{"id":38090,"date":"2019-10-31T22:21:36","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:21:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/eksperiment-cachebrowser-obhod-kitajskogo-faervola-bez-proksi-s-pomoshhyu-keshirovaniya-kontenta\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:21:36","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:21:36","slug":"eksperiment-cachebrowser-obhod-kitajskogo-faervola-bez-proksi-s-pomoshhyu-keshirovaniya-kontenta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/eksperiment-cachebrowser-obhod-kitajskogo-faervola-bez-proksi-s-pomoshhyu-keshirovaniya-kontenta","title":{"rendered":"Experimentul CacheBrowser: ocolirea firewall-ului chinezesc f\u0103r\u0103 proxy prin cache-ul de con\u021binut","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/467201\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Experimentul CacheBrowser: ocolirea firewall-ului chinezesc f\u0103r\u0103 proxy prin cache-ul de con\u021binut\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/730c423783cdac5ddd8fef02d1e0bb72.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><i>Imagine: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/pY_AZJfdbHQ\">Unsplash<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Ast\u0103zi, o parte semnificativ\u0103 din tot con\u021binutul de pe internet este distribuit prin re\u021bele CDN. Totu\u0219i, exist\u0103 cercet\u0103ri asupra modului \u00een care diferi\u021bi cenzori \u00ee\u0219i exercit\u0103 influen\u021ba asupra acestor re\u021bele. Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 de la Universitatea Massachusetts <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/people.cs.umass.edu\/~amir\/papers\/CacheBrowser.pdf\">au analizat<\/a><\/noindex> au studiat metodele posibile de blocare a con\u021binutului CDN pe baza practicilor autorit\u0103\u021bilor din China \u0219i au dezvoltat un instrument pentru ocolirea acestor blocaje.<\/p>\n<p>Am preg\u0103tit un material de sintez\u0103 cu principalele concluzii \u0219i rezultate ale acestui experiment.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Introducere<\/h2>\n<p>\nCenzura este o amenin\u021bare global\u0103 la adresa libert\u0103\u021bii de exprimare pe internet \u0219i a accesului liber la informa\u021bie. \u00cen mare parte, acest lucru este posibil datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 internetul a \u00eemprumutat modelul de \u201ecomunicare end-to-end\u201d din re\u021belele telefonice ale anilor '70. Aceasta permite blocarea accesului la con\u021binut sau comunicarea utilizatorilor f\u0103r\u0103 eforturi sau costuri semnificative, pur \u0219i simplu pe baza adresei IP. Iat\u0103 c\u00e2teva metode de la blocarea adresei cu con\u021binut interzis p\u00e2n\u0103 la blocarea capacit\u0103\u021bii utilizatorilor de a o cunoa\u0219te prin manipularea DNS-ului.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, dezvoltarea internetului a dus \u0219i la apari\u021bia unor noi modalit\u0103\u021bi de distribuire a informa\u021biilor. Una dintre acestea este utilizarea con\u021binutului cached pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi performan\u021ba \u0219i a accelera comunicarea. Ast\u0103zi, furnizorii de CDN gestioneaz\u0103 un volum semnificativ din tot traficul global \u2013 doar Akamai, lider \u00een acest segment, acoper\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 30% din traficul global static pe web. <\/p>\n<p>O re\u021bea CDN este un sistem distribuit pentru livrarea con\u021binutului internet cu cea mai mare vitez\u0103. O re\u021bea tipic\u0103 CDN const\u0103 \u00een servere situate \u00een diferite puncte geografice, care stocheaz\u0103 con\u021binut pentru a-l \u201efurniza\u201d utilizatorilor care se afl\u0103 cel mai aproape de acel server. Aceasta permite cre\u0219terea semnificativ\u0103 a vitezei comunic\u0103rii online.<\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea calit\u0103\u021bii serviciilor pentru utilizatorii finali, g\u0103zduirea CDN ajut\u0103 creatorii de con\u021binut s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i scaleze proiectele, reduc\u00e2nd sarcina asupra infrastructurii.<\/p>\n<h2>Cenzurarea con\u021binutului CDN<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen ciuda faptului c\u0103 traficul CDN deja constituie o parte semnificativ\u0103 din \u00eentreaga informa\u021bie transmis\u0103 prin internet, p\u00e2n\u0103 acum aproape nu au existat cercet\u0103ri despre modul \u00een care cenzorii din lumea real\u0103 abordeaz\u0103 controlul acestuia. <\/p>\n<p>Autorii studiului au \u00eenceput cu o cercetare a tehnicilor de cenzur\u0103 care pot fi aplicate la CDN. Apoi, au studiat mecanismele reale folosite de autorit\u0103\u021bile din China. <\/p>\n<p>Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, s\u0103 discut\u0103m despre posibilele metode de cenzur\u0103 \u0219i despre cum ar putea fi utilizate pentru controlul CDN.<\/p>\n<h2>Filtrarea pe baza IP-ului<\/h2>\n<p>\nAceasta este cea mai simpl\u0103 \u0219i ieftin\u0103 tehnic\u0103 de cenzur\u0103 a internetului. Aplic\u00e2nd aceast\u0103 abordare, cenzorul determin\u0103 \u0219i blocheaz\u0103 adresele IP ale resurselor care g\u0103zduiesc con\u021binut interzis. Apoi, furnizorii de internet controla\u021bi \u00eenceteaz\u0103 livrarea pachetelor trimise c\u0103tre aceste adrese. <\/p>\n<p>Blocarea pe baza IP-ului este una dintre cele mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite metode de cenzur\u0103 a internetului. Cele mai multe dispozitive de re\u021bea comerciale sunt dotate cu func\u021bii pentru a realiza astfel de bloc\u0103ri f\u0103r\u0103 costuri de calcul semnificative.<\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, aceast\u0103 metod\u0103 nu este foarte potrivit\u0103 pentru blocarea traficului CDN din cauza unor caracteristici ale tehnologiei \u00een sine:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Caching distribuit<\/b> \u2013 pentru a asigura cea mai bun\u0103 disponibilitate a con\u021binutului \u0219i pentru a optimiza performan\u021ba, re\u021belele CDN cacheaz\u0103 con\u021binutul utilizatorului pe un num\u0103r mare de servere edge, situate \u00een loca\u021bii geografice distribuite. Pentru a filtra un astfel de con\u021binut pe baza IP-ului, cenzorul va trebui s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 adresele tuturor serverelor edge \u0219i s\u0103 le blocheze. Aceasta va afecta principalele calit\u0103\u021bi ale metodei, deoarece principalul s\u0103u avantaj este c\u0103, \u00een schema obi\u0219nuit\u0103, blocarea unui singur server permite \u201et\u0103ierea\u201d accesului la con\u021binutul interzis pentru un num\u0103r mare de oameni simultan.<\/li>\n<li><b>IP-uri \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ite<\/b> \u2013 furnizorii de CDN comerciali \u00ee\u0219i \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219esc infrastructura (adic\u0103 serverele edge, sistemul de cartografiere etc.) \u00eentre mai mul\u021bi clien\u021bi. Ca rezultat, con\u021binutul CDN interzis este desc\u0103rcat de la acelea\u0219i adrese IP ca \u0219i con\u021binutul neinterzis. Prin urmare, orice tentativ\u0103 de filtrare pe baza IP-ului va conduce la blocarea unui num\u0103r uria\u0219 de site-uri \u0219i con\u021binuturi care nu intereseaz\u0103 cenzorii. <\/li>\n<li><b>Alocare dinamic\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103 a IP-ului<\/b> \u2013 pentru a optimiza balansarea de \u00eenc\u0103rcare \u0219i a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi calitatea serviciului, maparea serverelor edge \u0219i a utilizatorilor finali se realizeaz\u0103 foarte rapid \u0219i dinamic. De exemplu, Akamai actualizeaz\u0103 adresele IP returnate la fiecare minut. Acest lucru va face aproape imposibil procesul de asociere a adreselor cu con\u021binutul interzis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Interferen\u021ba DNS<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00cen afar\u0103 de filtrarea IP, o alt\u0103 metod\u0103 popular\u0103 de cenzur\u0103 este interven\u021bia \u00een DNS. Aceast\u0103 abordare implic\u0103 ac\u021biuni ale cenzorilor menite s\u0103 \u00eempiedice utilizatorii s\u0103 afle deloc adresele IP ale resurselor cu con\u021binut interzis. Cu alte cuvinte, interven\u021bia se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 la nivelul rezolv\u0103rii numelui de domeniu. Exist\u0103 mai multe moduri de a realiza acest lucru, inclusiv atacuri de tip DNS spoofing, utilizarea tehnicii DNS poisoning \u0219i blocarea cererilor DNS c\u0103tre site-uri interzise.<\/p>\n<p>Aceasta este o metod\u0103 foarte eficient\u0103 de blocare, totu\u0219i poate fi ocolit\u0103 prin utilizarea unor metode neconven\u021bionale de rezolvare a DNS-ului, de exemplu, canale out-of-band. Prin urmare, de obicei, cenzorii combin\u0103 bloc\u0103rile DNS cu utilizarea filtr\u0103rii IP. Dar, a\u0219a cum s-a men\u021bionat anterior, filtrarea IP nu este eficient\u0103 pentru cenzurarea con\u021binutului CDN.<\/p>\n<h2>Filtrarea dup\u0103 URL\/Cuvinte cheie prin DPI <\/h2>\n<p>\nEchipamentele moderne de monitorizare a activit\u0103\u021bii re\u021belei pot fi utilizate pentru a analiza anumite URL-uri \u0219i cuvinte cheie \u00een pachetele de date transmise. Aceast\u0103 tehnologie poart\u0103 numele de DPI (inspec\u021bie profund\u0103 a pachetelor). Astfel de sisteme identific\u0103 men\u021biunile cuvintelor \u0219i resurselor interzise \u0219i, ulterior, intervine \u00een comunica\u021bia online. \u00cen rezultat, pachetele sunt pur \u0219i simplu respinse. <\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 metod\u0103 este eficient\u0103, dar mai complex\u0103 \u0219i consumatoare de resurse, deoarece necesit\u0103 defragmentarea tuturor pachetelor de date transmise \u00een cadrul unor fluxuri specifice. <\/p>\n<p>Con\u021binutul CDN poate fi protejat de o astfel de filtrare la fel ca \u0219i con\u021binutul \u201eobi\u0219nuit\u201d \u2013 \u00een ambele cazuri, ajut\u0103 utilizarea cript\u0103rii (adic\u0103 HTTPS).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen afar\u0103 de utilizarea DPI-ului pentru a c\u0103uta cuvinte cheie sau URL-uri ale resurselor interzise, aceste instrumente pot fi utilizate pentru analize mai avansate. Astfel de metode includ analiza statistic\u0103 a traficului online \/ offline \u0219i analiza protocoalelor de identificare. Aceste metode sunt extrem de consumatoare de resurse \u0219i, \u00een prezent, nu exist\u0103 suficiente dovezi privind utilizarea lor de c\u0103tre cenzori \u00eentr-un volum semnificativ.<\/p>\n<h2>Auto-cenzura furnizorilor de CDN<\/h2>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 cenzorul este statul, atunci acesta are toate instrumentele necesare pentru a interzice activitatea furnizorilor de CDN \u00een \u021bar\u0103, care nu respect\u0103 legile locale ce reglementeaz\u0103 accesul la con\u021binut. Nu se poate opune auto-cenzurii \u2013 prin urmare, dac\u0103 o companie furnizor de CDN este interesat\u0103 s\u0103 activeze \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 \u021bar\u0103, va trebui s\u0103 respecte legile locale, chiar dac\u0103 acestea limiteaz\u0103 libertatea de exprimare.<\/p>\n<h2>Cum cenzureaz\u0103 China con\u021binutul CDN<\/h2>\n<p>\nMarele zid de protec\u021bie chinez este pe bun\u0103 dreptate considerat cel mai eficient \u0219i avansat sistem de asigurare a cenzurii pe internet. <\/p>\n<h3>Metodologia cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n<p>\nCercet\u0103torii au efectuat experimente folosind un nod Linux situat \u00een interiorul Chinei. De asemenea, au avut acces la c\u00e2teva computere din afara \u021b\u0103rii. Ini\u021bial, cercet\u0103torii au verificat ce anume este cenzurat din nod, \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 similar\u0103 cu ceea ce se aplic\u0103 altor utilizatori chinezi \u2013 pentru a face acest lucru, au \u00eencercat s\u0103 acceseze de pe aceast\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103 diverse site-uri interzise. Astfel, existen\u021ba aceluia\u0219i nivel de cenzur\u0103 a fost confirmat\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Lista site-urilor blocate \u00een China care utilizeaz\u0103 CDN a fost preluat\u0103 de pe site-ul GreatFire.org. Apoi, a fost efectuat\u0103 analiza modului de blocare \u00een fiecare caz. <\/p>\n<p>Conform datelor deschise, singurul juc\u0103tor important pe pia\u021ba CDN cu propria infrastructur\u0103 \u00een China este Akamai. Al\u021bi furnizori care au participat la cercetare sunt: CloudFlare, Amazon CloudFront, EdgeCast, Fastly \u0219i SoftLayer.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen timpul experimenteleor, cercet\u0103torii au identificat adresele serverelor edge Akamai din \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i apoi au \u00eencercat s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 prin acestea con\u021binut permis, \u00een cache. Accesul la con\u021binutul interzis nu a fost posibil (s-a \u00eentors eroarea HTTP 403 Forbidden) \u2013 este evident c\u0103 compania \u00ee\u0219i desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 auto-cenzura pentru a-\u0219i men\u021bine capacitatea de a opera \u00een \u021bar\u0103. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, din afara \u021b\u0103rii, accesul la aceste resurse r\u0103m\u00e2nea deschis.<\/p>\n<p>Furnizorii f\u0103r\u0103 infrastructur\u0103 din China nu adopt\u0103 auto-cenzura pentru utilizatorii locali. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul celorlal\u021bi furnizori, cea mai frecvent utilizat\u0103 metod\u0103 de blocare a fost filtrarea DNS \u2013 cererile c\u0103tre site-uri blocate sunt redirec\u021bionate c\u0103tre adrese IP incorecte. Totu\u0219i, firewall-ul nu blocheaz\u0103 efectiv serverele de edge CDN, deoarece acestea stocheaz\u0103 at\u00e2t informa\u021bii interzise, c\u00e2t \u0219i permise. <\/p>\n<p>\u0218i, \u00een cazul traficului necriptat, autorit\u0103\u021bile au capacitatea de a bloca anumite pagini ale site-urilor prin DPI, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een utilizarea HTTPS pot doar s\u0103 interzic\u0103 accesul la \u00eentregul domeniu. Acest lucru duce, de asemenea, la blocarea con\u021binutului permis.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen plus, exist\u0103 \u0219i furnizori CDN locali \u00een China, precum ChinaCache, ChinaNetCenter \u0219i CDNetworks. Toate aceste companii respect\u0103 pe deplin legisla\u021bia \u021b\u0103rii \u0219i blocheaz\u0103 con\u021binutul interzis.<\/p>\n<h2>CacheBrowser: instrument de ocolire a blocajelor prin intermediul CDN<\/h2>\n<p>\nAnaliza a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 cenzorilor le este destul de greu s\u0103 blocheze con\u021binutul CDN. Prin urmare, cercet\u0103torii au decis s\u0103 dezvolte un instrument de ocolire a blocajelor online, care s\u0103 nu utilizeze tehnologia proxy. <\/p>\n<p>Ideea principal\u0103 a instrumentului este c\u0103, pentru a bloca CDN, cenzorii trebuie s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een func\u021bionarea DNS, dar pentru a accesa con\u021binutul CDN, utilizarea rezolv\u0103rii numelui de domeniu nu este de fapt obligatorie. Astfel, utilizatorul poate ob\u021bine con\u021binutul dorit, contact\u00e2nd direct serverul de edge, pe care acesta este deja cache-uit. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen diagrama de mai jos este prezentat\u0103 configura\u021bia sistemului. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Experimentul CacheBrowser: ocolirea firewall-ului chinezesc f\u0103r\u0103 proxy prin cache-ul de con\u021binut\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/07d32c2f2118c8e2b8a09a6913ff978b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPe computerul utilizatorului se instaleaz\u0103 un software client, iar pentru accesarea con\u021binutului se folose\u0219te un browser obi\u0219nuit. <\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd este solicitat un URL sau o parte a unui con\u021binut deja solicitat, browserul trimite o cerere c\u0103tre sistemul local DNS (LocalDNS) pentru a ob\u021bine adresa IP a gazdelor. DNS-ul obi\u0219nuit este solicitat doar pentru domeniile care nu sunt deja con\u021binute \u00een baza de date LocalDNS. Modulul Scraper parcurge constant URL-urile solicitate \u0219i caut\u0103 \u00een lista de nume de domenii poten\u021bial blocate. Apoi, Scraper se adreseaz\u0103 modulului Resolver pentru a rezolva noile domenii blocate descoperite; acest modul \u00eendepline\u0219te sarcina \u0219i adaug\u0103 o \u00eenregistrare \u00een LocalDNS. Apoi, cache-ul DNS al browserului este \u0219ters pentru a elimina \u00eenregistr\u0103rile DNS existente pentru domeniul blocat.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 modulul Resolver nu poate \u00een\u021belege la care provider CDN apar\u021bine domeniul, va cere ajutorul modulului Bootstrapper.<\/p>\n<h2>Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u00een practic\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nSoftware-ul clientului produsului a fost implementat pentru Linux, dar poate fi u\u0219or portat inclusiv pentru Windows. Ca browser se folose\u0219te Firefox obi\u0219nuit.<br \/>\nModulele Scraper \u0219i Resolver sunt scrise \u00een Python, iar bazele de date Customer-to-CDN \u0219i CDN-to-IP sunt stocate \u00een fi\u0219iere .txt. Ca baz\u0103 de date LocalDNS serve\u0219te un fi\u0219ier obi\u0219nuit \/etc\/hosts \u00een Linux.<\/p>\n<p>Prin urmare, pentru un URL blocat de tipul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blocked.com\/\">blocked.com<\/a><\/noindex> scriptul va ob\u021bine adresa IP a serverului edge din fi\u0219ierul \/etc\/hosts \u0219i va trimite o cerere HTTP GET pentru accesarea BlockedURL.html cu c\u00e2mpurile antetului HTTP Host:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">blocked.com\/ \u0219i User-Agent: Mozilla\/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:14.0) Gecko\/20100101 Firefox\/14.0.1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nModulul Bootstrapper este implementat folosind instrumentul gratuit digwebinterface.com. Acest rezolvator DNS nu poate fi blocat \u0219i r\u0103spunde la cererile DNS din partea multor servere DNS distribuite geografic \u00een diverse regiuni de re\u021bea.<\/p>\n<p>Folosind acest instrument, cercet\u0103torii au reu\u0219it s\u0103 acceseze Facebook de la nodul lor din China \u2013 de\u0219i re\u021beaua social\u0103 este de mult blocat\u0103 \u00een China.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Experimentul CacheBrowser: ocolirea firewall-ului chinezesc f\u0103r\u0103 proxy prin cache-ul de con\u021binut\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/f33cf0e1544785bdb84234a4ac39f727.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Concluzie<\/h2>\n<p>\nExperimentul a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 problemele pe care cenzorii le \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 \u00een \u00eencercarea de a bloca con\u021binutul CDN-ului pot fi folosite pentru a crea un sistem de ocolire a blocajelor. Un astfel de instrument permite ocolirea restric\u021biilor chiar \u0219i \u00een China, unde exist\u0103 unul dintre cele mai puternice sisteme de cenzur\u0103 online.<\/p>\n<h2>Alte articole despre utilizarea <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/infatica.io\">proxies reziden\u021biale<\/a><\/noindex> pentru afaceri:<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/460509\/\">Cum ajut\u0103 proxy-urile rezidente \u00een afaceri: caz real de utilizare a Infatica \u00een domeniul Data Mining<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/461537\/\">Analiz\u0103. Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 proxy-urile SOCKS: avantaje, dezavantaje, diferen\u021be fa\u021b\u0103 de alte tehnologii<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/454442\/\">Cum s\u0103 alegi o re\u021bea proxy pentru afaceri: 3 sfaturi practice<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/467201\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435: Unsplash \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 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