{"id":38858,"date":"2019-10-31T22:26:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/do-svadby-zazhivet-proliferatsiya-kletok-i-regenerativnye-sposobnosti-meduz\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:26:24","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:26:24","slug":"do-svadby-zazhivet-proliferatsiya-kletok-i-regenerativnye-sposobnosti-meduz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/do-svadby-zazhivet-proliferatsiya-kletok-i-regenerativnye-sposobnosti-meduz","title":{"rendered":"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/283754a183ddc1773497c3269611f497.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCe au \u00een comun Wolverine, Deadpool \u0219i meduza? Toate au o caracteristic\u0103 uimitoare - regenerarea. Desigur, \u00een benzi desenate \u0219i filme, aceast\u0103 abilitate, care este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 printre un num\u0103r extrem de limitat de organisme vii reale, este pu\u021bin (sau uneori chiar foarte) exagerat\u0103, totu\u0219i, r\u0103m\u00e2ne destul de real\u0103. \u0218i ceea ce este real poate fi explicat, lucru pe care cercet\u0103torii de la Universitatea Tohoku (Japonia) au decis s\u0103-l fac\u0103 \u00een noul lor studiu. Ce procese celulare din corpul meduzei sunt asociate cu regenerarea, cum se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 acest proces \u0219i ce alte super-puteri au aceste fiin\u021be gelatinoase? Despre asta ne va povesti raportul grupului de cercetare. S\u0103 \u00eencepem.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Baza cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, cercet\u0103torii explic\u0103 de ce au decis s\u0103 se concentreze pe meduze. Problema este c\u0103 majoritatea studiilor \u00een biologie sunt realizate cu ajutorul a\u0219a-numitelor organisme model: \u0219oareci, mu\u0219te de fructe, viermi, pe\u0219ti etc. \u00cens\u0103 pe planeta noastr\u0103 exist\u0103 milioane de specii, fiecare av\u00e2nd propriile abilit\u0103\u021bi unice. Prin urmare, nu se poate evalua \u00een mod complet procesul de regenerare celular\u0103 studiind doar o singur\u0103 specie \u0219i presupun\u00e2nd c\u0103 mecanismul studiat va fi comun pentru toate fiin\u021bele de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/237bf651cd69f76c4bed60f90b316024.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te meduzele, aceste fiin\u021be, doar prin aspectul lor exterior, comunic\u0103 despre unicitatea lor, ceea ce nu poate s\u0103 nu atrag\u0103 aten\u021bia cercet\u0103torilor. A\u0219adar, \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe disec\u021bia cercet\u0103rii propriu-zise, m-am familiarizat cu eroul principal al acesteia.<\/p>\n<p>Cuv\u00e2ntul \u00abmeduz\u0103\u00bb, pe care ne-am obi\u0219nuit s\u0103-l folosim pentru a numi fiin\u021ba ca atare, de fapt denume\u0219te doar o etap\u0103 a ciclului de via\u021b\u0103 a organismelor din subtipul <i>Medusozoa<\/i>. Organismele din aceast\u0103 categorie au primit un nume at\u00e2t de neobi\u0219nuit datorit\u0103 prezen\u021bei \u00een corpul lor a celulelor urticante (cnidocite), care sunt utilizate pentru v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u0219i autoap\u0103rare. Pe scurt, atunci c\u00e2nd e\u0219ti \u00een\u021bepat de o meduz\u0103, po\u021bi mul\u021bumi acestei celule pentru durerea \u0219i suferin\u021ba resim\u021bit\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Cnidocitele con\u021bin cnidocist - o organel\u0103 intracelular\u0103 responsabil\u0103 pentru efectul de \u00ab\u00een\u021bepare\u00bb. \u00cen func\u021bie de aspectul lor \u0219i, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, de metoda de utilizare, se disting mai multe tipuri de cnidocite, printre care se pot eviden\u021bia: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>penetra\u021bii - firicele cu capete ascu\u021bite care se \u00eenfing \u00een corpul victimei sau al agresorului, asemeni unor suli\u021be, inject\u00e2nd un neurotoxina;<\/li>\n<li>glutinan\u021bi - fire lipicioase \u0219i lungi care \u00eenv\u0103luie victima (nu cele mai pl\u0103cute \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103ri); <\/li>\n<li>volventi - fire scurte \u00een care victima se poate \u00eencurca cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAceast\u0103 arm\u0103 neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 este explicat\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 meduzele, de\u0219i gra\u021bioase, nu sunt deloc rapide. Neurotoxina care p\u0103trunde \u00een corpul pradei o paralizeaz\u0103 instantaneu, oferind meduzei o mul\u021bime de timp pentru o pauz\u0103 de pr\u00e2nz.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/e6c7316641ceb921512d2c02107b2144.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Meduza dup\u0103 o v\u00e2n\u0103toare reu\u0219it\u0103.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 metoda neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 de v\u00e2n\u0103toare \u0219i ap\u0103rare, meduzele au o reproducere foarte neobi\u0219nuit\u0103. Masculii produc spermatozoizi, iar femelele - ovule, iar dup\u0103 fuzionarea acestora se formeaz\u0103 planule (larve) care se a\u0219az\u0103 pe fund. Dup\u0103 un timp, din larv\u0103 cre\u0219te un polip, din care, odat\u0103 ce atinge maturitatea, se desprind pur \u0219i simplu meduzele tinere (\u00een realitate, are loc reproducerea prin \u00eenmuiere). Astfel, exist\u0103 mai multe stadii ale ciclului de via\u021b\u0103, unul dintre acestea fiind meduza sau genera\u021bia meduzoid\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/eecb504757979ba8ef4719fbc374e6dc.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Cianea p\u0103roas\u0103, cunoscut\u0103 de asemenea ca \u201ep\u0103rul leului\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 cianea p\u0103roas\u0103 ar fi \u00eentrebat\u0103 cum s\u0103-\u0219i \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103 eficien\u021ba v\u00e2n\u0103torii, ar r\u0103spunde - mai multe tentacule. \u00cen total au aproximativ 60 (clustere de c\u00e2te 15 tentacule pe fiecare col\u021b al cupolei). \u00cen plus, aceast\u0103 specie de meduze este considerat\u0103 cea mai mare, deoarece diametrul cupolei poate ajunge la 2 metri, iar tentaculele pot fi extinse p\u00e2n\u0103 la 20 de metri \u00een timpul v\u00e2n\u0103torii. Din fericire, aceast\u0103 specie nu este foarte \u201eveninoas\u0103\u201d, astfel c\u0103 nu este mortal\u0103 pentru oameni. <\/p>\n<p>Viespea marin\u0103, de asemenea, ar ad\u0103uga calitate la cantitate. Aceast\u0103 specie de meduze are, de asemenea, c\u00e2te 15 tentacule (3 m lungime) la fiecare dintre cele patru col\u021buri ale umbrelei, dar veninul lor este de multe ori mai puternic dec\u00e2t al rudei sale mai mari. Se consider\u0103 c\u0103 neurotoxina din organismul viespei marine este suficient\u0103 pentru a ucide 60 de persoane \u00een 3 minute. Aceast\u0103 amenin\u021bare a m\u0103rilor tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een zona costier\u0103 a Australiei de Nord \u0219i a Noii Zeelande. Conform datelor din perioada 1884-1996, \u00een Australia au murit 63 de persoane, dar aceste date pot fi inexacte \u0219i num\u0103rul \u00eent\u00e2lnirilor fatale \u00eentre oameni \u0219i viespile marine poate fi mult mai mare. Totu\u0219i, conform datelor din 1991-2004, dintre cele 225 de cazuri, doar 8% dintre victime au fost spitalizate, dintre care a existat un deces (un copil de trei ani). <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/4e7495cbea692ea2600dcefccc037aef.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Viespea marin\u0103<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u0218i acum s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la studiul pe care \u00eel discut\u0103m ast\u0103zi.<\/p>\n<p>Din perspectiva celulelor, cel mai important proces al vie\u021bii oric\u0103rui organism este proliferarea celular\u0103 - procesul de cre\u0219tere a \u021besuturilor organismului prin reproducerea celulelor prin diviziune. \u00cen timpul cre\u0219terii organismului, acest proces regleaz\u0103 m\u0103rirea dimensiunilor corpului. Iar c\u00e2nd organismul este complet format, celulele proliferative regleaz\u0103 schimbul fiziologic de celule \u0219i \u00eenlocuirea celor deteriorate cu altele noi.<\/p>\n<p>Cnidariile, fiind un grup \u00eenrudit cu ramurile bilaterale \u0219i timpurii ale dezvolt\u0103rii organismelor multicelulare, au fost folosite pentru studierea proceselor evolutive de mul\u021bi ani. Prin urmare, cnidariile nu fac excep\u021bie \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te proliferarea. De exemplu, \u00een timpul dezvolt\u0103rii embrionare a anemonelor de mare <i>Nematostella vectensis<\/i> proliferarea celular\u0103 este coordonat\u0103 cu organizarea epitelial\u0103 \u0219i particip\u0103 la dezvoltarea tentaculelor.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/19086a982c74e5dec5db8641d75040c2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Nematostella vectensis<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 toate acestea, cnidariile, a\u0219a cum \u0219tim deja, sunt cunoscute pentru capacit\u0103\u021bile lor regeneratoare. Cele mai populare printre cercet\u0103tori timp de sute de ani sunt polipii hidrei (un gen de animale de ap\u0103 dulce din clasa hidroidelor). Proliferarea, activat\u0103 de celulele moarte, ini\u021biaz\u0103 procesul de regenerare a capului bazal al hidrei. Numele acestei fiin\u021be face referire la o creatur\u0103 mitologic\u0103, cunoscut\u0103 pentru regenerarea sa - Hidra Lernean\u0103, pe care Heracle a reu\u0219it s\u0103 o \u00eenving\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i abilitatea de regenerare a fost legat\u0103 de proliferare, nu este clar cum anume se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 acest proces celular \u00een condi\u021bii normale \u00een diferite etape ale dezvolt\u0103rii organismului.<\/p>\n<p>Meduzele, care au un ciclu de via\u021b\u0103 complex, compus din dou\u0103 etape de reproducere (vegetativ\u0103 \u0219i sexual\u0103), reprezint\u0103 un model excep\u021bional pentru studiul prolifer\u0103rii. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 lucrare, rolul principal al subiectului studiat a fost jucat de meduza speciei Cladonema pacificum, care tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een apropierea coastelor Japoniei. Aceast\u0103 meduz\u0103 are ini\u021bial 9 tentacule principale, care \u00eencep s\u0103 se ramifice \u0219i s\u0103 creasc\u0103 \u00een dimensiune (la fel ca tot corpul) pe parcursul dezvolt\u0103rii c\u0103tre adult. Aceast\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 permite studierea detaliat\u0103 a tuturor mecanismelor implicate \u00een acest proces. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen plus fa\u021b\u0103 de <i>Cladonema pacificum<\/i> \u00een studiu au fost luate \u00een considerare \u0219i alte specii de meduze: <i>Cytaeis uchidae <\/i>\u0219i <i>Rathkea octopunctata<\/i>.<\/p>\n<h3>Rezultatele cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru a \u00een\u021belege tiparele spa\u021biale de proliferare a celulelor \u00een meduza Cladonema, cercet\u0103torii au aplicat colorarea cu 5-etinil-2'-deoxirodin\u0103 (EdU), care marcheaz\u0103 celulele \u00een <i>faza S*<\/i> sau celule care au parcurs deja aceast\u0103 faz\u0103.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Faza S*<\/b> \u2014 faza ciclului celular \u00een care are loc replicarea ADN-ului.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 <i>Cladonema<\/i> cre\u0219te rapid \u00een dimensiune \u0219i demonstreaz\u0103 ramificarea tentaculelor pe parcursul dezvolt\u0103rii (<b>1A<\/b>\u2014<b>1C<\/b>), distribu\u021bia celulelor proliferative poate varia pe parcursul \u00eentregului proces de maturare.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/12306fb29a897579c61cceffeea7f722.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea Nr. 1: caracteristicile prolifer\u0103rii celulare la Cladonema tinere.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Datorit\u0103 acestei caracteristici, a fost posibil s\u0103 se studieze mecanismul prolifer\u0103rii celulelor at\u00e2t la meduzele tinere (ziua 1), c\u00e2t \u0219i la cele mature (ziua 45).<\/p>\n<p>La meduzele tinere, celulele pozitive pentru EdU au fost g\u0103site \u00een num\u0103r mare \u00een \u00eentregul corp, inclusiv \u00een umbrela, manubriul (organ de suport pentru cavitatea bucal\u0103 a meduzelor) \u0219i tentacule, indiferent de timpul de expunere la EdU (<b>1D<\/b>\u2013<b>1K<\/b> \u0219i <b>1N<\/b>\u2013<b>1O<\/b>, EdU: 20 \u03bcM (micromolar) dup\u0103 24 de ore).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen manubriul a fost g\u0103sit un num\u0103r destul de mic de celule pozitive pentru EdU (<b>1F<\/b> \u0219i <b>1G<\/b>), iar \u00een umbrela, distribu\u021bia lor a fost foarte uniform\u0103, \u00een special \u00een stratul exterior al umbrelei (<i>exumbrella<\/i>, <b>1H<\/b>\u2014<b>1K<\/b>). \u00cen tentacule, celulele pozitive pentru EdU au fost extrem de clusterizate.<b>1N<\/b>). Utilizarea markerului mitotic (anticorpi PH3) a permis confirmarea faptului c\u0103 celulele pozitive EdU sunt cu adev\u0103rat celule proliferative. Celulele pozitive PH3 au fost descoperite at\u00e2t \u00een umbrele meduzei, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een bulbii tentaculului (<b>1L<\/b> \u0219i <b>1P<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen tentacule, celulele mitotice au fost g\u0103site \u00een principal \u00een ectoderm (<b>1P<\/b>), \u00een timp ce \u00een umbrele meduzei celulele proliferative erau plasate \u00een stratul de suprafa\u021b\u0103 (<b>1M<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/757520bbe6df822e8df7763407b166a4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 2: caracteristicile prolifer\u0103rii celulare la Cladonema adult.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>At\u00e2t la indivizii tineri, c\u00e2t \u0219i la cei adul\u021bi, celulele pozitive EdU au fost g\u0103site \u00een num\u0103r mare \u00een \u00eentreaga corp. \u00cen umbre, celulele pozitive EdU erau mai frecvent \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u00een stratul de suprafa\u021b\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een stratul inferior, ceea ce este similar cu observa\u021biile la indivizii tineri (<b>2A<\/b>\u2014<b>2D<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen schimb, \u00een tentacule situa\u021bia a fost pu\u021bin diferit\u0103. Celulele pozitive EdU s-au acumulat la baza tentaculului (bulbul), unde au fost descoperite dou\u0103 clustere de ambele p\u0103r\u021bi ale bulbului (<b>2E<\/b> \u0219i <b>2F<\/b>). La indivizii tineri, astfel de acumul\u0103ri au fost observate de asemenea (<b>1N<\/b>), adic\u0103 bulbii tentaculului ar putea fi principala zon\u0103 de proliferare pe tot parcursul etapei meduzoidale. Este curios c\u0103 \u00een manubriul adul\u021bilor num\u0103rul celulelor pozitive EdU a fost semnificativ mai mare dec\u00e2t la tineri (<b>2G<\/b> \u0219i <b>2H<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Concluzia intermediar\u0103 este c\u0103 proliferarea celulelor poate avea loc uniform \u00een umbrele meduzei, iar \u00een tentacule acest proces este foarte localizat. Prin urmare, se poate presupune c\u0103 proliferarea uniform\u0103 a celulelor ar putea regla cre\u0219terea corpului \u0219i homeostazia \u021besuturilor, \u00een timp ce acumul\u0103rile de celule proliferative \u00een jurul bulbilor tentaculilor contribuie la morfogeneza tentaculilor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te dezvoltarea corpului \u00een sine, proliferarea joac\u0103 un rol important \u00een cre\u0219terea corpului.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/16e9263fefd476548addcde85f6f16e2.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 3: importan\u021ba prolifer\u0103rii \u00een procesul de cre\u0219tere a corpului meduzei.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pentru a verifica acest lucru \u00een practic\u0103, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au urm\u0103rirt cre\u0219terea corpului meduzelor, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu indivizii tineri. Determinarea dimensiunilor corpului meduzei este cel mai u\u0219or de realizat pe baza cupolei sale, deoarece aceasta cre\u0219te uniform \u0219i direct propor\u021bional cu \u00eentregul corp. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen condi\u021bii normale de hr\u0103nire \u00een laborator, dimensiunea cupolei cre\u0219te rapid cu 54.8% \u00een primele 24 de ore \u2014 de la 0.62 \u00b1 0.02 mm2 la 0.96 \u00b1 0.02 mm2. \u00cen urm\u0103toarele 5 zile de observa\u021bie, dimensiunea a crescut \u00eencet \u0219i uniform p\u00e2n\u0103 la 0.98 \u00b1 0.03 mm2 (<b>3\u0410<\/b>\u2014<b>3\u0421<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Meduzele dintr-un alt grup, care au fost lipsite de hran\u0103, nu au crescut, ci s-au mic\u0219orat (linia ro\u0219ie pe grafic <b>3\u0421<\/b>). Analiza celular\u0103 a meduzelor \u00eenfometate a ar\u0103tat un num\u0103r extrem de mic de celule EdU: 1240.6 \u00b1 214.3 la meduzele din grupul de control \u0219i 433.6 \u00b1 133 la cele \u00eenfometate (<b>3D<\/b>\u2014<b>3H<\/b>). Aceast\u0103 observa\u021bie poate fi o dovad\u0103 direct\u0103 c\u0103 alimenta\u021bia influen\u021beaz\u0103 direct procesul de proliferare.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a testa aceast\u0103 ipotez\u0103, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au efectuat o analiz\u0103 farmacologic\u0103, \u00een timpul c\u0103reia au blocat progresia ciclului celular folosind hidroxicarbamida (CH4N2O2) \u2014 un inhibitor al ciclului celular care cauzeaz\u0103 oprirea G1. Ca rezultat al acestei interven\u021bii, celulele \u00een faza S, detectate anterior cu ajutorul EdU, au disp\u0103rut (<b>3I<\/b>\u2014<b>3L<\/b>). Astfel, meduzele supuse la CH4N2O2 nu au demonstrat cre\u0219tere corporal\u0103, spre deosebire de grupul de control (<b>3M<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Urm\u0103toarea etap\u0103 a studiului a fost analiza detaliat\u0103 a tentaculelor ramificate ale meduzelor, pentru a confirma ipoteza c\u0103 proliferarea local\u0103 a celulelor \u00een tentacule contribuie la morfogeneza acestora.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/78f364bbb19c83bb5a6b9b9b0c56c832.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea \u21164: influen\u021ba prolifer\u0103rii locale asupra cre\u0219terii \u0219i ramific\u0103rii tentaculelor meduzelor.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Tentaculele unei meduze tinere au o ramur\u0103, dar cu timpul num\u0103rul lor cre\u0219te. \u00cen condi\u021bii de laborator, ramificarea a crescut de 3 ori \u00een ziua a noua de observa\u021bii (<b>4A<\/b> \u0219i <b>4C<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Din nou, utiliz\u00e2nd CH4N2O2, ramificarea tentaculelor nu a fost observat\u0103, exist\u00e2nd doar o singur\u0103 ramur\u0103 (<b>4B<\/b> \u0219i <b>4C<\/b>). Interesant este c\u0103 eliminarea CH4N2O2 din organismul meduzelor a restaurat procesul de ramificare a tentaculelor, ceea ce sugereaz\u0103 reversibilitatea interven\u021biei medicamentului. Aceste observa\u021bii indic\u0103 clar importan\u021ba prolifer\u0103rii pentru dezvoltarea tentaculelor. <\/p>\n<p>Strec\u0103toarele nu ar fi strec\u0103toare f\u0103r\u0103 nematocite (cnidocite, adic\u0103 celule strec\u0103toare). La meduza de specia Clytia hemisphaerica, celulele stem din bulbul tentaculului furnizeaz\u0103 nematociste la v\u00e2rfurile tentaculelor prin proliferarea celular\u0103. Firesc, cercet\u0103torii au dorit s\u0103 verifice \u0219i aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a detecta vreo leg\u0103tur\u0103 \u00eentre nematocite \u0219i proliferare, a fost utilizat un colorant de nucleu care poate marca poli-\u03b3-glutamat, sintetizat \u00een peretele nematocitei (DAPI, adic\u0103 4\u2019,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol).<\/p>\n<p>Colorarea poli-\u03b3-glutamatului a permis evaluarea dimensiunii nematocitelor, variind de la 2 la 110 \u00b5m\u00b2 (<b>4D<\/b>\u2014<b>4G<\/b>). De asemenea, a fost identificat\u0103 o cantitate de nematocite goale, adic\u0103 astfel de nematocite au fost epuizate (<b>4D<\/b>\u2014<b>4G<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Activitatea prolifer\u0103rii \u00een tentaculele meduzelor a fost verificat\u0103 prin studiul golurilor din nematocite dup\u0103 blocarea ciclului celular prin CH4N2O2. Propor\u021bia nematocitelor goale la meduze dup\u0103 interven\u021bia medicamentoas\u0103 a fost mai mare dec\u00e2t \u00een grupul de control: 11.4% \u00b1 2.0% la meduzele din grupul de control \u0219i 19.7% \u00b1 2.0% la meduzele cu CH4N2O2 (<b>4D<\/b>\u2014<b>4G<\/b> \u0219i <b>4H<\/b>). Prin urmare, chiar \u0219i dup\u0103 epuizare, nematocitele continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie alimentate activ cu celule precursoare prin proliferare, ceea ce confirm\u0103 influen\u021ba acestui proces nu doar asupra dezvolt\u0103rii tentaculelor, ci \u0219i asupra nematogenezei \u00een acestea.<\/p>\n<p>Cel mai interesant a fost etapa de investigare a capacit\u0103\u021bilor regenerative ale meduzelor. Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere concentra\u021bia ridicat\u0103 de celule proliferative \u00een bulbul tentaculelor la meduzele adulte <i>Cladonema<\/i>, cercet\u0103torii au decis s\u0103 studieze regenerarea exact a tentaculelor.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/8659bf8a7b1e94731654e17f52656ca7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 5: influen\u021ba prolifer\u0103rii asupra regener\u0103rii tentaculelor.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 efectuarea disec\u021biei tentaculelor la baz\u0103, a fost observat procesul de regenerare (<b>5A<\/b>\u2013<b>5D<\/b>). \u00cen primele 24 de ore, vindecarea a avut loc \u00een zona t\u0103ieturii (<b>5B<\/b>). \u00cen a doua zi de observa\u021bie, v\u00e2rful a \u00eenceput s\u0103 se alungeasc\u0103 \u0219i au ap\u0103rut ramific\u0103ri (<b>5C<\/b>). \u00cen a cincea zi, tentacul era complet ramificat (<b>5D<\/b>), prin urmare, regenerarea tentacului poate urma morfogeneza normal\u0103 a tentacului dup\u0103 alungire.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru a studia mai bine etapa ini\u021bial\u0103 a regener\u0103rii, cercet\u0103torii au analizat distribu\u021bia celulelor proliferative utiliz\u00e2nd colorarea PH3 pentru vizualizarea celulelor mitotice. <\/p>\n<p>De\u0219i celulele care se divid au fost observate frecvent \u00een apropierea zonei amputate, celulele mitotice erau dispersate \u00een bulbii de control neamputa\u021bi cu tentacule (<b>5E<\/b> \u0219i <b>5F<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Evaluarea cantitativ\u0103 a celulelor pozitive PH3, prezente \u00een bulbii tentaculelor, a permis identificarea unei cre\u0219teri semnificative a celulelor pozitive PH3 \u00een bulbii tentaculelor la indivizii cu membre amputate comparativ cu grupul de control (<b>5G<\/b>). Ca concluzie, procesele regenerative ini\u021biale sunt \u00eenso\u021bite de o cre\u0219tere activ\u0103 a prolifer\u0103rii celulelor \u00een bulbii tentaculelor.<\/p>\n<p>Verificarea influen\u021bei prolifer\u0103rii asupra regener\u0103rii a fost posibil\u0103 prin blocarea celulelor cu ajutorul CH4N2O2 dup\u0103 amputarea tentacolului. Grupul de control a prezentat o alungire normal\u0103 a tentacolului dup\u0103 amputare, a\u0219a cum era de a\u0219teptat. \u00cen schimb, la grupul supus tratamentului cu CH4N2O2, alungirea nu a avut loc, \u00een ciuda cicatriz\u0103rii normale a r\u0103nii (<b>5H<\/b>). Cu alte cuvinte, cicatrizarea va avea loc \u00een orice caz, dar pentru o regenerare corect\u0103 a tentacolului este necesar\u0103 proliferarea.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, cercet\u0103torii au decis s\u0103 studieze proliferarea la alte specii de meduze, \u0219i anume la <i>Cytaeis<\/i> \u0219i <i>Rathkea<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00e2n\u0103 la nunt\u0103 va fi vindecat: proliferarea celulelor \u0219i capacit\u0103\u021bile regenerative ale meduzelor\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/f9a4dd1bf1cf687a9a65dc43612b909c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Imaginea nr. 6: compararea prolifer\u0103rii la meduzele din specia Cytaeis (st\u00e2nga) \u0219i Rathkea (dreapta).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen <i>Cytaeis<\/i> Celulele meduzei pozitive la EdU au fost observate \u00een manubrium, bulbii tentaculilor \u0219i \u00een partea superioar\u0103 a umbrelei (<b>6A<\/b> \u0219i <b>6B<\/b>). Localizarea celulelor pozitive la PH3 observate la <i>Cytaeis<\/i> se aseam\u0103n\u0103 foarte mult cu <i>Cladonema<\/i>, cu toate acestea exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva diferen\u021be (<b>6C<\/b> \u0219i <b>6D<\/b>). \u00cens\u0103, la <i>Rathkea<\/i> Celulele pozitive la EdU \u0219i PH3 au fost g\u0103site aproape exclusiv \u00een zona manubriumului \u0219i bulbilor tentaculilor (<b>6E<\/b>\u2014<b>6H<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Este de asemenea interesant c\u0103 celulele proliferative erau frecvent identificate \u00een rinichii meduzei <i>Rathkea<\/i> (<b>6E<\/b>\u2014<b>6G<\/b>), ceea ce reflect\u0103 modul de reproducere asexuat al acestei specii.<\/p>\n<p>Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere informa\u021biile ob\u021binute, se poate presupune c\u0103 proliferarea celular\u0103 are loc \u00een bulbii tentaculilor nu doar la o singur\u0103 specie de meduz\u0103, de\u0219i exist\u0103 diferen\u021be datorate diversit\u0103\u021bii \u00een fiziologie \u0219i morfologie.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a nuan\u021belor cercet\u0103rii, v\u0103 recomand s\u0103 consulta\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/7579.pdf\">raportul cercet\u0103torilor<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nUnul dintre personajele mele literare preferate este Hercule Poirot. Detectivul perspicace a acordat \u00eentotdeauna o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 detaliilor m\u0103runte care altora li se p\u0103reau neimportante. Cercet\u0103torii seam\u0103n\u0103 foarte mult cu detectivii care adun\u0103 toate indiciile posibile pentru a r\u0103spunde la toate \u00eentreb\u0103rile anchetei \u0219i a identifica \"vinovatul\". <\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2t de evident ar p\u0103rea, regenerarea celulelor meduzelor este direct legat\u0103 de proliferare \u2014 un proces esen\u021bial \u00een dezvoltarea celulelor, \u021besuturilor \u0219i, ca urmare, a \u00eentregului organism. O studiere mai minu\u021bioas\u0103 a acestui proces cuprinz\u0103tor va permite o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a mecanismelor moleculare care stau la baza acestuia, ceea ce, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, va extinde nu doar spectrul cuno\u0219tin\u021belor noastre, ci va influen\u021ba direct \u0219i via\u021ba noastr\u0103. <\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Off-topic de vineri:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"-dMcUH2rMnY\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/-dMcUH2rMnY\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Reda\u021bi video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>Mar\u0219ul meduzelor de tip aurelia, deranjat de un pr\u0103d\u0103tor cu un nume neobi\u0219nuit \u00abfried egg jellyfish\u00bb, adic\u0103 meduza-omlet\u0103 (Planet Earth, vocea din off \u2014 David Attenborough).<\/i><\/p>\n<p><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"u7QXdlSBGGY\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/u7QXdlSBGGY\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Reda\u021bi video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>De\u0219i nu este o meduz\u0103, aceast\u0103 creatur\u0103 ad\u00e2ncime (pe\u0219ti\u0219or cu botul larg) nu este astfel filmat\u0103 foarte des (reac\u021bia cercet\u0103torilor este pur \u0219i simplu adorabil\u0103).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie, r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi curio\u0219i \u0219i s\u0103 ave\u021bi un weekend minunat, b\u0103ie\u021bi! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>\nMul\u021bumim c\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi cu noi. V\u0103 plac articolele noastre? Dori\u021bi s\u0103 vede\u021bi mai multe materiale interesante? Sus\u021bine\u021bi-ne, efectu\u00e2nd o comand\u0103 sau recomand\u00e2ndu-ne prietenilor, <b>30% reducere pentru utilizatorii Habr pentru un server entry-level unic, creat special pentru tine:<\/b> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/347386\/\">Adev\u0103rul despre VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 nuclee) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps de la 20$ sau cum s\u0103 \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bim corect un server?<\/a><\/noindex> (sunt disponibile op\u021biuni cu RAID1 \u0219i RAID10, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 24 nuclee \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n<p><b>Dell R730xd la jum\u0103tate de pre\u021b?<\/b> Numai la noi <b><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ua-hosting.company\/serversnl\">2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB de la 199 $<\/a><\/noindex> \u00een Olanda! <b>Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 de la 99 $!<\/b><\/b> Citi\u021bi despre <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/329618\/\">Cum s\u0103 construi\u021bi o infrastructur\u0103 de clas\u0103 enterprise folosind servere Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 la pre\u021buri foarte mici de 9000 \u20ac?<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ua-hosting\/blog\/470934\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0439, \u0414\u044d\u0434\u043f\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0439? \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u0430 (\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0410 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 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