{"id":37847,"date":"2019-10-31T22:20:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-ya-proektiruyu-sks\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:20:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:20:09","slug":"kak-ya-proektiruyu-sks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ya-proektiruyu-sks","title":{"rendered":"Cum proiectez o re\u021bea structurat\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Cum
\n
\nAcest articol a ap\u0103rut ca r\u0103spuns la articolul \u201eRe\u021beaua local\u0103 perfect\u0103\u201d<\/a><\/noindex>. Nu sunt de acord cu majoritatea afirma\u021biilor autorului \u0219i vreau \u00een acest articol nu doar s\u0103 le contest, ci \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eemi prezint propriile teze, pe care le voi ap\u0103ra ulterior \u00een comentarii. Voi discuta \u00een continuare c\u00e2teva principii pe care le urmez atunci c\u00e2nd proiectez re\u021beaua local\u0103 a oric\u0103rei companii.<\/p>\n

Primul principiu este \u2013 fiabilitatea. O re\u021bea nesigur\u0103 va costa \u00eentotdeauna mai mult din cauza costurilor de \u00eentre\u021binere, pierderilor cauzate de opriri \u0219i pierderilor din interferen\u021be externe. Pe baza acestui principiu, \u00eentotdeauna proiectez re\u021beaua principal\u0103 doar pe cablu \u0219i, dac\u0103 este necesar, o re\u021bea suplimentar\u0103 wireless (re\u021bea pentru oaspe\u021bi sau re\u021bea pentru terminale mobile). De ce este re\u021beaua wireless mai pu\u021bin fiabil\u0103? Orice re\u021bea wireless are o serie de probleme de securitate, stabilitate \u0219i compatibilitate. Prea multe riscuri pentru o companie serioas\u0103. <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Fiabilitatea determin\u0103 \u0219i structura re\u021belei. Topologia \u201eStea\u201d este idealul spre care trebuie s\u0103 aspir\u0103m. \u201eStea\u201d reduce num\u0103rul necesar de switch-uri, num\u0103rul de linii trunk vulnerabile \u0219i simplify \u00eentre\u021binerea. Este mult mai simplu s\u0103 g\u0103se\u0219ti o problem\u0103 \u00eentr-un singur switch dec\u00e2t \u00een mai multe disperse \u00een birouri, a\u0219a cum sugereaz\u0103 autorul articolului men\u021bionat anterior. Nu degeaba se folose\u0219te expresia \u201ezoo de switch-uri\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dar adesea, \u00een practic\u0103, este necesar s\u0103 utiliz\u0103m fie topologia \u201estea fractal\u0103\u201d, fie \u201etopologia mixt\u0103\u201d. Aceasta se datoreaz\u0103 restric\u021biei de distan\u021b\u0103 dintre echipamentele de comutare \u0219i sta\u021biile de lucru. De aceea consider c\u0103 re\u021belele optice vor \u00eenlocui complet \u00een timp cablurile torsadate.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDac\u0103 nu este posibil s\u0103 se plaseze toate switch-urile \u00eentr-un singur loc, utilizarea unei topologii mixte este preferabil\u0103, deoarece toate trunk-urile vor urma trasee diferite, ceea ce va minimiza probabilitatea deterior\u0103rii simultane a mai multor magistrale. <\/p>\n

Vorbind despre trunk-uri. Switch-urile conectate prin linii trunk trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna un canal de rezerv\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, \u00een cazul deterior\u0103rii unei linii, comunicarea \u00eentre noduri s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 activ\u0103 \u0219i nicio conexiune s\u0103 nu fie \u00eentrerupt\u0103. Va fi posibil s\u0103 se \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103 cu calm cablul deteriorat. De aceea, pentru trunk-uri, chiar \u0219i pe distan\u021be mici, se pot folosi cabluri de patch optic mai rapide \u0219i mai sub\u021biri.<\/p>\n

Al doilea principiu de construc\u021bie a sistemelor de cablare structurat\u0103 este ra\u021bionalitatea \u0219i practicitatea. Exact ra\u021bionalitatea nu permite utilizarea opticii \u201emoderne\u201d \u00een conectarea sta\u021biilor de lucru \u0219i a altor dispozitive ale re\u021belei. A\u0219a cum a remarcat corect autorul articolului men\u021bionat mai sus \u2013 pe cablu cu pere\u021bii r\u0103suci\u021bi func\u021bioneaz\u0103 acum tot. Este foarte practic. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, pe canale optice f\u0103r\u0103 dispozitive suplimentare, \u00eenc\u0103 foarte pu\u021bin poate func\u021biona. \u0218i fiecare dispozitiv suplimentar este nu numai o vulnerabilitate, ci \u0219i un cost suplimentar. Totu\u0219i, viitorul este \u00een acest sens. C\u00e2ndva, c\u00e2nd aproape fiecare dispozitiv va avea un port optic \u00eencorporat, fibra va \u00eenlocui complet cablul cu pere\u021bii r\u0103suci\u021bi. <\/p>\n

Ra\u021bionalitatea \u0219i practicitatea pot ap\u0103rea \u0219i \u00een num\u0103rul de prize RJ45 de la locul de munc\u0103. Este practic s\u0103 folose\u0219ti dou\u0103 prize pe loc. A doua linie poate fi utilizat\u0103, de exemplu, pentru conectarea unui telefon analogic (digital) sau poate fi pur \u0219i simplu de rezerv\u0103. A\u0219a este proiectat\u0103 de obicei SCS pentru marile companii. Pentru \u00eentreprinderile mici \u0219i mijlocii, este mai ra\u021bional s\u0103 folose\u0219ti o singur\u0103 priz\u0103 de calculator pentru fiecare loc de munc\u0103, deoarece telefoanele IP au de obicei dou\u0103 porturi \u2013 un link de intrare \u0219i al doilea pentru a conecta un computer prin acesta. Pentru imprimantele de re\u021bea, este \u00eentotdeauna de dorit s\u0103 proiectezi un loc de munc\u0103 separat \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eel amplasezi, dac\u0103 este posibil, convenabil pentru to\u021bi angaja\u021bii care le folosesc, de exemplu, \u00een coridoare. Decizia cu privire la ce este mai important \u2013 ra\u021bionalitatea sau practicitatea \u2013 trebuie s\u0103 fie luat\u0103 de o persoan\u0103 competent\u0103 \u00een domeniul IT, deoarece \u0219tim cu to\u021bii foarte bine ce aleg de obicei conducerea.<\/p>\n

Exist\u0103 un alt punct important pe care l-a\u0219 considera ra\u021bionalitate \u0219i practic\u0103. Aceasta este redundan\u021ba ra\u021bional\u0103. Este mai practic s\u0103 existe \u00een birouri at\u00e2tea locuri de munc\u0103 c\u00e2te pot s\u0103 se \u00eencadreze acolo, nu c\u00e2te sunt ocupate \u00een prezent. Din nou, trebuie s\u0103 decid\u0103 un angajat competent, care are o idee despre capacit\u0103\u021bile financiare ale companiei \u0219i \u00een\u021belege c\u0103, \u00een cazul unor noi cerin\u021be, va trebui s\u0103 rezolve problema lipsei de locuri.<\/p>\n

Desigur, la principiul ra\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i practicii se poate ad\u0103uga \u0219i alegerea echipamentului \u0219i materialelor. De exemplu, dac\u0103 compania este mic\u0103 \u0219i nu are capacitatea de a avea un administrator de re\u021bea competent \u00een echip\u0103, care s\u0103 poat\u0103 lucra cu switch-uri L2, are sens s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 switch-uri neadmistrate, dar traseele de rezerv\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 existe, chiar dac\u0103 nu sunt active. Nu este nevoie s\u0103 economisi\u021bi pe materiale. Folosind \u00een loc de cabluri de cupru, cabluri acoperite cu cupru, ve\u021bi avea garan\u021bia c\u0103, \u00een c\u00e2\u021biva ani, ve\u021bi \u00eent\u00e2lni probleme cu conexiunile slabe. A renun\u021ba la panouri de tip patch, cabluri patch din fabric\u0103 \u0219i organizatoare \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103, dup\u0103 un timp, ve\u021bi ob\u021bine o confuzie \u00een dulap, link-uri care sunt constant \u201e\u00eentrerupte\u201d \u0219i oxidarea conectorilor. De asemenea, nu trebuie s\u0103 economisi\u021bi pe dulapurile de servere. O dimensiune mare nu doar c\u0103 va permite plasarea a mai multor echipamente, ci va facilita \u0219i \u00eentre\u021binerea acestuia. <\/p>\n

Nu economisi\u021bi pe cablurile patch. Cablurile patch de calitate trebuie s\u0103 existe at\u00e2t la locurile de munc\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een dulapul de servere. Dac\u0103 calcula\u021bi timpul petrecut pentru a str\u00e2nge conectorii \u0219i costul materialelor, achizi\u021bionarea unui cablu patch din fabric\u0103 va fi mai ieftin\u0103. \u00cen plus, cablul va fi rigid, conectorii ar putea fi de proast\u0103 calitate, conectorii se vor oxida mult mai repede, uneltele de str\u00e2ngere ar putea fi de proast\u0103 calitate, ochiul dvs. ar putea s\u0103 nu mai disting\u0103 detalii \u0219i exist\u0103 multe alte motive pentru a nu folosi cabluri patch f\u0103cute manual. <\/p>\n

Din punctul meu de vedere, dac\u0103 nu exist\u0103 necesitatea ca un sta\u021bie de lucru s\u0103 func\u021bioneze la viteze de 10G, este mai ra\u021bional s\u0103 folosi\u021bi cabluri de tip twisted pair de categoria 5e \u00een loc de cele de 6-a, deoarece acestea sunt nu doar mai ieftine, ci \u0219i mai sub\u021biri, mai flexibile, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t sunt mai u\u0219or de instalat. <\/p>\n

\u0218i, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, al treilea principiu este ordonarea. Cu c\u00e2t re\u021beaua este mai mare, cu at\u00e2t mai important este ordinea \u00een ea. Priza \u0219i porturile panourilor de patch trebuie s\u0103 fie numerotate \u00een mod obligatoriu. Numerotarea, de obicei, \u00eencepe de la locurile de munc\u0103, din st\u00e2nga spre dreapta, de la intrarea \u00een camer\u0103. Este obligatorie o schem\u0103 aprobat\u0103 a \u00eenc\u0103perilor, cu plasarea \u0219i numerotarea prizelor.
\nAnume pentru ordonare \u0219i nu pentru separarea fizic\u0103 a re\u021belelor se folosesc panouri de patch. Dac\u0103 autorul articolului \u201emen\u021bionat anterior\u201d presupune c\u0103 s\u0103 comute \u00een dulapul s\u0103u nu are prea multe de f\u0103cut, noi nu ne putem permite asta. <\/p>\n

Asta e tot. Aceste trei principii de baz\u0103 definesc orice proiect de SCS pe care \u00eel fac. \u00cen acest articol nu am reu\u0219it s\u0103 acop\u0103r totul, cu siguran\u021b\u0103 am omis multe, poate am gre\u0219it undeva. Sunt \u00eentotdeauna deschis la discu\u021bii constructive dac\u0103 mi se ofer\u0103 o invita\u021bie sau \u00eentr-o coresponden\u021b\u0103 personal\u0103.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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