{"id":38214,"date":"2019-10-31T22:22:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:22:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:22:20","slug":"trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-43-protokoly-marshrutizatsii-distance-vector-i-link-state","title":{"rendered":"Antrenament Cisco 200-125 CCNA v3.0. Ziua 43. Protocoale de rutare Distance Vector \u0219i Link State","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Videolec\u021bia de ast\u0103zi despre protocoalele de rutare Distance Vector \u0219i Link State precede una dintre cele mai importante teme ale cursului CCNA \u2013 protocoalele de rutare OSPF \u0219i EIGRP. Aceast\u0103 tem\u0103 va ocupa 4 sau chiar 6 dintre urm\u0103toarele videolec\u021bii. A\u0219adar, ast\u0103zi voi prezenta pe scurt c\u00e2teva concepte pe care trebuie s\u0103 le \u0219ti\u021bi \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe studiul OSPF \u0219i EIGRP.<\/p>\n

\"Antrenament
\n
\n\u00cen lec\u021bia trecut\u0103, am analizat sec\u021biunea 2.1 din tematica ICND2, iar ast\u0103zi vom explora sec\u021biunile 2.2 \u00abSimilarit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i diferen\u021bele \u00eentre protocoalele de rutare Distance Vector (DV) \u0219i protocoalele de stare a leg\u0103turilor Link State (LS)\u00bb \u0219i 2.3 \u00abSimilarit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i diferen\u021bele \u00eentre protocoalele de rutare interne \u0219i externe\u00bb. <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

A\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat, \u00een urm\u0103toarele 4 sau 6 videolec\u021bii vom discuta despre \u00eentreb\u0103rile esen\u021biale ale \u00eentregului curs \u2013 protocoalele OSPFv2 pentru IPv4, OSPFv3 pentru IPv6, EIGRP pentru IPv4 \u0219i EIGRP pentru IPv6. Studen\u021bii \u00eemi pun adesea \u00eentrebarea ce este un protocol de rutare \u0219i cum difer\u0103 de un protocol rutabil. <\/p>\n

Protocolul de rutare este utilizat de un router, cum ar fi protocoalele RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP \u0219i altele. Protocolul de rutare reprezint\u0103 un mod de comunicare \u00eentre routere, prin care acestea schimb\u0103 informa\u021bii despre re\u021bea \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i completeaz\u0103 tabelele de rutare cu aceste informa\u021bii. Pe baza acestor tabele, ele iau decizii de rutare. <\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 ce routerele \u00abs-au comunicat\u00bb \u00eentre ele \u0219i \u0219i-au umplut tabelele de rutare, realiz\u00e2nd toate acestea cu ajutorul protocolului de rutare, ele iau decizii privind trimiterea traficului c\u0103tre alte re\u021bele. \u00cen acest sens, se folose\u0219te un protocol rutabil, care permite routerelor s\u0103 redirec\u021bioneze sau s\u0103 ruteze traficul. Aceste protocoale includ IPv4 \u0219i IPv6. <\/p>\n

\"Antrenament
\n
\nDeci, protocolul de rutare asigur\u0103 completarea tabelelor de rutare cu informa\u021bii, iar protocolul rutabil asigur\u0103 rutarea traficului conform informa\u021biilor din aceste tabele. Datorit\u0103 IPv4 sau IPv6, datele transmise sunt \u00eencapsulate \u0219i dotate cu antete IP, cum sugereaz\u0103 \u0219i denumirile acestor protocoale \u2013 IP. <\/p>\n

\u00centrebarea urm\u0103toare se refer\u0103 la diferen\u021bele dintre protocoalele de gateway interior \u0219i protocoalele de gateway exterior. S\u0103 nu v\u0103 deranjeze cuv\u00e2ntul \u201egateway\u201d. De obicei, routerele sunt utilizate \u00eentr-o sistem autonom. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 compania dumneavoastr\u0103 are 50 de routere care folosesc orice protocol IP. Acestea formeaz\u0103 un sistem autonom, adic\u0103 sunt utilizate \u0219i gestionate de o singur\u0103 companie, o singur\u0103 organiza\u021bie. <\/p>\n

\"Antrenament
\n
\nA\u0219adar, protocoalele care sunt utilizate pentru asigurarea rut\u0103rii \u00een cadrul unui astfel de sistem autonom se numesc protocoale de gateway interior, iar protocoalele pentru realizarea rut\u0103rii \u00een afara sistemului \u2013 protocoalele de gateway exterior. Protocolul de gateway exterior asigur\u0103 rutarea \u00eentre diferite sisteme autonome. Unul dintre aceste sisteme poate fi furnizorul dumneavoastr\u0103 de servicii ISP, iar sistemul s\u0103u poate consta din 200 de routere. Pentru a comunica \u00eentre ele, sistemele autonome folosesc protocolul de gateway exterior. <\/p>\n

Protocoalele de gateway interior sunt RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, iar \u00een prezent, ca protocol de gateway exterior se folose\u0219te un singur protocol \u2013 BGP. <\/p>\n

Urm\u0103toarele dou\u0103 defini\u021bii pe care trebuie s\u0103 le \u00een\u021belege\u021bi sunt Vector de Distan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Stare de Leg\u0103tur\u0103. Acestea sunt cele dou\u0103 tipuri de protocoale de rutare ale gateway-ului interior. <\/p>\n

\"Antrenament
\n
\nS\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 avem 3 routere, care sunt conectate \u00eentre ele \u0219i cu re\u021beaua 192.168.10.0\/24. S\u0103 le numim A, B \u0219i C. Din cursul ICND1 \u0219tim ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 c\u00e2nd se folose\u0219te RIP. <\/p>\n

Deoarece routerul B se afl\u0103 cel mai aproape de re\u021beaua 192.168.10.0\/24, acesta este primul care trimite o notificare despre aceast\u0103 re\u021bea c\u0103tre routerul A \u0219i routerul C. Routerul C transmite de asemenea aceast\u0103 notificare c\u0103tre routerul A. Routerul A prime\u0219te informa\u021biile despre re\u021beaua 192.168.10.0\/24 prin cele dou\u0103 interfe\u021be ale sale \u2013 f0\/0 \u0219i f0\/1. Deoarece protocolul RIPv2 folose\u0219te metrica Hop Count, el va indica routerului c\u0103 cea mai bun\u0103 cale pentru a accesa aceast\u0103 re\u021bea este ruta prin routerul B, deoarece re\u021beaua poate fi atins\u0103 \u00eentr-un hop. Dac\u0103 se folose\u0219te interfa\u021ba f0\/1 pentru a se conecta la re\u021beaua 192.168.10.0\/24, vor fi necesare 2 hops. Astfel, din perspectiva routerului A, cea mai bun\u0103 op\u021biune va fi utilizarea interfe\u021bei f0\/0. Aceast\u0103 decizie este luat\u0103 de A deoarece folose\u0219te RIP, care este un protocol de tip vector de distan\u021b\u0103. <\/p>\n

Conform diagramei prezentate, vedem c\u0103 aceasta este solu\u021bia corect\u0103, deoarece distan\u021ba dintre A \u0219i B este cea mai scurt\u0103. Dar ce ar fi dac\u0103 a\u0219 spune c\u0103 \u00eentre A \u0219i B este o linie cu o l\u0103\u021bime de band\u0103 de 64 kbit\/s, iar \u00eentre C \u0219i B este o linie de 100 mbit\/s, av\u00e2nd o linie identic\u0103 \u00eentre C \u0219i A? <\/p>\n

Care va fi cea mai optim\u0103 rut\u0103 \u00een aceste condi\u021bii? <\/p>\n

\"Antrenament
\n
\nDesigur, linia de 100 megabi\u021bi pe secund\u0103 este mult mai bun\u0103 dec\u00e2t linia de 64 kilobi\u021bi pe secund\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 ruta prin aceasta necesit\u0103 2 hop-uri \u00een loc de unul. Totu\u0219i, protocolul de vector de distan\u021b\u0103 RIP nu ia \u00een considerare viteza de transfer a traficului, deoarece la alegerea rutei optime se ghideaz\u0103 dup\u0103 num\u0103rul minim de hop-uri. \u00cen acest caz, ar fi mai bine s\u0103 utiliz\u0103m un protocol de stare a re\u021belei, cum ar fi OSPF. Acest protocol verific\u0103 costul rutelor \u0219i, g\u0103sind cel mai \u201eieftin\u201d, trimite traficul pe calea router A \u2013 router C \u2013 router B. <\/p>\n

Comparativ cu RIP, protocolul OSPF este mult mai complex, el ia \u00een considerare numero\u0219i factori la determinarea rutei optime \u0219i g\u0103se\u0219te calea cea mai scurt\u0103 din punct de vedere al metricii.
\nEIGRP a fost odat\u0103 un protocol de rutare proprietar al Cisco, dar acum este un standard deschis. Este o combina\u021bie a celor mai bune caracteristici ale protocolului de vector de distan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i ale protocolului de stare a re\u021belei. Acesta \u021bine cont at\u00e2t de l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i de \u00eent\u00e2rzierile din re\u021bea. A\u0219a cum se \u0219tie, cu c\u00e2t ruta este mai lung\u0103, adic\u0103 cu c\u00e2t sunt mai multe hop-uri, cu at\u00e2t \u00eent\u00e2rzierile sunt mai mari. Prin urmare, protocolul EIGRP alege ruta cu l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103 maxim\u0103 \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2rziera total\u0103 minim\u0103, compar\u00e2nd metricile rutelor. L\u0103\u021bimile de band\u0103 ar\u0103tate \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2rzierile sunt p\u0103r\u021bi ale formulei pe baza c\u0103reia se ia decizia de rutare.
\nIat\u0103 care este diferen\u021ba dintre protocoalele Distance Vector \u0219i Link State. Protocoalele de vector de distan\u021b\u0103 iau \u00een considerare doar distan\u021ba rutei, \u00een timp ce protocoalele Link State analizeaz\u0103 starea re\u021belei pe parcursul rutei, cum ar fi viteza \u0219i l\u0103\u021bimea de band\u0103.
\nEIGRP este un protocol de rutare hibrid, deoarece combin\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103turile ambelor protocoale men\u021bionate mai sus. Din perspectiva Cisco, acesta este cel mai bun protocol de rutare, motiv pentru care to\u021bi inginerii companiei prefer\u0103 s\u0103-l utilizeze, cu toate acestea, protocolul cel mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit din lume este OSPF. Motivul este c\u0103 EIGRP a devenit recent un standard deschis, a\u0219adar produc\u0103torii ter\u021bi nu sunt siguri de compatibilitatea sa cu echipamentele lor de re\u021bea. <\/p>\n

S\u0103 examin\u0103m ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 gradul de \u00eencredere \u00een protocol. Atunci c\u00e2nd routerul A prime\u0219te informa\u021bii despre rute din dou\u0103 surse diferite, acesta folose\u0219te o formul\u0103 pentru a decide care dintre cele dou\u0103 rute s\u0103 o includ\u0103 \u00een tabela de rutare. Acest lucru este simplu, deoarece se uit\u0103 la parametrii rutei B-A \u0219i A-C-B, le compar\u0103 \u0219i ia decizia optim\u0103. Desigur, OSPF realizeaz\u0103 \u0219i balansarea sarcinii, adic\u0103 dac\u0103 dou\u0103 rute au acela\u0219i cost, acesta efectueaz\u0103 balansarea sarcinii. Vom analiza aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 \u00een detaliu \u00een videoclipurile urm\u0103toare, ast\u0103zi vreau doar s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi despre aceasta. <\/p>\n

S\u0103 analiz\u0103m urm\u0103toarea tabel\u0103. Jos, voi desena din nou routerele A, B \u0219i C, care formeaz\u0103 un sistem de re\u021bea autonom \u00een compania dumneavoastr\u0103. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 compania dumneavoastr\u0103 a achizi\u021bionat o alt\u0103 companie, care dispune de un sistem cu routerele A1, B1 \u0219i C1. A\u0219adar, acum ave\u021bi dou\u0103 companii, fiecare cu re\u021beaua sa. S\u0103 zicem c\u0103 prima utilizeaz\u0103 protocolul EIGRP, iar a doua \u2013 OSPF. <\/p>\n

\"Antrenament
\n
\nDesigur, pute\u021bi reconfigura re\u021beaua pentru a utiliza OSPF sau pute\u021bi transfera re\u021beaua companiei pe care a\u021bi achizi\u021bionat-o la protocolul EIGRP, dar aceasta implic\u0103 mult\u0103 munc\u0103 administrativ\u0103. Pentru o companie mic\u0103, este acceptabil, dar pentru o companie mare, aceasta devine o sarcin\u0103 enorm\u0103. \u00cen acest caz, se poate realiza redistribuirea, adic\u0103 s\u0103 lua\u021bi rutele EIGRP \u0219i s\u0103 le redistribui\u021bi prin OSPF, iar rutele OSPF s\u0103 fie redistribuite prin EIGRP. Acest lucru este pe deplin posibil. Pentru aceasta, unul dintre routerele companiei dvs. trebuie s\u0103 func\u021bioneze pe ambele protocoale \u2013 EIGRP \u0219i OSPF; s\u0103 zicem c\u0103 va fi routerul B. Acesta va con\u021bine o tabel\u0103 de rutare, unde o parte din rute sunt ob\u021binute din EIGRP, iar cealalt\u0103 parte din OSPF. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 avem \u00eenc\u0103 o re\u021bea care leag\u0103 ambele companii. \u00cen acest context, prima companie va folosi pentru conectarea la ea rutele din tabela EIGRP, iar a doua va folosi rutele din protocolul OSPF, \u0219i va fi foarte complicat s\u0103 alinia\u021bi aceste rute, ob\u021binute din surse diferite, deoarece fiecare dintre acestea aleg ruta optim\u0103 conform propriilor metrici. <\/p>\n

\"Antrenament
\n
\n\u00cen acest caz, se folose\u0219te conceptul de Distanta Administrativ\u0103, sau distan\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103. Aceasta ajut\u0103 routerul s\u0103 aleag\u0103 cea mai optim\u0103 rut\u0103 dintre mai multe rute ob\u021binute din diferite protocoale de rutare. De exemplu, dac\u0103 routerul B este conectat direct la routerul C, distan\u021ba administrativ\u0103 va fi 0, aceasta fiind cea mai de \u00eencredere rut\u0103. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 A informeaz\u0103 B c\u0103 are de asemenea acces la C, \u00een acest caz routerul B va r\u0103spunde: \u201e\u00ee\u021bi mul\u021bumesc pentru informa\u021bie, dar routerul C este conectat direct la mine, deci aleg varianta cu distan\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103 mai mic\u0103, nu varianta de conectare prin tine.\u201d <\/p>\n

Distan\u021ba administrativ\u0103 arat\u0103 gradul de \u00eencredere \u00een protocol. Cu c\u00e2t valoarea distan\u021bei administrative este mai mic\u0103, cu at\u00e2t \u00eencrederea este mai mare. Urm\u0103toarea op\u021biune cea mai de \u00eencredere, dup\u0103 conectarea direct\u0103, este conexiunea static\u0103, cu o distan\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103 de 1. Gradul de \u00eencredere \u00een protocolul EIGRP este caracterizat prin valoarea distan\u021bei administrative de 90, pentru protocolul OSPF \u2013 110, iar pentru protocolul RIP \u2013 120. <\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 EIGRP \u0219i OSPF reprezint\u0103 aceea\u0219i re\u021bea, routerul va avea mai mult\u0103 \u00eencredere \u00een informa\u021biile despre rute primite de la EIGRP, deoarece acest protocol are o distan\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103 de 90, care este mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t cea a OSPF.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Reda\u021bi\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nV\u0103 mul\u021bumim c\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi cu noi. V\u0103 plac articolele noastre? Dori\u021bi s\u0103 vede\u021bi mai multe materiale interesante? Sus\u021bine\u021bi-ne f\u0103c\u00e2nd o comand\u0103 sau recomand\u00e2ndu-ne prietenilor. 30% reducere pentru utilizatorii Habr pentru un server entry-level unic, creat special pentru tine:<\/b> Adev\u0103rul despre VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 nuclee) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps de la 20$ sau cum s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bim corect un server?<\/a><\/noindex> (sunt disponibile op\u021biuni cu RAID1 \u0219i RAID10, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 nuclee \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd la jum\u0103tate de pre\u021b?<\/b> Numai la noi 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB de la 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een Olanda! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 de la 99 $!<\/b><\/b> Citi\u021bi despre Cum s\u0103 construi\u021bi o infrastructur\u0103 de clas\u0103 enterprise folosind servere Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 la pre\u021buri foarte mici de 9000 \u20ac?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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