduri care dispun de resurse de calcul disponibile pentru procesarea rand\u0103rii. Proprietarii de resurse vor conecta sta\u021biile lor la re\u021beaua de randare pentru a primi \u0219i a executa sarcini de randare folosind unul dintre motorul de randare acceptate de re\u021bea. Furnizorii de sarcini vor interac\u021biona cu re\u021beaua ca \u0219i cum ar fi un cloud, care gestioneaz\u0103 de la sine distribu\u021bia resurselor, verificarea corectitudinii execu\u021biei, gestionarea riscurilor \u0219i alte probleme.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, vom analiza crearea unui cadru care ar trebui s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 integrarea cu o gam\u0103 de motoare de randare populare \u0219i s\u0103 con\u021bin\u0103 componente care ofer\u0103 instrumente pentru organizarea unei re\u021bele din noduri variate \u0219i gestionarea fluxului de sarcini.<\/p>\n<p>Modelul economic al existen\u021bei unei astfel de re\u021bele nu are o importan\u021b\u0103 esen\u021bial\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 vom lua drept baz\u0103 o schem\u0103 similar\u0103 cu cea folosit\u0103 \u00een calculul re\u021belelor de criptomoned\u0103 \u2013 consumatorii de resurse vor trimite token-uri furnizorilor care execut\u0103 munca de randare. Este mult mai interesant s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem ce calit\u0103\u021bi ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 cadrul, pentru a analiza scenariul principal de interac\u021biune a participan\u021bilor \u00een re\u021bea.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen re\u021bea exist\u0103 trei p\u0103r\u021bi care interac\u021bioneaz\u0103: furnizorul de resurse, furnizorul de sarcini \u0219i operatorul re\u021belei (care este, de asemenea, centrul de control, re\u021beaua etc., \u00een text).<\/p>\n<p>Operatorul re\u021belei ofer\u0103 furnizorului de resurse o aplica\u021bie client sau o imagine a sistemului de operare cu un set complet de software dezvoltat, pe care acesta \u00eel va instala pe ma\u0219ina ale c\u0103rei resurse dore\u0219te s\u0103 le ofere. Accesul se face prin intermediul unei interfe\u021be web a unui cont personal, care \u00eei permite s\u0103 seteze parametrii de acces la resurs\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 gestioneze de la distan\u021b\u0103 peisajul s\u0103u server: s\u0103 controleze parametrii hardware, s\u0103 efectueze configur\u0103ri la distan\u021b\u0103, s\u0103 reporneasc\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Sistemul de management al re\u021belei, atunci c\u00e2nd se conecteaz\u0103 un nou nod, analizeaz\u0103 echipamentul \u0219i parametrii de acces seta\u021bi, \u00eel clasific\u0103, atribuindu-i un anumit rating, \u0219i \u00eel \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 \u00een registrul resurselor. Ulterior, \u00een scopuri de gestionare a riscurilor, parametrii de activitate ai nodului vor fi analiza\u021bi, iar ratingul acestuia va fi corectat pentru a asigura stabilitatea func\u021bion\u0103rii re\u021belei. Nim\u0103nui nu i-ar pl\u0103cea ca scena lor s\u0103 fie trimis\u0103 pentru a fi redat\u0103 pe pl\u0103ci grafice puternice, dar adesea blocate din cauza supra\u00eenc\u0103lzirii?<\/p>\n<p>Utilizatorul care trebuie s\u0103 redimensioneze o scen\u0103 poate merge pe dou\u0103 c\u0103i: s\u0103 \u00eencarce scena \u00een repertoriul re\u021belei prin intermediul interfe\u021bei web sau s\u0103 conecteze pachetul s\u0103u de modelare sau renderer-ul instalat la re\u021bea printr-un plugin. \u00cen acest proces, \u00eentre utilizator \u0219i re\u021bea se ini\u021biaz\u0103 un smart contract, condi\u021bia standard de finalizare a acestuia fiind generarea de c\u0103tre re\u021bea a rezultatului calculului scenei. Utilizatorul poate urm\u0103ri procesul de execu\u021bie a sarcinii \u0219i gestiona parametrii acesteia prin intermediul interfe\u021bei web a contului s\u0103u personal.<\/p>\n<p>Sarcina ajunge la <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/server\/\"   title=\"serverul\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">serverul<\/a>, unde se analizeaz\u0103 volumul scenei \u0219i num\u0103rul de resurse solicitate de ini\u021biatorul sarcinii, dup\u0103 care se efectueaz\u0103 decompunerea volumului total \u00een p\u0103r\u021bi adaptate pentru calcul pe cantitatea \u0219i tipul de resurse dedicate de re\u021bea. Ideea general\u0103 este c\u0103 vizualizarea poate fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit\u0103 \u00een numeroase sarcini mici. Motoarele profita de acest avantaj, distribuind aceste sarcini \u00eentre numero\u0219i furnizori de resurse. Cel mai simplu mod este redarea unor p\u0103r\u021bi mici ale scenei, numite segmente. C\u00e2nd fiecare segment este gata, sarcina local\u0103 este considerat\u0103 finalizat\u0103, resursa trece la executarea urm\u0103toarei sarcini nerezolvate.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, pentru renderer nu exist\u0103 o diferen\u021b\u0103 real\u0103 dac\u0103 calculele sunt efectuate pe o singur\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103 sau pe un grid de multe sta\u021bii de calcul separate. Renderingul distribuit adaug\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu mai multe nuclee \u00een pool-ul de resurse utilizate pentru sarcin\u0103. Prin re\u021bea, acesta prime\u0219te toate datele necesare pentru a reda segmentul, \u00eel calculeaz\u0103, trimite acest segment \u00eenapoi \u0219i trece la urm\u0103toarea sarcin\u0103. \u00cenainte de a intra \u00een pool-ul comun al re\u021belei, fiecare segment prime\u0219te un set de metainforma\u021bii, permi\u021b\u00e2nd nodurilor executante s\u0103 aleag\u0103 cele mai potrivite sarcini de calcul.<\/p>\n<p>Sarcinile de segmentare \u0219i distribuire a calculului trebuie rezolvate nu doar din perspectiva optimiz\u0103rii timpului de execu\u021bie, ci \u0219i din punctul de vedere al utiliz\u0103rii optime a resurselor \u0219i economisirii de energie, deoarece acest lucru afecteaz\u0103 eficien\u021ba economic\u0103 a re\u021belei. \u00cen cazul unei solu\u021bii nereu\u0219ite, ar fi mai convenabil s\u0103 se instaleze un miner pe nod sau s\u0103 fie oprit, pentru a nu face zgomot \u0219i a nu consuma electricitate.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la proces. La primirea sarcinii, \u00eentre pool \u0219i nod se formeaz\u0103, de asemenea, un smart contract, care se execut\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd rezultatul sarcinii este calculat corect. La finalizarea contractului, nodul poate primi o recompens\u0103 sub diverse forme.<\/p>\n<p>Centrul de control monitorizeaz\u0103 procesul de executare a sarcinii, colect\u00e2nd rezultatele calculului, trimite pentru reprocesare rezultatele incorecte \u0219i clasific\u0103 coada, urm\u0103rind termenul standard de execu\u021bie a sarcinii (pentru a nu se \u00eent\u00e2mpla ca ultimul segment s\u0103 nu fie preluat de niciun nod).<\/p>\n<p>Rezultatele calculului trec printr-o etap\u0103 de compunere, dup\u0103 care utilizatorul prime\u0219te rezultatele red\u0103rii, iar re\u021beaua poate ob\u021bine o recompens\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel, se contureaz\u0103 compunerea func\u021bional\u0103 a framework-ului de peisaj destinat construirii sistemelor de rendering distribuit:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Cabinete personale ale utilizatorilor cu acces web <\/li>\n<li>Pachet software pentru instalare pe noduri <\/li>\n<li>Dup\u0103 sistemele de gestionare:\n<ul>\n<li>Subsystema de gestionare a accesului <\/li>\n<li>Subsystema de decompozi\u021bie a sarcinilor de redare <\/li>\n<li>Subsystema de distribu\u021bie a sarcinilor <\/li>\n<li>Subsystema de compunere <\/li>\n<li>Subsystema de gestionare a peisajului serverului \u0219i a topologiei re\u021belei <\/li>\n<li>Subsystema de logare \u0219i audit <\/li>\n<li>Subsystema expert\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat\u0103 <\/li>\n<li>API REST sau o alt\u0103 interfa\u021b\u0103 pentru dezvoltatorii externi <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Ce p\u0103rere ave\u021bi? Ce \u00eentreb\u0103ri ridic\u0103 acest subiect \u0219i ce r\u0103spunsuri v\u0103 intereseaz\u0103?<\/h3>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/466139\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 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