{"id":39069,"date":"2019-10-31T22:27:41","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:27:41","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:41","slug":"genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits","title":{"rendered":"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/683dbd520cfc1ccfc5e452a041d7556b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRela\u021biile dintre parteneri, pline de grij\u0103, gesturi de aten\u021bie \u0219i empatie, sunt numite de poe\u021bi iubire, iar biologii le consider\u0103 o interac\u021biune sexual\u0103, orientat\u0103 spre supravie\u021buire \u0219i continuarea speciei. Unele specii prefer\u0103 s\u0103 recurg\u0103 la cantitate \u2014 s\u0103 se reproduca cu c\u00e2t mai mul\u021bi parteneri, pentru a cre\u0219te progenitura, sporind astfel \u0219ansele de supravie\u021buire a \u00eentregii specii. Altele, \u00eens\u0103, formeaz\u0103 perechi monogame, care pot \u00eenceta s\u0103 existe doar dup\u0103 moartea unuia dintre parteneri. Mul\u021bi ani, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au crezut c\u0103 prima variant\u0103 este considerabil mai profitabil\u0103, dar acest lucru nu este chiar a\u0219a. Perechile monogame, de obicei, \u00ee\u0219i cresc \u00eempreun\u0103 progenitura, adic\u0103 le protejeaz\u0103 de pr\u0103d\u0103tori, caut\u0103 hran\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 anumite abilit\u0103\u021bi, \u00een timp ce \u00een rela\u021biile poligame, toate acestea, cel mai adesea, cad pe umerii fragili ai femelelor. Desigur, exist\u0103 \u0219i excep\u021bii, dar ast\u0103zi nu despre ele. O alt\u0103 \u00eentrebare care i-a interesat pe biologii mult timp a fost \u2014 de ce masculii continu\u0103 s\u0103 manifeste gesturi de aten\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de femele, chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd perechea lor este deja format\u0103 \u0219i exist\u0103 de c\u00e2\u021biva ani? Ce determin\u0103 acest comportament, ce beneficii aduce \u0219i ce aspecte evolutive sunt asociate cu acesta? La aceste \u00eentreb\u0103ri vom g\u0103si r\u0103spunsurile \u00een raportul grupului de cercetare. S\u0103 \u00eencepem.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Baza cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n<p>\nAv\u00e2nd \u00een vedere tema cercet\u0103rii, nu ne vom concentra asupra speciilor de p\u0103s\u0103ri poligame, ci ne vom axa pe romantici \u00eenaripa\u021bi, care se \u00eendr\u0103gostesc o dat\u0103 pentru totdeauna. <\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd vorbim despre monogamie, merit\u0103 men\u021bionat c\u0103 exist\u0103 mai multe tipuri, \u00een func\u021bie de durat\u0103: un sezon, c\u00e2\u021biva ani \u0219i pentru o via\u021b\u0103 \u00eentreag\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Printre p\u0103s\u0103ri, cea mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 form\u0103 este monogamia sezonier\u0103. Un exemplu str\u0103lucit \u00eel reprezint\u0103 g\u00e2\u0219tele s\u0103lbatice. Femelele se ocup\u0103 de cuib \u0219i clocirea ou\u0103lor, iar masculul de ap\u0103rarea teritoriului. \u00cen a doua zi dup\u0103 eclozare, familia se \u00eendreapt\u0103 spre cel mai apropiat corp de ap\u0103, unde g\u00e2\u0219tele \u00ee\u0219i \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 s\u0103-\u0219i caute hran\u0103. \u00cen caz de pericol, \u00eent\u00e2mpinat pe ap\u0103, femela ap\u0103r\u0103 cu fervoare progenitura, \u00een timp ce masculul, amintindu-\u0219i de treburile importante, se salveaz\u0103 prin fug\u0103. Nu sunt cele mai ideale rela\u021bii, oricum ar fi.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/275083047c8ff6da7d3cde562e809dc0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Familia g\u00e2\u0219telor s\u0103lbatice.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te rela\u021biile bazate pe stabilitate, berzele sunt cele mai bune \u00een aceast\u0103 privin\u021b\u0103. Ele formeaz\u0103 un cuplu monogam pe via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i chiar \u0219i locul de cuib\u0103rire nu-l schimb\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 un motiv serios. Un cuib de berze, care poate c\u00e2nt\u0103ri p\u00e2n\u0103 la 250 kg \u0219i avea un diametru de 1,5 m, le serve\u0219te timp de mul\u021bi ani, dac\u0103 fenomenele naturale sau interven\u021biile umane nu \u00eel distrug. \u00cen Republica Ceh\u0103 exist\u0103 un cuib care a fost construit \u00eenc\u0103 din 1864. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/f5c0b6f4ce6556c830c7784251249c20.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Abilit\u0103\u021bile de construc\u021bie ale berzelor nu necesit\u0103 evaluare atunci c\u00e2nd vezi astfel de construc\u021bii.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Spre deosebire de g\u00e2\u0219tele s\u0103lbatice, la berze domne\u0219te egalitatea obliga\u021biilor: ambele parteneri incubeaz\u0103 ou\u0103le, caut\u0103 hran\u0103, \u00eei \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 pe pui s\u0103 zboare \u0219i \u00eei protejeaz\u0103 de pericole. Rolul important \u00een rela\u021biile berzelor \u00eel au diverse ritualuri: c\u00e2ntatul, dansurile etc. Cel mai curios este c\u0103 aceste ritualuri se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 nu doar \u00een perioada form\u0103rii cuplului (la prima \u00eent\u00e2lnire), ci \u0219i pe parcursul \u00eentregii vie\u021bi \u00eempreun\u0103 (chiar \u0219i c\u00e2nd masculul schimb\u0103 femela \u00een timpul incuba\u021biei, el execut\u0103 un mic dans). Pentru noi, aceasta pare foarte dr\u0103gu\u021b, romantic \u0219i absolut nelogic, deoarece din punct de vedere biologic un astfel de comportament nu aduce niciun beneficiu. A\u0219a e? \u0218i aici putem trece cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 la examinarea studiului care trebuia s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 acestei \u00eentreb\u0103ri.<\/p>\n<p><i>Etologii*<\/i> consider\u0103 c\u0103 manifestarea constant\u0103 a sentimentelor masculine este legat\u0103 de men\u021binerea st\u0103rii reproductive la femele.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Etologia*<\/b> este \u0219tiin\u021ba care studiaz\u0103 comportamentul genetic, adic\u0103 instinctele. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00cen acela\u0219i timp, r\u0103m\u00e2ne neclar de ce un astfel de comportament persist\u0103 nu doar \u00een perioada ini\u021bial\u0103 de \u00eemperechere, ci pe durata \u00eentregii vie\u021bi, deoarece masculilor le-ar fi mai logic s\u0103 investeasc\u0103 mai mult\u0103 energie \u0219i efort \u00een progenitur\u0103, nu \u00een demonstrarea sentimentelor fa\u021b\u0103 de femel\u0103. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, mul\u021bi cercet\u0103tori au considerat c\u0103 intensitatea exprim\u0103rii ata\u0219amentului fa\u021b\u0103 de femel\u0103 influen\u021beaz\u0103 direct calitatea \u00eemperecherii \u0219i, prin urmare, a progeniturii (adic\u0103 num\u0103rul de ou\u0103 depuse). <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/8831fc7c4854fc36f12f5e7d7c807117.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Un mascul dintr-unul dintre speciile de p\u0103s\u0103ri paradisiace danseaz\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba femelei. A\u0219a cum vedem, masculul arat\u0103 mult mai str\u0103lucitor dec\u00e2t femela. <\/i><\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 teorie este sus\u021binut\u0103 de observa\u021bii. Femela, al c\u0103rei partener este un frumos nescris \u0219i cel mai bun zbur\u0103tor din sat, depune mai mult efort \u00een \u00eengrijirea descenden\u021bei, dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 masculul nu ar fi nici pe\u0219ti, nici carne. Sun\u0103 amuzant \u0219i ciudat, dar ritualurile pe care le desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 masculii \u00een fa\u021ba femelelor sunt menite s\u0103 demonstreze nu doar frumuse\u021bea, ci \u0219i puterea. A\u0219a s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat c\u0103 penajul str\u0103lucitor, c\u00e2ntul frumos \u0219i alte manifest\u0103ri de aten\u021bie din partea masculilor sunt, pentru femele, doar semnale cognitive, pe care le decodeaz\u0103 ca informa\u021bii despre mascul. <\/p>\n<p>Cercet\u0103torii de la universit\u0103\u021bile din Carolina de Nord \u0219i Chicago, ale c\u0103ror lucr\u0103ri le discut\u0103m ast\u0103zi, consider\u0103 c\u0103 un astfel de comportament al masculilor are scopul de a optimiza comportamentul femelelor \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te procesul de reproduc\u021bie.<\/p>\n<p>Modelul propus de cercet\u0103tori se bazeaz\u0103 pe numeroase experimente, care au ar\u0103tat c\u0103 intensificarea acestor semnale din partea masculilor cre\u0219te contribu\u021bia femelelor \u00een procesul de continuare a speciei. Exist\u0103 o ipotez\u0103 conform c\u0103reia sursa acestor efecte stimulative sunt r\u0103spunsurile perceptuale, care apar din propriet\u0103\u021bile mediului \u00eenconjur\u0103tor, semnalele \u0219i sistemul nervos ca atare. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent, sunt cunoscute aproximativ 100 de exemple de astfel de \u00bbabateri\u00ab de la sistemele senzoriale obi\u0219nuite (auditie, vedere \u0219i miros).<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd masculul \u00ee\u0219i demonstreaz\u0103 din nou avantajele \u00een fa\u021ba altor masculi, acest lucru poate avea un impact pozitiv asupra lui \u00eensu\u0219i (femela \u00eel va alege cu siguran\u021b\u0103). Dar pentru femel\u0103, acest lucru poate fi un dezavantaj, deoarece va diminua realizarea reproductiv\u0103 viitoare. Cu alte cuvinte, avem o situa\u021bie de \u201ea dep\u0103\u0219i a\u0219tept\u0103rile\u201d. Masculul, care este semnificativ mai bun dec\u00e2t ceilal\u021bi masculi \u0219i arat\u0103 constant semne de interes fa\u021b\u0103 de femel\u0103, va ob\u021bine dorin\u021ba - \u00eemperecherea \u0219i continuarea speciei sale. Femela, pe de alt\u0103 parte, care a\u0219teapt\u0103 un comportament similar din partea altor masculi, dar nu l-a primit, se poate afla \u00eentr-o situa\u021bie tragic\u0103. Acest caz este denumit de cercet\u0103tori conflict intersexual: demonstrarea de c\u0103tre masculi a frumuse\u021bii lor cre\u0219te \u00een popula\u021bie, iar printre femele cre\u0219te rezisten\u021ba la aceast\u0103 tactic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 conflict a fost modelat printr-o abordare computa\u021bional\u0103 (re\u021bele neuronale). \u00cen modelele ob\u021binute, semnalizatorul (sursa semnalului - masculul) utilizeaz\u0103 percep\u021bia receptorului (receptorul semnalului - femela), care stimuleaz\u0103 semnalele \u00een detrimentul percep\u021biei. La un moment dat, percep\u021bia semnalelor din popula\u021bia femelelor sufer\u0103 o schimbare (un fel de muta\u021bie), ceea ce va reduce semnificativ for\u021ba semnalelor sursei (masculul). O cre\u0219tere treptat\u0103 a acestor schimb\u0103ri va conduce la faptul c\u0103 un anumit tip de semnal va deveni complet ineficient. Pe parcursul acestor schimb\u0103ri, unele semnale dispar, pierz\u00e2ndu-\u0219i puterea, dar altele apar, iar procesul \u00eencepe din nou.<\/p>\n<p>Aceast\u0103 sistem destul de complicat este destul de simplu \u00een practic\u0103. Imagineaz\u0103-\u021bi c\u0103 a ap\u0103rut un mascul cu o pan\u0103 str\u0103lucitoare (una singur\u0103), el se deosebe\u0219te de ceilal\u021bi, iar femelele \u00eei acord\u0103 preferin\u021b\u0103. Apoi apare un mascul cu dou\u0103 pene str\u0103lucitoare, apoi cu trei \u0219i a\u0219a mai departe. Dar for\u021ba acestui semnal, din cauza cre\u0219terii \u0219i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii sale, \u00eencepe s\u0103 scad\u0103 propor\u021bional. \u0218i atunci, dintr-odat\u0103, apare un mascul care poate c\u00e2nta frumos \u0219i construi cuiburi. Drept urmare, penajul frumos ca semnal \u00ee\u0219i pierde eficien\u021ba \u0219i \u00eencepe s\u0103 se degradeze. <\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna excep\u021bii de la reguli - unele conflicte intergenera\u021bionale pot evolua \u00een colabor\u0103ri intergenera\u021bionale complete \u0219i foarte eficiente. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/600edd64e68a491efcc6dac10ab7e26f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Schema apari\u021biei conflictului intergenera\u021bional \u0219i a colabor\u0103rii intergenera\u021bional.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Ideea este c\u0103 un mascul cu un semnal mai pronun\u021bat determin\u0103 femela s\u0103 depun\u0103 nu trei ou\u0103, ci patru. Pentru mascul este bine - va avea mai mult\u0103 descenden\u021b\u0103 cu fondul s\u0103u genetic. Pentru femel\u0103 - nu foarte bine, deoarece va trebui s\u0103 cheltuie mai mult\u0103 energie pentru a se asigura c\u0103 toat\u0103 descenden\u021ba supravie\u021buie\u0219te \u0219i ajunge la v\u00e2rsta de independen\u021b\u0103. Prin urmare, femelele \u00eencep s\u0103 evolueze paralel cu masculii, pentru a fi mai rezistente la semnalele lor. Ca urmare, pot exista dou\u0103 c\u0103i: conflict sau colaborare. <\/p>\n<p>\u00cen cazul colabor\u0103rii, femelele evolueaz\u0103 astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 depun\u0103 3 ou\u0103, la fel ca \u00eenainte de apari\u021bia unui semnal mai puternic din partea masculilor, dar continu\u0103 s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 la aceste semnale. Iat\u0103-o pe fetele inteligente din lumea naturii. Astfel, se formeaz\u0103 nu doar un cuplu, ci un cuplu care se sus\u021bine reciproc la un nivel optim pentru continuarea speciei \u00een termeni de interac\u021biune semnal-r\u0103spuns. <\/p>\n<p>Masculii \u00eens\u0103 nu pot evolua \u00eenapoi, ca s\u0103 spunem a\u0219a. Semnalele lor amplificate c\u0103tre femele dau rezultate sub forma unei depuneri de trei ou\u0103, adic\u0103 nu este ceea ce se a\u0219tepta. Totu\u0219i, reducerea semnalului la nivelul anterior ar fi, de asemenea, ineficient\u0103, deoarece va duce la o sc\u0103dere a num\u0103rului de ou\u0103 depuse la dou\u0103. Se dovede\u0219te a fi un cerc vicios \u2014 masculii nu pot reduce puterea semnalului \u0219i nu o pot m\u0103ri, deoarece femelele, \u00een primul caz, vor da mai pu\u021bin progenitur\u0103, iar \u00een al doilea, nu vor r\u0103spunde.<\/p>\n<p>Desigur, nici masculii, nici femelele nu au vreo inten\u021bie malefic\u0103 sau dorin\u021ba de a se subordona unul altuia. \u00centregul acest proces are loc la nivel genetic \u0219i este destinat exclusiv bun\u0103st\u0103rii progeniturii unei perechi anume \u0219i prosperit\u0103\u021bii speciei \u00een ansamblu. <\/p>\n<h3>Rezultatele cercet\u0103rii<\/h3>\n<p>\nFolosind modelarea matematic\u0103, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au evaluat condi\u021biile \u00een care poate ap\u0103rea colaborarea \u00eentre sexe. Caracteristica cantitativ\u0103 cu valoare medie <i>zf<\/i> descrie contribu\u021bia principal\u0103 a femelei la progenitura sa. La \u00eenceput, valorii medii i se permite s\u0103 evolueze p\u00e2n\u0103 la valoarea sa optim\u0103 <i>zopt<\/i>, care depinde de dou\u0103 variabile: beneficiul contribu\u021biei (num\u0103rul de descenden\u021bi supravie\u021buitori) \u0219i costul contribu\u021biei pentru femele (<i>cf<\/i>). Ultima variabil\u0103 este evaluat\u0103 dup\u0103 reproducere, implic\u00e2nd c\u0103 o parte din femele supravie\u021buiesc \u0219i pot produce progenitur\u0103 \u0219i \u00een anul urm\u0103tor, ceea ce duce la o cre\u0219tere a num\u0103rului de genera\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen aceast\u0103 cercetare, vor fi folosite frecvent c\u00e2teva termeni care merit\u0103 o mic\u0103 explica\u021bie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>semnalele<\/i> \u2014 manifestarea aten\u021biei din partea masculilor c\u0103tre partenerii femele (c\u00e2ntece, dansuri \u0219i alte ritualuri) care au loc \u00een perechile formate;<\/li>\n<li><i>contribu\u021bia ta<\/i> \/ <i>investi\u021biile<\/i> \u2014 r\u0103spunsul femelelor la aceste semnale, manifest\u00e2ndu-se printr-un num\u0103r mai mare de ou\u0103 \u00een depunere, mai mult timp acordat \u00eengrijirii viitoarei progenituri etc.;<\/li>\n<li><i>respondentul<\/i> \u2014 femela care r\u0103spunde la semnalele masculului;<\/li>\n<li><i>costuri<\/i> \u2014 costul contribu\u021biei femelelor la descenden\u021bi (timpul petrecut \u00een cuib, timpul dedicate c\u0103ut\u0103rii hranei, starea de s\u0103n\u0103tate datorat\u0103 unui num\u0103r mai mare sau mai mic de ou\u0103 \u00een cuib etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNoile semnale ale masculilor \u0219i reac\u021biile femelelor la acestea au fost modelate prin intermediul modificatorilor di-alelici liber recombinan\u021bi pe un singur locus, combin\u00e2nd astfel abord\u0103rile genetice cantitative \u0219i popula\u021bionale. \u00cen <i>locus*<\/i>, care controleaz\u0103 r\u0103spunsul femelei (A), se observ\u0103 ini\u021bial o frecven\u021b\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103 a alelei-<i>respondent*<\/i> (A2), corespunz\u0103toare percep\u021biei perceptive anterioare existente.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Locus*<\/b> \u2014 amplasarea unui anumit gen pe harta genetic\u0103 a cromozomului.<\/p>\n<p><b>Allele*<\/b> \u2014 forme diferite ale aceluia\u0219i gen, situate \u00een loca\u021bii identice pe cromozomii omologi. Allelele determin\u0103 calea de dezvoltare a unei anumite tr\u0103s\u0103turi.<\/p>\n<p><b>Genul-respondent*<\/b> (Rsp) \u2014 gen, func\u021bional legat de factorul de perturbare a segreg\u0103rii (genul SD), alela sa activ\u0103 (Rsp+) av\u00e2nd capacitatea de a suprima expresia SD.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Locusul semnalului (B) este ini\u021bial fixat pentru alela f\u0103r\u0103 semnal (B1). Apoi se introduc alela B2, care induce apari\u021bia semnalelor din partea masculilor.<\/p>\n<p>Manifestarea semnalelor pentru masculi are de asemenea un cost (<i>sm<\/i>), dar cre\u0219te contribu\u021bia partenerului-femel\u0103 (A2) cu o cantitate \u03b1. De exemplu, \u03b1 poate fi exprimat ca un ou suplimentar \u00een cuib. Aceast\u0103 cre\u0219tere a contribu\u021biei femelei poate ap\u0103rea \u0219i sub forma efectelor pozitive pe care le are asupra descenden\u021bei sale. <\/p>\n<p>Prin urmare, o pereche \u00een care masculul poart\u0103 alela semnalizatorului, iar femela poart\u0103 alela respondentului (adic\u0103 perechile A2B2) are o contribu\u021bie suplimentar\u0103 din partea femelei \u0219i, prin urmare, o fertilitate mai mare dec\u00e2t celelalte 3 combina\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/511f08909b117f6eaf22371bf5dc0bdb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Variantele combina\u021biilor masculilor \u0219i femelelor \u00een raport cu semnalele \u0219i reac\u021biile la acestea.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Num\u0103rul de descenden\u021bi supravie\u021buitori pentru reproducere anul urm\u0103tor este influen\u021bat de <i>dependen\u021ba de densitate*<\/i> din interiorul cuibului \u0219i dependen\u021ba de densitate a cuibului dup\u0103 \u00eendoire.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Dependin\u021ba de densitate*<\/b> \u2014 procesele care depind de densitate se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd ratele de cre\u0219tere a popula\u021biei sunt reglementate de densitatea acesteia.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Un alt grup de variabile este legat de mortalitatea femelelor \u0219i masculilor dup\u0103 na\u0219terea descenden\u021bei. Aceste variabile sunt determinate de contribu\u021bia la cuib (<i>cm<\/i> \u2014 contribu\u021bia b\u0103rba\u021bilor, <i>cf<\/i> \u2014 contribu\u021bia femelelor), costurile semnalelor pentru b\u0103rba\u021bi (<i>sm<\/i>) \u0219i mortalitatea neselictiv\u0103 (<i>dm<\/i> \u2014 b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i <i>df<\/i> \u2014 femele). <\/p>\n<p>V\u0103duvele, v\u0103duvii, persoanele minore \u0219i orice indivizi care au fost anterior singuri se unesc pentru a forma noi cupluri, iar ciclul anual se \u00eencheie. \u00cen primul model studiat, accentul se pune pe monogamia genetic\u0103, de aceea toate tipurile de selec\u021bie sexual\u0103 (adic\u0103 competi\u021bia \u00eentre indivizi pentru un partener) sunt excluse din calcule.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/ef1411ddbbc7247131008f553ad86dfb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Interac\u021biunea evolu\u021biei semnalelor, responden\u021bilor \u0219i contribu\u021biei.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Modelarea a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 se atinge un echilibru stabil atunci c\u00e2nd b\u0103rba\u021bii emit semnale, iar femeile r\u0103spund la acestea. \u00cen starea de echilibru, toat\u0103 contribu\u021bia la descenden\u021bi revine la nivelul de dinaintea apari\u021biei semnalelor suplimentare ale b\u0103rba\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen graficul <b>Un<\/b> mai sus este un exemplu de dinamic\u0103 evolutiv\u0103, \u00een care contribu\u021bia femelelor la descenden\u021bi revine la nivelul optim, ceea ce este rezultatul evolu\u021biei caracterului cantitativ al contribu\u021biei (linia verde punctat\u0103 este contribu\u021bia real\u0103, iar linia verde continu\u0103 este contribu\u021bia care nu a fost realizat\u0103 din cauza lipsei de r\u0103spuns al femelelor la semnalele suplimentare ale b\u0103rba\u021bilor). \u00cen grafic, <b>\u00cen<\/b> este prezentat un exemplu alternativ, c\u00e2nd conflictul \u00eentre sexe duce la pierderea responden\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<p>Iar \u00een graficul <b>Cu<\/b> sunt eviden\u021bia\u021bi doi parametri care influen\u021beaz\u0103 un astfel de rezultat: cre\u0219terea contribu\u021biei cauzat\u0103 de semnalele suplimentare (<i>\u03b1<\/i>), \u0219i costurile suportate de femele pentru aceast\u0103 contribu\u021bie (<i>cf<\/i>). \u00cen zona ro\u0219ie a graficului, semnalele nu cresc niciodat\u0103, deoarece costul lor dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te beneficiul. \u00cen zonele galben\u0103 \u0219i neagr\u0103, frecven\u021ba semnalelor cre\u0219te, ceea ce duce la o cre\u0219tere a investi\u021biilor costisitoare din partea femelelor. \u00cen zona galben\u0103, r\u0103spunsul la aceasta se realizeaz\u0103 prin reducerea caracterului investi\u021bional cantitativ, ceea ce duce la fixarea constant\u0103 a alelelor at\u00e2t ca semnale, c\u00e2t \u0219i ca responden\u021bi. \u00cen zona neagr\u0103, unde femelele responden\u021bi au mai multe investi\u021bii induse, alela responden\u021bial\u0103 se pierde rapid, urmat\u0103 de semnale, a\u0219a cum se observ\u0103 \u00een modelele tradi\u021bionale ale conflictului \u00eentre sexe (grafic <b>\u00cen<\/b>).<\/p>\n<p>Limita vertical\u0103 dintre zonele ro\u0219ie \u0219i galben\u0103 reprezint\u0103 punctul \u00een care masculii ob\u021bin o contribu\u021bie suplimentar\u0103 la descenden\u021b\u0103 datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 femelele \u00ee\u0219i echilibreaz\u0103 costurile pentru manifestarea semnalelor. Limita orizontal\u0103 care separ\u0103 zonele galben\u0103 \u0219i neagr\u0103 de cea ro\u0219ie apare similar, dar dintr-un motiv mai pu\u021bin evident. C\u00e2nd costurile femelelor pentru contribu\u021bie sunt<i>cf<\/i>sc\u0103zute, valoarea optim\u0103 a contribu\u021biei va fi relativ ridicat\u0103 \u0219i, prin urmare, contribu\u021bia femelelor va fi semnificativ mai mare \u00een condi\u021biile ini\u021biale. Consecin\u021ba acestui fapt este c\u0103 semnalele ofer\u0103 masculului un beneficiu propor\u021bional mai mic din contribu\u021bia pe care o genereaz\u0103, ceea ce este din nou compensat de costurile sale.<i>zopt<\/i>Spa\u021biul parametrilor, \u00een care semnalele \u0219i r\u0103spunsurile sunt fixe (galben), variaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de intensitatea selec\u021biei \u0219i de dispersia genetic\u0103 a alelei responden\u021bilor. De exemplu, c\u00e2nd frecven\u021ba ini\u021bial\u0103 a alelei responden\u021bilor este de 0.9 \u00een loc de 0.99, a\u0219a cum este ar\u0103tat \u00een imaginea nr. 2, introducerea semnalelor duce la o selec\u021bie mai eficient\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te responden\u021bii (dispersia genetic\u0103 ini\u021bial\u0103 este mai mare), iar zona neagr\u0103 se extinde spre st\u00e2nga.<\/p>\n<p>Semnalele masculine pot ap\u0103rea chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd sunt asociate cu costuri care reduc contribu\u021bia masculului la cohorte curente (parametrizat<\/p>\n<p>sfec <i>), influen\u021b\u00e2nd astfel \u00een mod direct<\/i>fitness-ul* <i>at\u00e2t al masculului, c\u00e2t \u0219i al femelei, f\u0103r\u0103 a diminua probabilitatea de supravie\u021buire a masculului.<\/i> Fitness-ul*<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>reprezint\u0103 capacitatea de reproducere a indivizilor cu un anumit genotip.<\/b> Raportul dintre costurile de fertilitate \u0219i semnale (st\u00e2nga) \u0219i raportul dintre costurile de viabilitate \u0219i semnale.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Genetica iubirii: conflictul \u00eentre sexe ca baza cooper\u0103rii \u00een perechile de p\u0103s\u0103ri monogame.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/5561c3ea63ec18c75e9a71d25902bfaf.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te fertilitatea, atunci c\u00e2nd semnalele masculine sunt fixe (zona galben\u0103), to\u021bi masculii contribuie mai pu\u021bin la descenden\u021b\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00eenainte de manifestarea semnalelor. \u00cen acest caz, contribu\u021bia femelelor va fi mai mare dec\u00e2t a fost \u00eenainte de manifestarea semnalelor masculine.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te fertilitatea, atunci c\u00e2nd semnalele masculului sunt fixe (zona galben\u0103), to\u021bi masculii investesc mai pu\u021bin \u00een descenden\u021b\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00eenainte de apari\u021bia semnalelor. \u00cen acest caz, contribu\u021bia femelelor va fi mai mare dec\u00e2t a fost \u00eenainte de apari\u021bia semnalelor masculilor.<\/p>\n<p>Contribu\u021bia mai mare a femelelor, atunci c\u00e2nd costurile masculilor sunt reglate de fertilitate (nu de viabilitate), cre\u0219te num\u0103rul mediu de descenden\u021bi pe pereche, dar aceasta nu compenseaz\u0103 complet. \u00cen timp, o contribu\u021bie mai mare a femelelor duce la o cre\u0219tere a num\u0103rului mediu de descenden\u021bi care ating stadiul de zbor, dar scade rata medie de viabilitate a femelelor. Aceasta duce la formarea unui nou echilibru \u00eentre aceste dou\u0103 for\u021be, unde num\u0103rul mediu de descenden\u021bi este mai mic dec\u00e2t \u00een cazurile de viabilitate normal\u0103 sau \u00een condi\u021biile ini\u021biale (\u00eenainte de manifestarea semnalelor). <\/p>\n<p>Din punct de vedere matematic, aceasta arat\u0103 astfel: dac\u0103 semnalele masculilor cresc fertilitatea cu 1% (dar nu cresc viabilitatea), atunci costurile femelelor pentru descenden\u021bi cresc cu 1.3%, dar, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, mortalitatea lor cre\u0219te \u0219i cu 0.5%, iar num\u0103rul de descenden\u021bi pe pereche scade cu 0.16%.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103, \u00eens\u0103, valoarea medie a contribu\u021biei femelelor este ini\u021bial mai mic\u0103 dec\u00e2t nivelul optim (de exemplu, din cauza influen\u021belor ambientale), atunci, la manifestarea semnalelor de stimulare a cre\u0219terii costurilor, apare un sistem echilibrat, adic\u0103 colaborare \u00eentre sexe. \u00cen aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie, semnalele masculilor nu numai c\u0103 cresc contribu\u021bia femelelor la descenden\u021bi, dar \u0219i adaptabilitatea lor.<\/p>\n<p>Un astfel de comportament al masculilor \u0219i femelelor apare cel mai adesea din cauza schimb\u0103rilor externe (climat, habitat, cantitatea de hran\u0103 disponibil\u0103 etc.). Din acest motiv, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 formarea monogamiei la unele specii moderne, \u00een timp ce str\u0103mo\u0219ii lor erau poligami, este determinat\u0103 de migra\u021bie \u0219i, prin urmare, de schimbarea mediului. <\/p>\n<p>Pentru o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a nuan\u021belor cercet\u0103rii, v\u0103 recomand s\u0103 consulta\u021bi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/early\/2019\/10\/09\/1904138116.full.pdf\">raportul cercet\u0103torilor<\/a><\/noindex> \u0219i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/pnas\/suppl\/2019\/10\/09\/1904138116.DCSupplemental\/pnas.1904138116.sapp.pdf\">materiale suplimentare<\/a><\/noindex> la acesta.<\/p>\n<h3>Epilog<\/h3>\n<p>\nAceast\u0103 cercetare a demonstrat leg\u0103tura dintre poligamie \u0219i monogamie din perspectiva evolu\u021biei. \u00cen regatul p\u0103s\u0103rilor, masculii au \u00eencercat \u00eentotdeauna s\u0103 se dep\u0103\u0219easc\u0103 reciproc pentru a atrage aten\u021bia femelei: prin penajul str\u0103lucitor, dansuri frumoase sau chiar prin demonstrarea abilit\u0103\u021bilor lor de construc\u021bie. Un astfel de comportament este determinat de competi\u021bia dintre masculi, care este caracteristic\u0103, de cele mai multe ori, speciilor poligame. Din perspectiva femelelor, toate aceste semnale le ofer\u0103 posibilitatea de a evalua calit\u0103\u021bile masculului, pe care descenden\u021bii lor le vor mo\u0219teni. Totu\u0219i, pe parcursul timpului, masculii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 evolueze astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t semnalele lor s\u0103 fie mai str\u0103lucitoare dec\u00e2t ale competitorilor. Femelele, la r\u00e2ndul lor, au evoluat astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 se opun\u0103 acestor semnale. C\u0103ci trebuie s\u0103 existe \u00eentotdeauna un echilibru. Dac\u0103 costurile femelelor pentru descenden\u021bi sunt disproportionate cu beneficiile, atunci nu are sens s\u0103 investe\u0219ti mai mult. Mai bine s\u0103 faci un cuib cu 3 ou\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 supravie\u021buie\u0219ti \u00een procesul de incuba\u021bie \u0219i cre\u0219tere a puilor dec\u00e2t s\u0103 depui cinci \u0219i s\u0103 mori \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 le protejezi. <\/p>\n<p>Un astfel de conflict intersexual al intereselor ar putea conduce la o c\u0103dere catastrofal\u0103 a popula\u021biei, dar evolu\u021bia a ales o cale mai ra\u021bional\u0103 \u2014 calea cooper\u0103rii. \u00cen cuplurile monogame, masculii continu\u0103 s\u0103 se prezinte \u00een toat\u0103 splendoarea lor, iar femelele r\u0103spund printr-o contribu\u021bie optim\u0103 la progenitur\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>Este curios c\u0103 lumea animalelor s\u0103lbatice nu este \u00eempov\u0103rat\u0103 de principii morale, legi \u0219i norme, iar toate ac\u021biunile sunt determinate de evolu\u021bie, genetic\u0103 \u0219i dorin\u021ba de perpetuare a speciei. <\/p>\n<p>Poate c\u0103, pentru romantici, o astfel de explica\u021bie \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 a iubirii ar zice prea prozaic, dar oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 cred altceva. Ce poate fi mai frumos dec\u00e2t s\u0103 evoluezi tocmai astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t \u00eentre femel\u0103 \u0219i mascul s\u0103 existe un echilibru \u0219i un adev\u0103rat parteneriat, care \u021bine cont de interesele ambelor p\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i este orientat spre bun\u0103starea genera\u021biilor viitoare.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Off-topic de vineri:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"ZbRrxw-H6xA\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/ZbRrxw-H6xA\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Reda\u021bi video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>\u00cen ciuda faptului c\u0103 denumirea acestor p\u0103s\u0103ri nu este cea mai frumoas\u0103 (\u201ecormorani\u201d), dansul lor de reunire este pur \u0219i simplu splendid.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Off-topic 2.0:<\/b><center><div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"nWfyw51DQfU\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/nWfyw51DQfU\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Reda\u021bi video\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><br \/>\n<i>P\u0103s\u0103rile paradisului sunt un exemplu str\u0103lucitor (la propriu) al diversit\u0103\u021bii semnalelor trimise de masculi c\u0103tre femele \u00een perioada de cuib\u0103rit (BBC Earth, vocea din off \u2014 David Attenborough).<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Mul\u021bumesc pentru aten\u021bie, r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi curio\u0219i \u0219i s\u0103 ave\u021bi un weekend minunat, b\u0103ie\u021bi! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>Mul\u021bumim c\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi cu noi. V\u0103 plac articolele noastre? Dori\u021bi s\u0103 vede\u021bi mai multe materiale interesante? 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\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":29313,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\".\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/genetika-lyubvi-mezhpolovoj-konflikt-kak-osnova-sotrudnichestva-v-parah-monogamnyh-ptits\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" 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