{"id":37958,"date":"2019-10-31T22:20:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:20:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/komu-doverit-proektirovanie-obektov-tehperevooruzheniya-i-rekonstruktsii\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:20:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:20:50","slug":"komu-doverit-proektirovanie-obektov-tehperevooruzheniya-i-rekonstruktsii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/komu-doverit-proektirovanie-obektov-tehperevooruzheniya-i-rekonstruktsii","title":{"rendered":"Cui s\u0103 \u00eencredin\u021bezi proiectarea obiectelor de modernizare tehnic\u0103 \u0219i reconstruc\u021bie?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Din zece proiecte pe pia\u021ba industrial\u0103 din Rusia, ast\u0103zi doar dou\u0103 sunt construite de la zero, iar restul sunt legate de reconstruc\u021bia sau modernizarea unor produc\u021bii deja existente.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a \u00eendeplini orice proiect, clientul alege executantul dintre companii, compararea c\u0103rora este destul de dificil\u0103 din cauza diferen\u021belor subtile, dar semnificative \u00een structura \u0219i organizarea proceselor interne. Cele dou\u0103 for\u021be principale concurente pe pia\u021ba rus\u0103 a proiect\u0103rii sunt organiza\u021biile de proiectare obi\u0219nuite \u0219i companiile de inginerie, care realizeaz\u0103 proiectarea ca o munc\u0103 independent\u0103 sau \u00een cadrul proiectelor complexe, care includ de asemenea lucr\u0103ri de construc\u021bie-montare \u0219i punere \u00een func\u021biune. S\u0103 analiz\u0103m cum sunt structurate companiile din ambele tipuri.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cui s\u0103 \u00eencredin\u021bezi proiectarea obiectelor de modernizare tehnic\u0103 \u0219i reconstruc\u021bie?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/2179527bc5b083d0810774ccc187c909.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/wps.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Byvshie-promzony-stolitsy-vse-privlekatelnee-dlya-zhizni-i-biznesa.jpg\">Sursa<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Principalele p\u0103r\u021bi participante pe pia\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nConstruirea de noi obiective industriale presupune \u00eentotdeauna investi\u021bii mari \u0219i un termen lung de recuperare. De aceea, orice proprietar este \u00eentotdeauna interesat ca durata de exploatare a obiectivului s\u0103u s\u0103 fie c\u00e2t mai \u00eendelungat\u0103 posibil.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, \u00een timp, uzura fizic\u0103 a construc\u021biilor, modific\u0103rile aduse normativelor existente \u0219i, foarte probabil, apari\u021bia necesit\u0103\u021bii de a cre\u0219te capacit\u0103\u021bile de produc\u021bie \u0219i de a extinde posibilit\u0103\u021bile tehnologice ale \u00eentreprinderii devin inevitabile.<\/p>\n<p>Prelungirea \u201evie\u021bii\u201d produc\u021biei \u0219i asigurarea conformit\u0103\u021bii acesteia cu standardele moderne de eficien\u021b\u0103 sunt realizate prin reconstruc\u021bii, moderniz\u0103ri tehnice \u0219i reechip\u0103ri. Proiectarea acestor tipuri de proiecte este acum deosebit de solicitat\u0103. Motivele sunt c\u0103 acestea necesit\u0103 investi\u021bii semnificativ mai mici dec\u00e2t construirea de la zero, iar num\u0103rul obiectelor industriale cu o vechime mai mare de 20-30 de ani (multe dintre acestea fiind construite \u00eenc\u0103 din perioada sovietic\u0103) este considerabil \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Din cauza sc\u0103derii num\u0103rului de proiecte de amploare, compozi\u021bia participan\u021bilor pe pia\u021ba serviciilor de proiectare s-a schimbat.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru institutele de proiectare, este economic neviabil s\u0103 se ocupe de proiecte cu volume mici \u0219i, prin urmare, cu costuri sc\u0103zute. Din acest motiv, num\u0103rul \u201egigantilor\u201d \u00een proiectare a sc\u0103zut: cele r\u0103mase sunt \u00een cea mai mare parte institute de stat ale unor companii mari (AK Transneft, Rosneft, Gazpromneft, RusHydro etc.). A crescut num\u0103rul organiza\u021biilor de proiectare de dimensiuni mici \u0219i medii cu un personal de proiectan\u021bi \u00eentre 5 \u0219i 30 de speciali\u0219ti.<\/p>\n<p>Companiile de inginerie sunt participan\u021bi relativ noi pe pia\u021b\u0103. De regul\u0103, acestea se ocup\u0103 de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>justificarea tehnico-economic\u0103 a proiectului;<\/li>\n<li>planificarea fluxurilor financiare, asigurarea finan\u021b\u0103rii;<\/li>\n<li>managementul complet al proiectului sau al unor p\u0103r\u021bi ale acestuia;<\/li>\n<li>proiectarea, modelarea, designul;<\/li>\n<li>colaborarea cu furnizorii \u0219i subcontractorii;<\/li>\n<li>asigurarea lucr\u0103rilor de punere \u00een func\u021biune;<\/li>\n<li>asigurarea transporturilor;<\/li>\n<li>auditului, licen\u021bierii etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAr p\u0103rea evident c\u0103 alegerea \u00eentre o \"companie-orchestr\u0103\" \u0219i o organiza\u021bie cu o specializare \u00eengust\u0103 este simpl\u0103. Totu\u0219i, lucrurile nu sunt at\u00e2t de simple.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Cui s\u0103 \u00eencredin\u021bezi proiectarea obiectelor de modernizare tehnic\u0103 \u0219i reconstruc\u021bie?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/0cd090b2bf40cf774c3d84f83bcce93e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/dalregiongas.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87.jpg\">Sursa<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Evalu\u0103m sarcina \u2014 alegem executantul<\/h2>\n<p>\nSarcinile rezolvate \u00een cadrul reconstruc\u021biei \u0219i moderniz\u0103rii tehnice, de regul\u0103, nu necesit\u0103 un colectiv mare de proiectan\u021bi, dar sunt extrem de exigente fa\u021b\u0103 de executant, nivelul de competen\u021b\u0103 al acestuia trebuie s\u0103 fie \"peste medie\".<\/p>\n<p>Fiecare specialist din echip\u0103 \u00een cadrul unui astfel de proiect trebuie s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 metodologia \u0219i s\u0103 aib\u0103 o experien\u021b\u0103 semnificativ\u0103 \u00een proiectare, s\u0103 fie familiarizat cu tehnologiile de montaj \u0219i construc\u021bie, s\u0103 aib\u0103 o viziune larg\u0103 asupra echipamentului: s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 produc\u0103torii prezen\u021bi pe pia\u021b\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 particularit\u0103\u021bile echipamentelor lor din perspectiva adecv\u0103rii opera\u021bionale \u0219i func\u021bionale pentru obiectul specific, durabilitate, capacitate de reparare \u0219i, ceea ce este foarte important, cost.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 deciziile adoptate pentru atingerea indicatorilor tehnici \u0219i de securitate necesit\u0103 atragerea de fonduri ce dep\u0103\u0219esc a\u0219tept\u0103rile bugetare sau restric\u021biile clientului, este foarte probabil ca proiectul s\u0103 nu fie realizat. Astfel, este o mare probabilitate ca munca pl\u0103tit\u0103 de client pentru proiectare s\u0103 ajung\u0103 la co\u0219ul de gunoi, iar sarcina dat\u0103 s\u0103 nu fie rezolvat\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Aici intervin a\u0219a-numitele \u201eproiecte la cheie\u201d, unde un contractor realizeaz\u0103 toate lucr\u0103rile, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu justificarea tehnico-economic\u0103 \u0219i termin\u00e2nd cu punerea \u00een func\u021biune a \u00eentregului obiect. \u00cen acest caz, costul maxim al lucr\u0103rilor este negociat \u00eenainte de finalizarea documenta\u021biei de proiectare \u0219i de execu\u021bie, deoarece pentru obiectele de reechipare tehnic\u0103 \u0219i modernizare, cu o abordare adecvat\u0103, este posibil s\u0103 se calculeze cheltuielile pentru construc\u021bie \u0219i operare f\u0103r\u0103 a dezvolta documenta\u021bia de execu\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Metodologia clasic\u0103 de proiectare\/realizare a obiectului, c\u00e2nd sunt mai mul\u021bi contractori \u2014 pentru proiectare, livrarea echipamentului, montaj \u2014 \u00een condi\u021biile unei pie\u021be \u00een continu\u0103 schimbare a echipamentelor, materialelor \u0219i metodelor de construc\u021bie nu permite aprecierea exact\u0103 a costurilor de construc\u021bie f\u0103r\u0103 a dezvolta documenta\u021bia de execu\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd este vorba despre proiecte de reechipare \u0219i modernizare, metoda clasic\u0103 de proiectare \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 dificult\u0103\u021bi: proiectele sunt realizate \u201econceptual\u201d, f\u0103r\u0103 un nivel adecvat de detaliere, ceea ce duce la cre\u0219terea cheltuielilor CAPEX \u0219i a termenelor de construc\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru proiectele EPC este nevoie de o echip\u0103 compact\u0103 de proiectan\u021bi, care, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bile lor principale de proiectare, s\u0103 fie capabili s\u0103 realizeze inspec\u021bii ale sistemelor ingineresti existente, s\u0103 colaboreze str\u00e2ns cu serviciile clientului \u00een etapa de colectare a datelor, aprobat\u0103 a documenta\u021biei de execu\u021bie \u0219i supravegherea autorului \u00een realizare, precum \u0219i cu furnizorii de echipamente principale \u0219i auxiliare, departamentele logistice \u0219i departamentele de produc\u021bie \u0219i tehnice ale unit\u0103\u021bilor de montaj.<\/p>\n<p>Eu \u0219i colegii mei de la compania &#171;<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/1-engineer.ru\/\">Primul inginer<\/a><\/noindex>&#187; am \u00eencercat s\u0103 compar\u0103m abord\u0103rile organiza\u021biilor de proiectare \u0219i ale companiilor de inginerie. Rezultatele sunt mai jos \u00een tabel.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th width=\"350\">Organiza\u021bia de proiectare<\/th>\n<th width=\"350\">Compania de inginerie<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Formarea costului dezvolt\u0103rii documenta\u021biei de proiectare \u0219i execu\u021bie<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014 Metoda bazat\u0103 pe indici, utiliz\u00e2nd colec\u021biile de pre\u021buri de baz\u0103 (CBP).<br \/>\n\u2014 Metoda resurselor.<br \/>\nPosibilitatea aplic\u0103rii metodei bazate pe indici este limitat\u0103<br \/>\npentru a rezolva sarcini non-triviale, care nu au avut precedent.<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 Metoda resurselor.<br \/>\n\u00cen acest context, compania de inginerie \u00een proiectele EPC are posibilitatea de a determina costul etapei de proiectare pe baza costului printr-o abordare integrat\u0103.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Alegerea echipamentului utilizat \u00een proiect<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014 Se realizeaz\u0103 pe baza caracteristicilor de proiect declarate de produc\u0103tori.<br \/>\n\u2014 Este realizat\u0103 de speciali\u0219ti familiariza\u021bi cu specifica\u021biile echipamentului, dar f\u0103r\u0103 experien\u021b\u0103 \u00een instalarea sau exploatarea acestuia.<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 Se realizeaz\u0103 pe baza caracteristicilor de proiect declarate de produc\u0103tori.<br \/>\n\u00cen plus fa\u021b\u0103 de aceasta:<br \/>\n\u2014 selectarea echipamentului se efectueaz\u0103 pe baza verific\u0103rii produc\u0103torului; \u00een acest sens, compania de inginerie evalueaz\u0103 capacit\u0103\u021bile de produc\u021bie \u0219i experien\u021ba furnizorului, av\u00e2nd cu unii produc\u0103tori acorduri de colaborare care ofer\u0103 \u201eavantaje\u201d suplimentare;<br \/>\n\u2014 membrii echipei de proiect au experien\u021b\u0103 practic\u0103 \u00een instalarea\/exploatarea echipamentului, permi\u021b\u00e2nd o evaluare de expertiz\u0103 a echipamentului;<br \/>\n\u2014 alegerea echipamentului se face \u021bin\u00e2nd cont de termenele reale \u0219i condi\u021biile de livrare;<br \/>\n\u2014 se iau \u00een considerare cerin\u021bele \u0219i restric\u021biile legate de desf\u0103\u0219urarea lucr\u0103rilor de montaj.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Formarea planului calendaristic de construc\u021bie<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Se bazeaz\u0103 pe:<br \/>\n\u2014 succesiunea tehnologic\u0103 a lucr\u0103rilor;<br \/>\n\u2014 norma de munc\u0103 pentru tipurile de lucr\u0103ri stabilit\u0103 prin Catalogul pre\u021burilor de baz\u0103 (CPB).<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 Se bazeaz\u0103 pe succesiunea tehnologic\u0103 a lucr\u0103rilor.<br \/>\n\u2014 Termenii etapelor sunt determina\u021bi pe baza elabor\u0103rii proiectului de execu\u021bie a lucr\u0103rilor de c\u0103tre departamentul tehnic de produc\u021bie.<br \/>\n\u2014 Se iau \u00een considerare termenele posibile\/pentru \u201eoprirea\u201d planificat\u0103 a echipamentului sau produc\u021biei.<br \/>\n\u2014 Se iau \u00een considerare termenele de livrare a materialelor necesare pe \u0219antierul de construc\u021bie.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Spectrul posibil de sarcini rezolvate \u00een implementarea obiectului<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014 Elaborarea documenta\u021biei de proiect \u0219i de execu\u021bie.<br \/>\n\u2014 Asisten\u021b\u0103 \u00een trecerea expertizelor documenta\u021biei de proiect \u0219i de execu\u021bie.<br \/>\n\u2014 Supravegherea autorului \u00een etapa de construc\u021bie.<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 Justificarea tehnico-economic\u0103 a proiectului.<br \/>\n\u2014 Efectuarea inspec\u021biilor de expertiz\u0103 pentru sistemele ingineriei existente.<br \/>\n\u2014 Elaborarea documenta\u021biei de proiect \u0219i de execu\u021bie.<br \/>\n\u2014 Ob\u021binerea condi\u021biilor tehnice necesare de la organiza\u021biile re\u021belelor externe.<br \/>\n\u2014 Colaborarea cu furnizorii de echipament.<br \/>\n\u2014 Asisten\u021b\u0103 \u00een trecerea expertizelor documenta\u021biei de proiect \u0219i de execu\u021bie.<br \/>\n\u2014 Supravegherea autorului \u00een etapa de construc\u021bie.<br \/>\n\u2014 Lucr\u0103ri de punere \u00een func\u021biune.<br \/>\n\u2014 Asigurarea transporturilor.<br \/>\nUn spectru larg de companii de inginerie permite clientului<br \/>\nminimiza\u021bi costurile de men\u021binere a unei echipe de proiect interne, care coordoneaz\u0103 subcontractan\u021bi specializa\u021bi \u00een diferite etape ale realiz\u0103rii \u0219i monitoriz\u0103rii acestora.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Invit cititorii blogului s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 \u00een comentarii experien\u021ba lor de lucru cu organiza\u021bii de proiect \u0219i companii de inginerie \u00een obiectivele industriale \u0219i s\u0103 participe la un mic sondaj.<\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Numai utilizatorii \u00eenregistra\u021bi pot participa la sondaj. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">Conecta\u021bi-v\u0103<\/a><\/noindex>, v\u0103 rug\u0103m.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">1. Evalua\u021bi ponderea obiectelor de reechipare tehnic\u0103 \u0219i reconstruire \u00een care a\u021bi participat, \u00een raport cu num\u0103rul total din ultimii 5 ani:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    p\u00e2n\u0103 la 30%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    \u00eentre 30 \u0219i 60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    peste 60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Au votat 3 utilizatori. S-au ab\u021binut 1 utilizator.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">2. Din practica dumneavoastr\u0103, care este durata medie alocat\u0103 pentru elaborarea documenta\u021biei tehnice \u00een obiectivele de reechipare tehnic\u0103?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    mai pu\u021bin de 3 luni<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    \u00eentre 3 \u0219i 6 luni<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    peste 6 luni<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Au votat 3 utilizatori. S-au ab\u021binut 1 utilizator.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">3. \u00cen ce etap\u0103 a proiectului de reechipare tehnic\u0103 a fost luat\u0103 decizia final\u0103 cu privire la implementarea acestuia:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    la finalizarea etapei de elaborare a fundament\u0103rii tehnico-economice<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    \u00een etapa semn\u0103rii caietului de sarcini pentru realizarea documenta\u021biei tehnice<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    dup\u0103 elaborarea documenta\u021biei tehnice \u0219i a estim\u0103rilor bugetare<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    dup\u0103 determinarea furnizorilor de echipamente principale, elaborarea documenta\u021biei tehnice \u0219i a documenta\u021biei de estimare<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    2 utilizatori au votat. 1 utilizator s-a ab\u021binut.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">4. Care este ponderea obiectelor de reechipare tehnic\u0103, realizate prin scheme de contracte EPC, \u00een raport cu num\u0103rul total:<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    p\u00e2n\u0103 la 30%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    30-60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    peste 60%<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    2 utilizatori au votat. 1 utilizator s-a ab\u021binut.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">5. A existat nevoia \u00een etapa de achizi\u021bie a echipamentului, lucr\u0103ri de construc\u021bie-montaj, lucr\u0103ri de pornire \u0219i reglare pentru a implica un executor al documenta\u021biei tehnice pentru modific\u0103ri, aprobarea abaterilor \u0219i conducerea supravegherii autorale?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    da, \u00een cazul achizi\u021biei de echipamente<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    da, \u00een timpul desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103rii lucr\u0103rilor de construc\u021bie \u0219i montaj \u0219i lucr\u0103rilor de reglare<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    da, \u00een cazul achizi\u021biei de echipamente, \u00een timpul desf\u0103\u0219ur\u0103rii lucr\u0103rilor de construc\u021bie \u0219i montaj \u0219i lucr\u0103rilor de reglare<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    nu, nu a fost necesar<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Au votat 2 utilizatori. S-au ab\u021binut 2 utilizatori.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/lanit\/blog\/464661\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u2014 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2014 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":28486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - 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