{"id":38806,"date":"2019-10-31T22:26:02","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:26:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki\/"},"modified":"2026-02-14T19:13:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-14T17:13:54","slug":"proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki","title":{"rendered":"Proiectarea Bazei de Date. Cele mai bune practici","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cenaintea \u00eenceperii unui nou ciclu al cursului \u201eBaze de date\u201d<\/a><\/noindex> am preg\u0103tit un material autoral minor cu sfaturi importante privind construirea Bazei de Date. Sper\u0103m c\u0103 acest material va fi util pentru dumneavoastr\u0103.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Proiectarea
\n
\nBazele de date sunt peste tot: de la cele mai simple bloguri \u0219i directorii la sisteme informa\u021bionale robuste \u0219i re\u021bele sociale mari. Nu este at\u00e2t de important dac\u0103 baza de date este simpl\u0103 sau complex\u0103, c\u00e2t de esen\u021bial este s\u0103 o proiecta\u021bi corect. C\u00e2nd baza este proiectat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 a g\u00e2ndi \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 o \u00een\u021belegere clar\u0103 a scopului, nu este doar ineficient\u0103, ci munca ulterioar\u0103 cu baza va deveni o adev\u0103rat\u0103 povar\u0103, o p\u0103dure de necuprins pentru utilizatori. Iat\u0103 c\u00e2teva sfaturi pentru construirea unei baze de date, care vor ajuta la crearea unui produs util \u0219i u\u0219or de utilizat.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1. Stabili\u021bi care este scopul tabelului \u0219i care este structura sa<\/h3>\n

\n\"Proiectarea
\n
\nAst\u0103zi, metodele de dezvoltare precum Scrum sau RAD (dezvoltarea rapid\u0103 a aplica\u021biei) ajut\u0103 echipele IT s\u0103 dezvolte rapid baze de date. Cu toate acestea, \u00een c\u0103utarea timpului, foarte mult seduc\u0103tori se arunc\u0103 imediat \u00een construirea bazei, av\u00e2nd o idee vag\u0103 despre care este scopul, care ar trebui s\u0103 fie rezultatele finale.
\n\u00a0
\nEste ca \u0219i cum echipa ar fi orientat\u0103 spre o munc\u0103 eficient\u0103 \u0219i rapid\u0103, dar acesta este un miraj. Cu c\u00e2t te \u00eenghi\u021bi mai ad\u00e2nc \u0219i mai repede \u00een proiect, cu at\u00e2t mai mult timp va fi nevoie pentru a identifica \u0219i a corecta erorile din proiectul bazei. <\/p>\n

Prin urmare, primul lucru pe care trebuie s\u0103-l decide\u021bi este s\u0103 stabili\u021bi scopul bazei de date. Pentru ce tip de aplica\u021bie este dezvoltat\u0103 baza? Utilizatorul va lucra doar cu \u00eenregistr\u0103rile \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 acorda\u021bi aten\u021bie tranzac\u021biilor sau \u00eel intereseaz\u0103 mai mult analiza datelor? Unde ar trebui s\u0103 fie desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 baza? Va urm\u0103ri comportamentul clien\u021bilor sau va gestiona pur \u0219i simplu rela\u021biile dintre ace\u0219tia?\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Cu c\u00e2t echipa de proiectare r\u0103spunde mai devreme la aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri, cu at\u00e2t mai lin \u0219i mai u\u0219or va decurge procesul de proiectare a bazei de date. <\/p>\n

2. Ce date s\u0103 alege\u021bi pentru stocare?<\/h3>\n

\n\"Proiectarea
\n
\nPlanifica\u021bi din timp. G\u00e2ndi\u021bi-v\u0103 la ceea ce va face site-ul sau sistemul \u00een viitor, pentru care se proiecteaz\u0103 baza de date. Este important s\u0103 dep\u0103\u0219i\u021bi cerin\u021bele simple ale caietului de sarcini. Doar v\u0103 rog, nu \u00eencepe\u021bi s\u0103 v\u0103 g\u00e2ndi\u021bi imediat la toate tipurile de date pe care utilizatorii le-ar putea stoca vreodat\u0103. Mai bine, g\u00e2ndi\u021bi-v\u0103 dac\u0103 utilizatorii vor putea scrie post\u0103ri, \u00eenc\u0103rca documente sau fotografii, sau face schimb de mesaje. Dac\u0103 da, atunci \u00een baza de date trebuie rezervat spa\u021biu pentru acestea.<\/p>\n

Lucra\u021bi cu echipa, departamentul sau organiza\u021bia care va sus\u021bine \u00een viitor baza proiectat\u0103. Comunica\u021bi cu persoane de diferite niveluri, de la speciali\u0219ti \u00een rela\u021biile cu clien\u021bii p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u0219efii departamentelor. Astfel, prin feedback, ve\u021bi ob\u021bine o imagine clar\u0103 a cerin\u021belor companiei.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Inevitabil, nevoile utilizatorilor din cadrul chiar \u0219i unei singure departamente vor intra \u00een conflict. Dac\u0103 v\u0103 confrunta\u021bi cu acest lucru, nu ezita\u021bi s\u0103 v\u0103 baza\u021bi pe propria experien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 g\u0103si\u021bi un compromis care s\u0103 satisface toate p\u0103r\u021bile \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eendeplineasc\u0103 scopul final al bazei de date. Fi\u021bi siguri: \u00een viitor ve\u021bi primi +100500 \u00een karm\u0103 \u0219i o gr\u0103mad\u0103 de fursecuri. <\/p>\n

3. Modela\u021bi datele cu grij\u0103 <\/h3>\n

\n\"Proiectarea
\n
\nExist\u0103 c\u00e2teva aspecte cheie de care ar trebui s\u0103 \u021bine\u021bi cont atunci c\u00e2nd modela\u021bi datele. A\u0219a cum am men\u021bionat anterior, destina\u021bia bazei de date determin\u0103 ce metode ar trebui utilizate \u00een modelare. Dac\u0103 proiect\u0103m o baz\u0103 de date pentru procesarea operativ\u0103 a \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor (OLTP), adic\u0103 pentru crearea, editarea \u0219i \u0219tergerea acestora, atunci folosim modelarea tranzac\u021biilor. Dac\u0103, \u00eens\u0103, baza de date trebuie s\u0103 fie rela\u021bional\u0103, cel mai bine este s\u0103 aplic\u0103m modelarea multidimensional\u0103. <\/p>\n

\u00cen timpul model\u0103rii se construiesc modele conceptuale (CDM), fizice (PDM) \u0219i logice (LDM).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Modelele conceptuale descriu entit\u0103\u021bile \u0219i tipurile de date pe care le includ, precum \u0219i rela\u021biile dintre ele. \u00cemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi datele \u00een buc\u0103\u021bi logice - a\u0219a va fi mult mai simplu de gestionat.
\nPrincipalul - este echilibrul, nu exagera\u021bi.<\/b><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 o entitate este foarte greu de clasificat printr-un singur cuv\u00e2nt sau expresie, atunci este timpul s\u0103 folosi\u021bi subtipo-uri (entit\u0103\u021bi copil). <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 entitatea \u00ee\u0219i tr\u0103ie\u0219te propria via\u021b\u0103, are atribute care descriu comportamentul ei \u0219i aspectul ei, precum \u0219i rela\u021biile cu alte obiecte, atunci se poate folosi cu \u00eencredere nu doar subtipul, ci \u0219i supertipul (entitatea p\u0103rinte).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 ignora\u021bi aceast\u0103 regul\u0103, al\u021bi dezvoltatori se vor pierde \u00een modelul dumneavoastr\u0103 \u0219i nu vor \u00een\u021belege complet datele \u0219i regulile de adunare a acestora. <\/p>\n

Modelele conceptuale sunt implementate prin modele logice. Aceste modele sunt ca o hart\u0103 rutier\u0103 pentru proiectarea unei baze de date fizice. \u00cen modelul logic, sunt eviden\u021biate entit\u0103\u021bile de date de afaceri, se definesc tipurile de date, starea cheii \u0219i regulile care regleaz\u0103 rela\u021biile dintre date. <\/p>\n

Apoi, modelul logic de date este asociat cu platforma SGBD (sistem de gestiune a bazelor de date) aleas\u0103 anterior \u0219i se ob\u021bine modelul fizic. Acesta descrie modul de stocare fizic\u0103 a datelor. gestiunea bazelor de date<\/a>4. Utiliza\u021bi tipuri de date adecvate <\/p>\n

Utilizarea unui tip de date incorect poate duce la date mai pu\u021bin precise, dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een \u00eembinarea tabelor, sincronizarea atributelor \u0219i cre\u0219terea dimensiunilor fi\u0219ierelor. <\/h3>\n

\n\"Proiectarea
\n
\nPentru a garanta integritatea informa\u021biei, atributul trebuie s\u0103 con\u021bin\u0103 doar tipurile de date acceptabile pentru acesta. Dac\u0103 se introduce v\u00e2rsta \u00een baza de date, asigura\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een coloan\u0103 sunt stocate numere \u00eentregi de maxim 3 cifre.
\nCrea\u021bi un num\u0103r minim de coloane goale cu valoarea NULL. Dac\u0103 crea\u021bi toate coloanele ca NULL, aceasta este o eroare grav\u0103. Dac\u0103 ave\u021bi nevoie de o coloan\u0103 goal\u0103 pentru a executa o func\u021bie de afaceri specific\u0103, c\u00e2nd datele nu sunt cunoscute sau nu au \u00eenc\u0103 sens, atunci crea\u021bi-o f\u0103r\u0103 ezitare. Nu putem umple coloanele \u201eData decesului\u201d sau \u201eData concedierii\u201d din timp, nu suntem prezic\u0103tori s\u0103 arunc\u0103m degetul \u00een aer :-). <\/p>\n

Majoritatea software-urilor de modelare (ER\/Studio, MySQL Workbench, SQL DBM, Gliffy<\/p>\n

com) permite crearea de prototipuri pentru domenii de date. Astfel, se garanteaz\u0103 nu doar tipul de date corect, logica aplica\u021biei \u0219i o bun\u0103 performan\u021b\u0103, ci \u0219i obligatorie stabilire a valorii..<\/code>5. Preferati natural <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 ave\u021bi nevoie de o coloan\u0103 goal\u0103 pentru a executa o func\u021bie de afaceri specific\u0103, atunci crea\u021bi-o f\u0103r\u0103 ezitare.<\/h3>\n

\n\"Proiectarea
\n
\nC\u00e2nd decide\u021bi ce coloan\u0103 dintr-un tabel s\u0103 alege\u021bi ca cheie, este \u00eentotdeauna important s\u0103 fi\u021bi aten\u021bi la ce c\u00e2mpuri pot fi editate de utilizator. Nu le alege\u021bi niciodat\u0103 ca cheie \u2014 este o idee proast\u0103. Se poate \u00eent\u00e2mpla orice, iar voi trebuie s\u0103 garanta\u021bi unicitatea. <\/p>\n

Cel mai bine este s\u0103 folosi\u021bi o cheie natural\u0103 sau de afaceri (natural key). Aceasta are o semnifica\u021bie logic\u0103, astfel ve\u021bi evita duplicarea \u00een baza de date.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 cheia de afaceri nu este unic\u0103 (nume, prenume, func\u021bie) \u0219i se repet\u0103 \u00een diferite r\u00e2nduri ale tabelului sau trebuie s\u0103 fie modificat\u0103, atunci trebuie s\u0103 desemna\u021bi ca \u0219i cheie primar\u0103 o cheie generat\u0103 artificial\u0103, surrogat (artificial key). <\/p>\n

6. Normaliza\u021bi cu moderare<\/h3>\n

\n\"Proiectarea
\n
\nPentru a organiza eficient datele \u00een baza de date, trebuie s\u0103 urma\u021bi un set de recomand\u0103ri \u0219i s\u0103 normaliza\u021bi baza de date. Exist\u0103 cinci forme normale c\u0103ror trebuie s\u0103 le respecta\u021bi.
\nPrin normalizare ve\u021bi evita redundan\u021ba \u0219i ve\u021bi asigura integritatea datelor utilizate \u00een aplica\u021bie sau pe site. <\/p>\n

Ca \u00eentotdeauna, totul trebuie s\u0103 fie cu m\u0103sur\u0103, inclusiv normalizarea. Dac\u0103 \u00een baza de date exist\u0103 prea multe tabele cu acelea\u0219i chei unice, atunci v-a\u021bi l\u0103sat dus de val \u0219i a\u021bi exagerat cu normalizarea bazei de date. Normalizarea excesiv\u0103 afecteaz\u0103 negativ performan\u021ba bazei de date. <\/p>\n

7. Testa\u021bi din timp, testa\u021bi mai des <\/h3>\n

\n\"Proiectarea
\n
\nPlanul de testare \u0219i testarea adecvat\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie parte din proiectarea bazei de date. <\/p>\n

Cel mai bine este s\u0103 testa\u021bi baza de date prin integrarea continu\u0103 (Continuous Integration). Modela\u021bi scenariul \u201eO zi din via\u021ba bazei de date\u201d \u0219i verifica\u021bi dac\u0103 toate cazurile limit\u0103 sunt gestionate, ce interac\u021biuni ale utilizatorilor sunt probabile. Cu c\u00e2t descoperi\u021bi mai devreme erorile, cu at\u00e2t ve\u021bi economisi mai mult timp \u0219i bani. <\/p>\n

Acestea sunt doar \u0219apte sfaturi cu ajutorul c\u0103rora pute\u021bi proiecta o baz\u0103 de date excelent\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te performan\u021ba \u0219i eficien\u021ba. Dac\u0103 le ve\u021bi urma, ve\u021bi evita cele mai multe dureri de cap \u00een viitor. Aceste sfaturi sunt doar v\u00e2rful iceberg-ului \u00een modelarea bazelor de date. Exist\u0103 o mul\u021bime de trucuri. Pe care le folosi\u021bi voi?
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":29108,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38806","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Proiectarea Bazei de Date. 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