{"id":38376,"date":"2019-10-31T22:23:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/web-3-0-vtoroj-podhod-k-snaryadu\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:23:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:23:21","slug":"web-3-0-vtoroj-podhod-k-snaryadu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/web-3-0-vtoroj-podhod-k-snaryadu","title":{"rendered":"WEB 3.0 \u2014 a doua abordare a problemei","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"WEB
\n
\nPentru \u00eenceput, pu\u021bin\u0103 istorie.<\/p>\n

Web 1.0 este o re\u021bea pentru accesarea con\u021binutului publicat pe site-uri de c\u0103tre proprietarii acestora. Pagini HTML statice, acces la informa\u021bii doar \u00een regim de lectur\u0103, marea bucurie \u2014 hyperlinkuri care conduc la paginile acestui \u0219i altor site-uri. Formatul tipic al unui site este un resurs\u0103 informa\u021bional\u0103. Era transferului de con\u021binut offline pe internet: digitalizarea c\u0103r\u021bilor, scanarea imaginilor (aparatele foto digitale erau \u00eenc\u0103 o raritate).<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Web 2.0 este o re\u021bea social\u0103 care une\u0219te oamenii. Utilizatorii, ad\u00e2nciti complet \u00een spa\u021biul internet, creeaz\u0103 con\u021binut direct pe paginile web. Site-uri interactive \u0219i dinamice, etichetarea con\u021binutului, sindicalizarea web, tehnologia mash-up, AJAX, servicii web. Resursele informa\u021bionale sunt \u00eenlocuite de re\u021bele sociale, platforme de bloguri, wiki. Era genera\u021biei de con\u021binut online.<\/p>\n

Este evident c\u0103 termenul \u201eweb 1.0\u201d a ap\u0103rut doar dup\u0103 apari\u021bia \u201eweb 2.0\u201d, pentru a desemna internetul anterior. \u0218i aproape imediat au \u00eenceput discu\u021biile despre viitoarea versiune 3.0. Au existat mai multe variante de viziune asupra acestui viitor, iar toate acestea, desigur, erau legate de dep\u0103\u0219irea dezavantajelor \u0219i limit\u0103rilor web 2.0.<\/p>\n

Directorul Netscape.com, Jason Calacanis, era \u00eengrijorat \u00een prima r\u00e2nd de calitatea sc\u0103zut\u0103 a con\u021binutului creat de utilizatori \u0219i a sugerat c\u0103 viitorul internetului va fi al \"oamenilor talenta\u021bi\" care vor \u00eencepe s\u0103 \"creeze con\u021binut de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate\" (Web 3.0, defini\u021bia \"oficial\u0103\", 2007). Ideea este rezonabil\u0103, dar cum \u0219i unde o vor face, pe ce site-uri, nu a explicat. Nu pe Facebook, cu siguran\u021b\u0103. <\/p>\n

Autorul termenului \u201eweb 2.0\u201d, Tim O'Reilly, a presupus \u00een mod rezonabil c\u0103 pentru a publica informa\u021bii pe internet nu este necesar un intermediar at\u00e2t de nesigur ca omul. Datele pot fi furnizate \u00een internet \u0219i de dispozitive tehnice. Iar acelea\u0219i dispozitive tehnice pot citi date direct din stoc\u0103rile web. Practic, Tim O'Reilly a sugerat asocierea web 3.0 cu termenul deja familiar \u201einternetul obiectelor\u201d.<\/p>\n

Unul dintre fondatorii re\u021belei mondiale, Tim Berners-Lee, a v\u0103zut \u00een versiunea viitoare a internetului realizarea visului s\u0103u vechi (din 1998) despre web-ul semantic. Iar interpretarea sa a termenului a c\u00e2\u0219tigat \u2014 majoritatea celor care men\u021bionau \u201cweb 3.0\u201d p\u00e2n\u0103 recent se refereau exact la web-ul semantic, adic\u0103 la o re\u021bea \u00een care con\u021binutul paginilor web ar fi \u00een\u021beles de computere, citibil de ma\u0219ini. \u00cen perioada 2010-2012 au fost multe discu\u021bii despre ontologizare, au ap\u0103rut \u00een grupuri proiecte semantice, dar rezultatul este cunoscut de toat\u0103 lumea \u2014 \u00eenc\u0103 folosim internetul versiunii 2.0. Au supravie\u021buit pe deplin, de fapt, doar schema de markup semantic Schema.org \u0219i grafurile de cuno\u0219tin\u021be ale mon\u0219trilor internetului Google, Microsoft, Facebook, LinkedIn.<\/p>\n

Ascunderea e\u0219ecului web-ului semantic a fost ajutat\u0103 de noi valuri puternice de inova\u021bii digitale. Interesul presei \u0219i al publicului s-a mutat pe big data, internetul lucrurilor, \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea profund\u0103, drone, realitate augmentat\u0103 \u0219i, bine\u00een\u021beles, blockchain. Dac\u0103 primele de pe list\u0103 sunt \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 tehnologii offline, atunci blockchain este, prin natura sa, un proiect de re\u021bea. La apogeul popularit\u0103\u021bii sale \u00een anii 2017-2018, acesta chiar a aspirat la rolul unui nou internet (aceast\u0103 idee a fost exprimat\u0103 de mai multe ori de unul dintre fondatorii Ethereum, Joseph Lubin).<\/p>\n

Dar a trecut timpul, iar cuv\u00e2ntul \u201cblockchain\u201d a ajuns s\u0103 fie asociat nu cu un salt \u00een viitor, ci mai degrab\u0103 cu speran\u021be ne\u00eemplinite. \u0218i, \u00een mod natural, a ap\u0103rut ideea de rebranding: s\u0103 nu mai vorbim despre blockchain ca despre un proiect de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor, ci s\u0103-l includem \u00een stiva de tehnologii care \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103 tot ceea ce este nou \u0219i luminos. Imediat a fost g\u0103sit un nume pentru acel \u201cnou\u201d (de\u0219i nu nou) \u201cweb 3.0\u201d. Iar pentru a justifica cumva aceast\u0103 denumire nu nou\u0103, a fost nevoie s\u0103 includem \u0219i re\u021beaua semantica \u00een stiva \u201cluminoas\u0103\u201d. <\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, \u00een prezent nu blockchainul este \u00een tendin\u021be, ci infrastructura internetului descentralizat web 3.0, care const\u0103 din c\u00e2teva tehnologii de baz\u0103: blockchain, \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare automat\u0103, web semantic \u0219i internetul lucrurilor. \u00cen numeroasele texte ap\u0103rute \u00een ultima anul, dedicate noii re\u00eencarn\u0103ri a web 3.0, se poate afla detalii despre fiecare component\u0103, dar, din p\u0103cate, nu exist\u0103 r\u0103spunsuri la \u00eentreb\u0103rile fire\u0219ti: cum se \u00eembin\u0103 aceste tehnologii \u00eentr-un \u00eentreg, de ce are nevoie internetul lucrurilor de re\u021bele neuronale, iar web-ul semantic de blockchain? Majoritatea echipelor continu\u0103 s\u0103 se ocupe de blockchain (probabil \u00een speran\u021ba de a crea o criptomoned\u0103 capabil\u0103 s\u0103 concureze cu bitcoin, sau pur \u0219i simplu pentru a-\u0219i justifica investi\u021biile), dar sub noua etichet\u0103 \u201eweb 3.0\u201d. Totu\u0219i, m\u0103car se vorbe\u0219te despre viitor, nu doar despre speran\u021be ne\u00eentemeiate.<\/p>\n

Dar nu totul este at\u00e2t de sumbru. Acum voi \u00eencerca s\u0103 r\u0103spund pe scurt la \u00eentreb\u0103rile men\u021bionate mai sus.<\/p>\n

De ce are nevoie o re\u021bea semantic\u0103 de blockchain? Cu siguran\u021b\u0103, trebuie s\u0103 discut\u0103m nu despre blockchain ca atare (lan\u021bul de blocuri criptografice), ci despre tehnologia care asigur\u0103 identificarea utilizatorilor, validarea consensual\u0103 \u0219i protec\u021bia con\u021binutului bazat\u0103 pe metode criptografice \u00eentr-o re\u021bea peer-to-peer. Astfel, graful semantic, \u00een calitate de astfel de re\u021bea, ob\u021bine un depozit descentralizat fiabil cu identificarea criptografic\u0103 a \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor \u0219i utilizatorilor. Asta nu este o marcare semantic\u0103 a paginilor pe un serviciu de g\u0103zduire gratuit.<\/p>\n

De ce are nevoie o blockchain presupus\u0103 de semantica? Ontologia se refer\u0103 \u00een general la organizarea con\u021binutului pe domenii de subiect \u0219i niveluri. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 structura semantic\u0103 aplicat\u0103 peste o re\u021bea peer-to-peer \u2014 sau, mai simplu, organizarea datelor de re\u021bea \u00eentr-un grafic semantic unitar \u2014 asigur\u0103 o clusterizare natural\u0103 a re\u021belei, adic\u0103 scalarea sa orizontal\u0103. Organizarea pe niveluri a graficului permite paralele proces\u0103rii datelor semantically independente. Aceasta este deja o arhitectur\u0103 a datelor, nu doar un amestec aleator de blocuri stocate pe toate nodurile.<\/p>\n

De ce are internetul lucrurilor nevoie de semantic\u0103 \u0219i blockchain? Cu blockchain-ul pare a fi simplu \u2014 acesta este necesar ca un depozit de \u00eencredere cu un sistem \u00eencorporat de identificare a actorilor (inclusiv a senzorilor IoT) prin chei criptografice. Iar semantic\u0103, pe de-o parte, permite segregarea fluxului de date pe clustere tematice, deci asigur\u0103 desc\u0103rcarea nodurilor, pe de alt\u0103 parte \u2014 face ca datele trimise de dispozitivele IoT s\u0103 aib\u0103 sens, devenind astfel independente de aplica\u021bii. Po\u021bi uita s\u0103 mai ceri documenta\u021bia API-ului aplica\u021biilor.<\/p>\n

\u0218i acum trebuie s\u0103 clarific\u0103m care este profitul reciproc al combin\u0103rii \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii automate cu re\u021beaua semantic\u0103? Ei bine, aici totul este extrem de simplu. Unde, dac\u0103 nu \u00een graficul semantic, po\u021bi g\u0103si un astfel de imens volum de date validate, structurate, cu sens definit, \u00eentr-un format unic, at\u00e2t de necesar pentru antrenarea re\u021belelor neuronale? Pe de alt\u0103 parte, ce ar putea analiza mai bine graficul pentru a identifica anomalii utile sau d\u0103un\u0103toare, de exemplu, pentru a descoperi noi no\u021biuni, sinonime sau spam, dec\u00e2t o re\u021bea neural\u0103? <\/p>\n

Iat\u0103 de ce avem nevoie de un web 3.0. Jason Calacanis va spune: am spus c\u0103 acesta va fi un instrument pentru crearea de con\u021binut de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate de c\u0103tre oameni talenta\u021bi. Tim Berners-Lee va fi mul\u021bumit: semantic\u0103 comand\u0103. \u0218i Tim O'Reilly va avea dreptate: web 3.0 este despre \u201einterac\u021biunea internetului cu lumea fizic\u0103\u201d, despre estomparea grani\u021bei dintre online \u0219i offline, atunci c\u00e2nd vom uita cuvintele \u201eintr\u0103 \u00een re\u021bea\u201d.<\/p>\n

Abord\u0103rile mele anterioare asupra subiectului<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Filozofia evolu\u021biei \u0219i evolu\u021bia internetului<\/a><\/noindex> (2012)<\/li>\n
  2. Evolu\u021bia internetului. Viitorul internetului. Web 3.0<\/a><\/noindex> (video, 2013)<\/li>\n
  3. WEB 3.0. De la centrismul site-urilor la centrismul utilizatorilor, de la anarhie la pluralism<\/a><\/noindex> (2015)<\/li>\n
  4. WEB 3.0 sau via\u021ba f\u0103r\u0103 site-uri<\/a><\/noindex> (2019)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Web 1.0 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u044b. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 html-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441. \u042d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c offline-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430: \u043e\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a (\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":28807,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47WEB 3.0 \u2014 a doua abordare la subiect | ProHoster","description":"S\u0103 \u00eencepem cu pu\u021bin\u0103 istorie. 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