{"id":38459,"date":"2019-10-31T22:23:50","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:23:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/veb-server-na-centos-8-s-php7-node-js-i-redis\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:23:50","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:23:50","slug":"veb-server-na-centos-8-s-php7-node-js-i-redis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/veb-server-na-centos-8-s-php7-node-js-i-redis","title":{"rendered":"Server web pe CentOS 8 cu php7, node.js \u0219i redis","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Prefa\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>\nDeja au trecut 2 zile de c\u00e2nd a fost lansat\u0103 noua versiune a sistemului de operare CentOS, anume, CentOS 8. \u00cen prezent, pe internet sunt relativ pu\u021bine articole despre cum se procedeaz\u0103 cu el, a\u0219a c\u0103 am decis s\u0103 umplu acest gol. \u00cen plus, voi vorbi nu doar despre cum s\u0103 instalez acest set de programe, ci \u0219i despre cum v\u0103d eu instalarea Linux \u00een mediul virtual \u00een lumea modern\u0103 pentru sarcini tipice, inclusiv parti\u021bionarea discurilor \u0219i altele.<\/p>\n<p>Dar, la \u00eenceput, vreau s\u0103 discut pe scurt despre de ce merit\u0103 s\u0103 treci la aceast\u0103 versiune de la toate cele anterioare, iar pentru asta exist\u0103 dou\u0103 motive:<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>php7! \u00cen versiunea anterioar\u0103 a CentOS se instala \u00abversiunea corect\u0103\u00bb php5.4\u2026\n<p>Bine, dac\u0103 privim lucrurile pu\u021bin mai serios, multe pachete au trecut peste c\u00e2teva versiuni \u00een mod seriat. Noi (adep\u021bii sistemelor de tip redhat) am intrat \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, dac\u0103 nu \u00een viitor, m\u0103car \u00een prezent. \u0218i sus\u021bin\u0103torii Ubuntu nu ne vor mai r\u00e2de \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i nu ne vor mai ar\u0103ta cu degetul, cel pu\u021bin... pentru o vreme ;).<\/li>\n<li>Trecerea de la yum la dnf. Principala diferen\u021b\u0103 este c\u0103 acum se sus\u021bine oficial lucrul cu mai multe versiuni de pachete simultan. Deocamdat\u0103, \u00een versiunea 8 nu mi-a fost de folos, dar sun\u0103 promi\u021b\u0103tor. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Crearea unei ma\u0219ini virtuale<\/h2>\n<p>\nHyper-vizoarele sunt diverse \u0219i nu inten\u021bionez s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b cititorul despre un anumit tip, ci voi vorbi despre principiile generale.<\/p>\n<h3>Memorie<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd\u2026 Pentru instalarea sistemului CentOS \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 7, sigur, \u0219i cred c\u0103 \u0219i \u00een 6 a fost la fel (\u00abdar asta nu e sigur\u00bb), este necesar <i>minim<\/i> 2 GB de memorie RAM. A\u0219adar, v\u0103 recomand s\u0103 aloca\u021bi mai \u00eent\u00e2i aceast\u0103 cantitate.<\/p>\n<p>Dar, dac\u0103 e nevoie, dup\u0103 instalare volumul de memorie poate fi redus. O instala\u021bie de baz\u0103 func\u021bioneaz\u0103 destul de bine cu 1 GB, am verificat.<\/p>\n<h3>Disc<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru o instalare normal\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 crea\u021bi un disc virtual cu o capacitate de 20-30 GB. Aceasta va fi suficient pentru sistem. \u0218i al doilea disc pentru date. Acesta poate fi ad\u0103ugat fie \u00een timpul cre\u0103rii ma\u0219inii virtuale, fie dup\u0103 aceea. Eu, de obicei, \u00eel adaug ulterior.<\/p>\n<h3>Procesor<\/h3>\n<p>\nPe un nucleu, sistemul de baz\u0103 nu se blocheaz\u0103. \u0218i deoarece resursele se scaleaz\u0103 liber, nu v\u0103d sens \u00een a aloca mai mult la etapa de instalare (cu excep\u021bia cazului \u00een care cunoa\u0219te\u021bi perfect cerin\u021bele \u0219i v\u0103 este lene s\u0103 accesa\u021bi configuratorul din nou)<\/p>\n<p>Restul de obicei poate fi l\u0103sat la set\u0103rile implicite. <\/p>\n<h2>De fapt, instalarea<\/h2>\n<p>\nA\u0219adar\u2026 Lansez instalatorul\u2026 Personal, folosesc de mult timp asemenea servicii doar sub form\u0103 de ma\u0219ini virtuale, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu voi descrie scrierea imaginii pe un stick USB \u2014 doar montez ISO-ul ca un CD \u00een hipervizorul meu preferat, pornesc \u0219i gata. <\/p>\n<p>Instalarea de baz\u0103 se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 destul de tipic, voi sublinia doar c\u00e2teva momente.<\/p>\n<h3>Selectarea sursei <\/h3>\n<p>\nDe la lansarea versiunii a opta, oglinda de la Yandex a fost dat\u0103 jos deja de c\u00e2teva zile. Adic\u0103, aceasta este periodic disponibil\u0103, iar apoi din nou \u00eencepe s\u0103 afi\u0219eze o eroare. Sunt sigur c\u0103 este din cauza \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103rii excesive pe serviciu. A\u0219adar, pentru a indica sursa, a trebuit personal s\u0103 merg <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.centos.org\/download\/mirrors\/\">aici<\/a><\/noindex>, s\u0103 aleg acolo oglinda care \u00eemi place \u0219i s\u0103 introduc manual adresa \u00een fereastra instalatorului. Aici este important s\u0103 \u021bine\u021bi minte c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 specifica\u021bi calea c\u0103tre folderul unde se afl\u0103 catalogul <b>repodata<\/b>. De exemplu, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/mirror.corbina.net\/pub\/Linux\/centos\/8\/BaseOS\/x86_64\/os\/\">mirror.corbina.net\/pub\/Linux\/centos\/8\/BaseOS\/x86_64\/os<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>Parti\u021bionarea discului<\/h3>\n<p>\nAceasta este mai mult o \u00eentrebare religioas\u0103, din punctul meu de vedere. Fiecare administrator are propria sa p\u0103rere \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103. Totu\u0219i, voi \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i punctul meu de vedere cu privire la acest subiect. <\/p>\n<p>Da, \u00een principiu, po\u021bi aloca tot spa\u021biul pentru r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 \u0219i va func\u021biona, de cele mai multe ori chiar destul de bine. Atunci de ce s\u0103 complic\u0103m lucrurile cu diferite parti\u021bii? - Personal, consider c\u0103 au existat dou\u0103 motive principale: cotele \u0219i portabilitatea. <\/p>\n<p>De exemplu, dac\u0103 ceva nu merge bine \u0219i pe parti\u021bia principal\u0103 cu date apare o eroare, ar fi bine s\u0103 ai posibilitatea de a \u00eenc\u0103rca sistemul \u0219i de a efectua m\u0103suri de recuperare. A\u0219a c\u0103, personal, aloc o parti\u021bie separat\u0103 pentru \/boot. Acolo se afl\u0103 kernelul \u0219i bootloader-ul. De obicei, 500 de megabytes sunt suficien\u021bi, dar \u00een cazuri rare ar putea fi necesar mai mult; av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 ne-am obi\u0219nuit s\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103m spa\u021biul \u00een terabytes, aloc pentru aceast\u0103 parti\u021bie 2GB. \u0218i este important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 nu poate fi f\u0103cut lvm.<\/p>\n<p>Urm\u0103toarea este r\u0103d\u0103cina sistemului. Pentru o instalare normal\u0103, nu mi-a fost niciodat\u0103 nevoie de mai mult de 4GB pentru sistem, dar \u00een timpul activit\u0103\u021bilor planificate folosesc adesea catalogul \/tmp pentru dezarhivarea distribu\u021biilor, \u0219i nu v\u0103d sensul de a-l aloca pentru o parti\u021bie separat\u0103 \u2014 \u00een sistemele moderne este cur\u0103\u021bat automat, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu se umple. A\u0219a c\u0103 aloc 8GB pentru r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Swap... \u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, utilitatea practic\u0103 a acestuia este minim\u0103. Dac\u0103 serverul dumneavoastr\u0103 \u00eencepe s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 swap, \u00een lumea real\u0103 de ast\u0103zi, asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 doar c\u0103 serverului trebuie s\u0103-i fie ad\u0103ugat\u0103 mai mult\u0103 memorie RAM. Altfel, problemele de performan\u021b\u0103 sunt garantate (sau poate o aplica\u021bie are o \u201escurgere\u201d de memorie). De aceea, acest segment este necesar doar pentru diagnosticare. A\u0219adar, 2 GB este o cifr\u0103 excelent\u0103. Da, indiferent de c\u00e2t\u0103 memorie se afl\u0103 pe server. Da, am citit toate acele articole care discut\u0103 despre raportul dintre volumul de memorie \u0219i volumul de swap... IMHO, acestea sunt dep\u0103\u0219ite. \u00cen 10 ani de experien\u021b\u0103, niciodat\u0103 nu mi s-au dovedit utile. Acum 15 ani le foloseam, da. <\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 s\u0103 aloci \/home \u00eentr-o parti\u021bie separat\u0103, IMHO fiecare poate decide singur. Dac\u0103 cineva va folosi activ acest catalog pe server, este mai bine s\u0103-l aloci. Dac\u0103 nimeni nu-l folose\u0219te - nu este nevoie.<\/p>\n<p>Mai departe, \/var. Din punctul meu de vedere, acesta trebuie alocat neap\u0103rat. La \u00eenceput, po\u021bi s\u0103 te limitezi la o cifr\u0103 de 4 GB, iar apoi vom vedea. \u0218i da, prin \u201evom vedea\u201d m\u0103 refer la faptul c\u0103<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, \u00eentotdeauna po\u021bi s\u0103 montezi un alt disc \u00een subdirectorul \/var (ceea ce voi ar\u0103ta mai departe printr-un exemplu)<\/li>\n<li>\u00cen al doilea r\u00e2nd, avem LVM - \u00eentotdeauna po\u021bi s\u0103 adaugi. \u0218i de obicei trebuie s\u0103 adaug\u0103 c\u00e2nd prea multe jurnale \u00eencep s\u0103 se adune acolo. Dar nu am reu\u0219it niciodat\u0103 s\u0103 prezic \u00een avans aceast\u0103 cifr\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00eencep cu 2 GB \u0219i apoi m\u0103 uit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nSpa\u021biul nealocat va r\u0103m\u00e2ne liber \u00een grupul de volume, acesta poate fi folosit oric\u00e2nd ulterior.<\/p>\n<h4>LVM<\/h4>\n<p>\n<b>Toate<\/b> parti\u021biile, \u00een afar\u0103 de \/boot, are sens s\u0103 le creezi \u00een LVM. Da, inclusiv swap. Da, conform tuturor recomand\u0103rilor, swap-ul ar trebui s\u0103 fie la \u00eenceputul discului, iar \u00een cazul LVM locul s\u0103u nu poate fi determinat \u00een principiu. Dar a\u0219a cum am scris mai sus, sistemul t\u0103u <i>nu ar trebui<\/i> s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 swap deloc. A\u0219adar, nu are nicio importan\u021b\u0103 unde se afl\u0103. Nu tr\u0103im \u00een '95, sincer!<\/p>\n<p>Apoi, \u00een LVM exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva entit\u0103\u021bi de baz\u0103 cu care trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tii s\u0103 coexi\u0219ti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> volum fizic<\/li>\n<li> grup de volume<\/li>\n<li> volum logic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nVolumele fizice sunt grupate \u00een grupuri, iar fiecare volum fizic poate fi doar \u00eentr-un singur grup, iar un grup poate fi prezent pe mai multe volume fizice simultan. <br \/>\nVolumele logice se afl\u0103 fiecare \u00eentr-un singur grup. <\/p>\n<p>Dar\u2026 avem, din p\u0103cate, anul 21 \u0219i servere virtuale. Nu are sens s\u0103 aplic\u0103m acelea\u0219i mecanisme care au fost folosite pentru cele fizice. Pentru cele virtuale este important s\u0103 avem datele separate de sistem! Acest lucru este foarte important \u00een special pentru a putea comuta rapid datele c\u0103tre o alt\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 (de exemplu, c\u00e2nd trecem la un nou OS) \u0219i, \u00een general, pentru tot felul de func\u021bii utile (backup-uri separate ale sec\u021biunilor, de exemplu, prin intermediul hipervizorului). Prin urmare, un grup de volume este folosit pentru sistem \u0219i neap\u0103rat altul pentru date! Aceast\u0103 separa\u021bie logic\u0103 ajut\u0103 mult \u00een via\u021b\u0103!<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd a\u021bi creat o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103, a\u021bi creat doar un singur disc virtual, configura\u021bia se \u00eencheie aici. Dar dac\u0103 ave\u021bi dou\u0103, nu mai partaja\u021bi deocamdat\u0103 al doilea.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u00cencepem instalarea.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2>Post-instalare<\/h2>\n<p>\nA\u0219a, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it s-a \u00eenc\u0103rcat sistemul instalat recent. Primul lucru de verificat este \u2014 internetul. <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">ping ya.ru<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nExist\u0103 r\u0103spuns? \u2014 Excelent, ap\u0103s\u0103m Ctrl-C.<br \/>\nDac\u0103 nu \u2014 merge\u021bi s\u0103 configura\u021bi re\u021beaua, f\u0103r\u0103 asta nu se poate tr\u0103i, dar articolul meu nu este despre asta.<\/p>\n<p>Acum, dac\u0103 nu suntem deja sub root, intr\u0103m ca root, c\u0103ci s\u0103 tasta\u021bi <i>at\u00e2tea<\/i> comenzi cu sudo personal mi se pare obositor (\u0219i s\u0103 m\u0103 ierte administratorii paranoici):<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">sudo -i<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAcum, prima dat\u0103 tast\u0103m<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">dnf -y update<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n\u0218i dac\u0103 citi\u021bi acest articol \u00een 2019, cel mai probabil nu se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla nimic, dar merit\u0103 \u00eencercat. <\/p>\n<h3>Acum s\u0103 configur\u0103m discul r\u0103mas.<\/h3>\n<p>\nS\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 partitia cu sistemul nostru a fost xvda, atunci discul cu datele va fi xvdb. OK.<\/p>\n<p>Majoritatea sfaturilor vor \u00eencepe cu expresia \u201eRula\u021bi fdisk \u0219i crea\u021bi o parti\u021bie\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, este <i>gre\u0219it<\/i>!<\/p>\n<p>\u00cenc\u0103 o dat\u0103 subliniez, pentru c\u0103 este important! \u00cen acest caz, pentru a lucra cu LVM, crearea de parti\u021bii pe un disc \u00eentreg, chiar dac\u0103 este virtual, este d\u0103un\u0103toare! \u00cen aceast\u0103 fraz\u0103 fiecare cuv\u00e2nt este important. Dac\u0103 lucr\u0103m f\u0103r\u0103 LVM \u2014 trebuie. Dac\u0103 avem pe disk, de exemplu, sistem \u0219i date \u2014 trebuie. Dac\u0103 din motive oarecare trebuie s\u0103 l\u0103s\u0103m jum\u0103tate din disc liber \u2014 la fel trebuie. Dar, de obicei, toate aceste supozi\u021bii sunt pur teoretice. Pentru c\u0103 dac\u0103 decidem s\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m spa\u021biu la parti\u021bia existent\u0103, cel mai simplu este s\u0103 facem asta cu aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie. Iar confortul \u00een administrare dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te at\u00e2t de multe, \u00eenc\u00e2t ne \u00eendrept\u0103m intentional spre aceast\u0103 configura\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Confortul const\u0103 \u00een faptul c\u0103, dac\u0103 dori\u021bi s\u0103 extinde\u021bi sectiunea de date, pur \u0219i simplu ad\u0103uga\u021bi spa\u021bii \u00een partitionarea virtual\u0103, apoi extinde\u021bi grupul cu vgextend \u0219i totul e gata! \u00cen cazuri rare, poate fi necesar s\u0103 face\u021bi ceva \u00een plus, dar, cel pu\u021bin, nu va trebui s\u0103 extinde\u021bi la \u00eenceput volumul logic, ceea ce este deja pl\u0103cut. Pentru a extinde acest volum, se recomand\u0103, ini\u021bial, s\u0103 \u0219terge\u021bi cel existent \u0219i apoi s\u0103 crea\u021bi unul nou deasupra\u2026 ceea ce nu arat\u0103 tocmai bine \u0219i nu poate fi realizat \u00een timp real, pe c\u00e2nd extinderea conform scenariului men\u021bionat de mine poate fi efectuat\u0103 \u201e\u00een timp real\u201d f\u0103r\u0103 a desface partitionarea. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen concluzie, cre\u0103m un volum fizic, apoi un grup de volume care \u00eel include \u0219i, \u00een final, o parti\u021bie pentru serverul nostru:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">pvcreate \/dev\/xvdb\nvgcreate data \/dev\/xvdb\nlvcreate -n www -L40G data\nmke2fs -t ext4 \/dev\/mapper\/data-www\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAici, \u00een loc de liter\u0103 mare \u201eL\u201d (\u0219i dimensiunea \u00een GB), pute\u021bi folosi liter\u0103 mic\u0103, iar astfel, \u00een loc de dimensiunea absolut\u0103, s\u0103 specifica\u021bi una relativ\u0103. De exemplu, pentru a folosi jum\u0103tate din spa\u021biul liber disponibil \u00een grupul de volume, trebuie s\u0103 specifica\u021bi \u201e-l +50%FREE\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Ultima comand\u0103 formateaz\u0103 partitionarea \u00een sistemul de fi\u0219iere ext4 (care, p\u00e2n\u0103 acum, din practica mea arat\u0103 cea mai mare stabilitate \u00een cazul \u00een care totul se d\u0103 peste cap, de aceea o prefer).<\/p>\n<p>Acum mont\u0103m partitionarea \u00een locul dorit. Pentru aceasta, ad\u0103ug\u0103m linia corect\u0103 \u00een \/etc\/fstab:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\/dev\/mapper\/data-www    \/var\/www                ext4    defaults        1 2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n\u0218i tast\u0103m <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">mount \/var\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 apare o eroare \u2014 alerta\u021bi! Pentru c\u0103 asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 avem o eroare \u00een \/etc\/fstab. \u0218i c\u0103, la urm\u0103toarea repornire, vom avea probleme foarte mari. Sistemul s-ar putea s\u0103 nu porneasc\u0103 deloc, ceea ce este adesea foarte trist pentru servicii cloud. A\u0219adar, trebuie fie s\u0103 corect\u0103m urgent ultima linie ad\u0103ugat\u0103, fie s\u0103 o \u0219tergem complet! De aceea nu am scris comanda de montare manual \u2014 altfel nu am fi avut o oportunitate at\u00e2t de minunat\u0103 de a verifica configura\u021bia chiar acum.<\/p>\n<p>Acum, pur \u0219i simplu instal\u0103m tot ce am vrut \u0219i deschidem porturile pentru web:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">dnf groupinstall \"Development Tools\"\ndnf -y install httpd @nodejs @redis php\nfirewall-cmd --add-service http --permanent\nfirewall-cmd --add-service https --permanent\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 dori\u021bi, pute\u021bi instala \u0219i baza de date aici, dar personal \u00eencerc s\u0103 o \u021bin separat de serverul web. Totu\u0219i, a o p\u0103stra aproape este mai rapid. Viteza adapterilor de re\u021bea virtuale este de obicei \u00een jur de un gigabit, iar c\u00e2nd lucr\u0103m pe aceea\u0219i ma\u0219in\u0103, acces\u0103rile se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 aproape instantaneu. Dar \u00een schimb, este mai pu\u021bin sigur. A\u0219adar, depinde de ceea ce este mai important pentru fiecare. <\/p>\n<p>Acum ad\u0103ug\u0103m parametrul \u00een fi\u0219ierul de configurare (cre\u0103m unul nou, ideologia modern\u0103 a CentOS-ului este aceasta).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">echo \"vm.overcommit_memory = 1\" &gt; \/etc\/sysctl.d\/98-sysctl.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nReboot\u0103m serverul. <br \/>\n\u00cen comentarii, m-au certat pentru sfatul de a dezactiva SeLinux, a\u0219a c\u0103 m\u0103 voi corecta \u0219i voi scrie despre faptul c\u0103 dup\u0103 asta nu trebuie s\u0103 uit\u0103m s\u0103 configur\u0103m SeLinux. <br \/>\n<b>A\u0219adar, profit! \ud83d\ude42<\/b><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/469097\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 2 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b CentOS, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, CentOS 8. \u0418 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 2 \u0434\u043d\u044f 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