{"id":38687,"date":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","slug":"mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","title":{"rendered":"Se poate programa randomizarea?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Care este diferen\u021ba dintre om \u0219i program?<\/h3>\n

\nRe\u021bele neuronale, care constituie acum practic \u00eentreaga arie a inteligen\u021bei artificiale, pot lua \u00een considerare mult mai mul\u021bi factori dec\u00e2t un om \u00een procesul de decizie, f\u0103c\u00e2nd acest lucru mai repede \u0219i, \u00een majoritatea cazurilor, mai precis. Totu\u0219i, programele ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 doar a\u0219a cum au fost programate sau \u00eenv\u0103\u021bate. Ele pot fi foarte complexe, lu\u00e2nd \u00een considerare mul\u021bi factori \u0219i ac\u021bion\u00e2nd \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 foarte variat\u0103. Dar, cu toate acestea, nu pot \u00eenlocui omul \u00een luarea deciziilor. Ce anume \u00eel diferen\u021biaz\u0103 pe om de un astfel de program? Aici trebuie men\u021bionate 3 diferen\u021be cheie, din care decurg toate celelalte:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Omul de\u021bine o imagine a lumii, care \u00eei permite s\u0103 completeze informa\u021biile cu date care nu sunt specificate \u00een program. \u00cen plus, imaginea lumii este structurat\u0103 astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 ne permit\u0103 s\u0103 avem m\u0103car o idee despre tot. Chiar dac\u0103 aceasta este ceva rotund \u0219i str\u0103luce\u0219te pe cer (OZN). De obicei, pentru aceasta se construiesc ontologii, dar ontologiile nu dispun de o astfel de acurate\u021be, nu iau \u00een considerare semnifica\u021biile multiple ale conceptelor, influen\u021ba lor reciproc\u0103 \u0219i deocamdat\u0103 sunt aplicabile doar \u00een teme strict limitate.<\/li>\n
  2. Omul are o logic\u0103 care ia \u00een considerare aceast\u0103 imagine a lumii, ceea ce numim bun sim\u021b sau common sense. Orice afirma\u021bie are un sens \u0219i ia \u00een considerare cuno\u0219tin\u021bele ascunse, nedecalarate. De\u0219i legile logicii au sute de ani, nimeni nu \u0219tie p\u00e2n\u0103 acum cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 logica obi\u0219nuit\u0103, non-matematic\u0103 a ra\u021bionamentului. Practic nu \u0219tim cum s\u0103 program\u0103m chiar \u0219i silogismele obi\u015fnuite. <\/li>\n
  3. Arbitraritatea. Programele nu dispun de arbitraritate. Aceasta este, poate, cea mai complicat\u0103 dintre toate cele trei diferen\u021be. Ce numim arbitraritate? Posibilitatea de a dezvolta un comportament nou, diferit de ceea ce am realizat \u00een acelea\u0219i circumstan\u021be anterioare, sau de a construi un comportament \u00een circumstan\u021be noi, necunoscute anterior. Adic\u0103, \u00een esen\u021b\u0103, este crea\u021bia pe loc a unui nou program de comportament f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103ri \u0219i erori, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere circumstan\u021bele noi, inclusiv cele interne. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/a><\/noindex>
    \nImprevizibilitatea r\u0103m\u00e2ne un domeniu neexplorat pentru cercet\u0103tori. Algoritmii genetici, capabili s\u0103 genereze un nou program de comportament pentru agen\u021bii inteligen\u021bi, nu reprezint\u0103 o solu\u021bie, deoarece ei genereaz\u0103 solu\u021bii nu logic, ci prin \u201emuta\u021bii\u201d, iar solu\u021bia este g\u0103sit\u0103 \u201e\u00een mod aleatoriu\u201d \u00een timpul selec\u021biei acestor muta\u021bii, adic\u0103 prin \u00eencerc\u0103ri \u0219i erori. Oamenii g\u0103sesc solu\u021bia de la bun \u00eenceput, construindu-o logic. Oamenii pot chiar explica de ce au ales o anumit\u0103 solu\u021bie. Algoritmul genetic nu are argumente.<\/p>\n

    Este bine cunoscut c\u0103 cu c\u00e2t un animal se afl\u0103 mai sus pe scara evolu\u021biei, cu at\u00e2t comportamentul s\u0103u poate fi mai imprevizibil. \u0218i cea mai mare imprevizibilitate o manifest\u0103 omul, deoarece acesta are capacitatea de a lua \u00een considerare nu doar circumstan\u021bele externe \u0219i abilit\u0103\u021bile \u00eenv\u0103\u021bate, ci \u0219i circumstan\u021bele ascunse - motivele personale, informa\u021biile comunicate anterior, rezultatele ac\u021biunii \u00een circumstan\u021be similare. Acest lucru cre\u0219te semnificativ variabilitatea comportamentului uman, iar, \u00een opinia mea, con\u0219tiin\u021ba este cea care contribuie la acest aspect. Dar despre asta pu\u021bin mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n

    Con\u0219tiin\u021ba \u0219i imprevizibilitatea<\/h3>\n

    \nCe leg\u0103tur\u0103 are con\u0219tiin\u021ba? \u00cen psihologia comportamentului este cunoscut c\u0103 ac\u021biunile obi\u0219nuite le execut\u0103m automat, mecanic, adic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 participarea con\u0219tiin\u021bei. Acesta este un fapt remarcabil, care indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba este implicat\u0103 \u00een crearea unor comportamente noi, fiind legat\u0103 de comportamentul orientativ. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103, de asemenea, c\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba se activeaz\u0103 tocmai atunci c\u00e2nd trebuie s\u0103 modific\u0103m un tipar obi\u0219nuit de comportament, de exemplu, s\u0103 reac\u021bion\u0103m la noi cereri av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere noi oportunit\u0103\u021bi. De asemenea, unii cercet\u0103tori, precum Dawkins sau Metzinger, au men\u021bionat c\u0103 con\u0219tiin\u021ba este cumva legat\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 oamenii au o imagine de sine, c\u0103 modelul lumii include \u0219i modelul subiectului \u00eensu\u0219i. Cum ar trebui s\u0103 arate, atunci, sistemul care ar avea o astfel de imprevizibilitate? Ce structur\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 pentru a putea construi un nou comportament pentru a rezolva o problem\u0103 \u00een conformitate cu noile circumstan\u021be.<\/p>\n

    Pentru asta, trebuie mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 ne amintim \u0219i s\u0103 clarific\u0103m c\u00e2teva fapte cunoscute. Toate animalele care au un sistem nervos con\u021bin, \u00eentr-un fel sau altul, \u00een acesta un model al mediului, integrat cu arsenalul lor de ac\u021biuni posibile \u00een acesta. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu este vorba doar despre un model al mediului, a\u0219a cum scriu unii cercet\u0103tori, ci despre un model al comportamentului posibil \u00een anumite situa\u021bii. \u0218i, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, este un model de predic\u021bie a schimb\u0103rilor \u00een mediu ca r\u0103spuns la orice ac\u021biune a animalului. Acest aspect nu este \u00eentotdeauna luat \u00een considerare de cercet\u0103torii cognitivi, de\u0219i este indicat clar de neuronii mirror din cortexul premotor, precum \u0219i de cercet\u0103rile activ\u0103rii neuronilor maimu\u021belor, care reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 la percep\u021bia unei banane; se activeaz\u0103 nu doar zonele asociate cu banana \u00een cortexul vizual \u0219i temporal, ci \u0219i m\u00e2inile \u00een cortexul somatosenzorial, deoarece modelul bananei este direct legat de m\u00e2n\u0103, dat fiind c\u0103 maimu\u021bei \u00eei este interesant doar acel fruct pe care poate s\u0103-l ia \u0219i s\u0103-l m\u0103n\u00e2nce. Uit\u0103m pur \u0219i simplu c\u0103 sistemul nervos a ap\u0103rut nu pentru a reflecta lumea animalelor. Ele nu sunt sofisti; ele doar vor s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce, a\u0219a c\u0103 modelul lor este, \u00een mare parte, un model de comportament, nu de reflectare a mediului.<\/p>\n

    Acest model deja posed\u0103 un anumit grad de arbitraritate, care se manifest\u0103 prin variabilitatea comportamentului \u00een circumstan\u021be similare. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 animalele au un anumit arsenal de ac\u021biuni posibile pe care le pot realiza \u00een func\u021bie de situa\u021bie. Acestea pot fi modele temporale mai complexe (condi\u021bionat-reflexe) dec\u00e2t reac\u021bia imediat\u0103 la evenimente. Dar totu\u0219i, nu este un comportament complet arbitrar, ceea ce ne permite s\u0103 dres\u0103m animalele, dar nu \u0219i oamenii. <\/p>\n

    \u0218i aici exist\u0103 un aspect important pe care trebuie s\u0103-l lu\u0103m \u00een considerare \u2013 cu c\u00e2t circumstan\u021bele \u00eent\u00e2lnite sunt mai cunoscute, cu at\u00e2t comportamentul este mai pu\u021bin variabil, deoarece creierul are o solu\u021bie. \u0218i invers, cu c\u00e2t circumstan\u021bele sunt mai noi, cu at\u00e2t mai multe op\u021biuni de comportament sunt posibile. \u00centrebarea este legat\u0103 de selec\u021bia \u0219i combina\u021bia acestora. Animalele fac acest lucru, manifest\u00e2nd tot arsenalul ac\u021biunilor lor posibile, a\u0219a cum a demonstrat Skinner \u00een experimentele sale.<\/p>\n

    Nu se poate spune c\u0103 comportamentul aleator este complet nou; el const\u0103 din modele de comportament \u00eenv\u0103\u021bate anterior. Este o recombinare a acestora, ini\u021biat\u0103 de circumstan\u021be noi, care nu coincid complet cu acele circumstan\u021be pentru care exist\u0103 deja un model. \u0218i aici se afl\u0103 punctul de separare \u00eentre comportamentul aleator \u0219i cel automat. <\/p>\n

    Modelarea aleatorului<\/h3>\n

    \nCrearea unui program de comportament aleator care s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 cont de noi circumstan\u021be ar permite realizarea unui \u201eprogram universal\u201d (prin analogie cu \u201eteoria totului\u201d) cel pu\u021bin pentru anumite domeniu<\/a> sarcini. <\/p>\n

    Ce ar putea face comportamentul lor mai aleatoriu, mai liber? Experimentele pe care le-am realizat au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 singura solu\u021bie este existen\u021ba unui al doilea model, care s\u0103 modeleze primul \u0219i s\u0103-l poat\u0103 modifica, adic\u0103 s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze nu asupra mediului, ca primul, ci asupra primului model, pentru a-l schimba.<\/p>\n

    Primul model reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 la circumstan\u021bele mediului. Iar dac\u0103 modelul activat se dovede\u0219te a fi nou, se activeaz\u0103 al doilea model, care a fost \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 caute solu\u021bii \u00een primul model, recunosc\u00e2nd toate posibilele variante de comportament \u00een noul context. Amintesc c\u0103 \u00een noul context, variantele de comportament activate sunt mai multe, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u00eentrebarea este tocmai despre selec\u021bia sau combina\u021bia lor. Acest lucru se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 deoarece, spre deosebire de un context familiar, \u00een r\u0103spuns la circumstan\u021be noi se activeaz\u0103 nu un singur model de comportament, ci imediat mai multe. <\/p>\n

    De fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd creierul se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te cu ceva nou, el realizeaz\u0103 nu un act, ci dou\u0103 acte \u2013 recunoa\u0219terea situa\u021biei \u00een primul model \u0219i recunoa\u0219terea ac\u021biunilor deja realizate sau posibile \u00een al doilea model. Iar \u00een aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 apar multe posibilit\u0103\u021bi, asem\u0103n\u0103toare con\u0219tiin\u021bei.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Aceast\u0103 structur\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 acte permite luarea \u00een considerare nu doar a factorilor externi, ci \u0219i a celor interni \u2013 \u00een al doilea model pot fi memorate \u0219i recunoscute rezultatele ac\u021biunii anterioare, motivele \u00eendep\u0103rtate ale subiectului etc. <\/li>\n
    2. Un astfel de sistem poate construi un comportament nou direct, f\u0103r\u0103 o lung\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare, ini\u021biat\u0103 de mediu conform teoriei evolu\u021bioniste. De exemplu, al doilea model are posibilitatea transferului solu\u021biilor de la unele submodele ale primului model la alte p\u0103r\u021bi ale acestuia \u0219i multe alte posibilit\u0103\u021bi ale metamodelului.<\/li>\n
    3. O caracterist\u0103 distinctiv\u0103 a con\u0219tiin\u021bei este existen\u021ba cuno\u0219tin\u021bei despre ac\u021biunile sale sau a memoriei autobiografice, a\u0219a cum este demonstrat \u00een articolul (1). Structura propus\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 acte are aceast\u0103 capacitate - al doilea model poate stoca date despre ac\u021biunile primului (niciun model nu poate stoca date despre propriile ac\u021biuni, deoarece pentru aceasta ar trebui s\u0103 con\u021bin\u0103 modele coerente ale ac\u021biunilor sale, nu doar reac\u021biilor mediului). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \nDar cum se construie\u0219te, de fapt, un nou comportament \u00een structura de con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 acte? Nu avem la dispozi\u021bie un creier sau chiar un model plauzibil al acestuia. Am \u00eenceput s\u0103 experiment\u0103m cu cadre verbale ca prototipuri ale modelelor care exist\u0103 \u00een creierul nostru. Un cadru reprezint\u0103 un set de variante ale argumentelor verbului pentru a descrie o situa\u021bie, iar combina\u021bia cadrelor poate fi folosit\u0103 pentru a descrie comportamente complexe. Cadrele pentru descrierea situa\u021biilor sunt cadrele primului model, cadrul pentru descrierea propriilor ac\u021biuni \u00een acesta este cadrul celui de-al doilea model cu verbele ac\u021biunilor personale. Acestea sunt adesea amestecate, deoarece chiar \u0219i o singur\u0103 propozi\u021bie este un amestec al mai multor acte de recunoa\u0219tere \u0219i de ac\u021biune (act de vorbire). \u0218i construirea expresiilor lungi \u00een vorbire este cel mai bun exemplu de comportament arbitrar. <\/p>\n

      C\u00e2nd primul model al sistemului recunoa\u0219te un nou model pentru care nu are un r\u0103spuns programat, acesta apeleaz\u0103 la al doilea model. Al doilea model adun\u0103 cadrele activate ale primului \u0219i caut\u0103 o cale mai scurt\u0103 \u00een graful cadrelor interconectate, care \u201e\u00eenchide\u201d cel mai bine modelele noii situa\u021bii printr-o combina\u021bie de cadre. Aceasta este o opera\u021biune destul de complex\u0103 \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 nu am ob\u021binut un rezultat care s\u0103 pretind\u0103 titlul de \u201eprogramul tot\u201d, dar primele succese sunt \u00eencurajatoare. <\/p>\n

      Cercet\u0103rile experimentale asupra con\u0219tiin\u021bei prin modelare \u0219i compararea solu\u021biilor software cu datele psihologiei ofer\u0103 materiale interesante pentru cercet\u0103ri viitoare \u0219i permit testarea unor ipoteze care sunt greu de verificat prin experimente pe oameni. Acestea pot fi numite experimente de modelare. \u0218i acesta este doar primul rezultat \u00een aceast\u0103 direc\u021bie a cercet\u0103rii. <\/p>\n

      Bibliografie<\/b> <\/p>\n

      1. Structura reflexiv\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 acte a con\u0219tiin\u021bei, A. Homyakov, Academia.edu, 2019<\/a><\/noindex>.
      \n
      Sursa:       habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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