{"id":39580,"date":"2019-10-31T22:36:07","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-fantast-artur-klark-chut-ne-zakryl-zhurnal-tehnika-molodezhi\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:36:07","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:36:07","slug":"kak-fantast-artur-klark-chut-ne-zakryl-zhurnal-tehnika-molodezhi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/kak-fantast-artur-klark-chut-ne-zakryl-zhurnal-tehnika-molodezhi","title":{"rendered":"Cum a vrut fantastul Arthur Clarke s\u0103 \u00eenchid\u0103 revista \u201eTehnica \u2014 Tineretului\u201d","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e2nd am devenit cel mai mic \u0219ef de redac\u021bie de la ziar, directorul meu de atunci - o doamn\u0103 care a devenit o hien\u0103 a jurnalismului \u00eenc\u0103 din vremurile sovietice - mi-a spus: \u201eAminte\u0219te-\u021bi, de \u00eendat\u0103 ce ai \u00eenceput s\u0103 cre\u0219ti - conducerea oric\u0103rui proiect media este similar\u0103 cu alergatul pe un c\u00e2mp minat. Nu pentru c\u0103 este periculos, ci pentru c\u0103 este imprevizibil. Avem de-a face cu informa\u021bia, iar aceasta nu poate fi calculat\u0103 \u0219i gestionat\u0103. A\u0219a c\u0103 to\u021bi \u0219efii de redac\u021bie fug, dar nimeni dintre noi nu \u0219tie - c\u00e2nd \u0219i pe ce va exploda\u201d.<\/p>\n

Atunci nu am \u00een\u021beles, dar mai t\u00e2rziu, c\u00e2nd am crescut precum Pinocchio, am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat \u0219i am cump\u0103rat o mie de jachete noi... \u00cen general, dup\u0103 ce am aflat pu\u021bin despre istoria jurnalismului autohton, m-am convins c\u0103 teza este absolut adev\u0103rat\u0103. De c\u00e2te ori managerii media - chiar \u0219i marii manageri media! - \u0219i-au \u00eencheiat carierele din circumstan\u021be complet inimaginabile, a c\u0103ror previzionare era absolut imposibil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Nu voi povesti acum cum editorul de la \u201eImagini Vesele\u201d \u0219i marele artist ilustrator Ivan Semenov a fost pe cale s\u0103 aib\u0103 probleme cu g\u00e2ndacii - \u00een cel mai propriu sens al cuv\u00e2ntului. Este, totu\u0219i, mai mult o poveste de vineri. Dar voi povesti despre marele \u0219i teribilul Vasili Zaharchenko, mai ales c\u0103 tocmai se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een profilul Habr.<\/p>\n

\u00cen revista sovietic\u0103 \u201eTehnica - tinerilor\u201d au iubit foarte mult \u0219tiin\u021ba \u0219i science fiction. De aceea, adesea le-au combinat, public\u00e2nd \u00een revist\u0103 science fiction.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nMul\u021bi, mul\u021bi ani, \u00eentre 1949 \u0219i 1984, revista a fost condus\u0103 de legendarul editor Vasili Dmitrievici Zaharchenko, care, de fapt, a f\u0103cut din ea acea \u201eTehnica - tinerilor\u201d care a f\u0103cut senza\u021bie \u00een toat\u0103 \u021bara, a devenit o legend\u0103 a jurnalismului sovietic \u0219i a fost bine primit \u00een multe cercuri. Datorit\u0103 acestui ultim fapt, \u00een mod periodic \u201eTehnica - tinerilor\u201d a reu\u0219it ceea ce pu\u021bini au reu\u0219it - s\u0103 publice autori contemporani de science fiction anglo-americani.<\/p>\n

Nu, autorii contemporani de science fiction anglo-americani \u00een URSS au fost tradu\u0219i \u0219i publica\u021bi. Dar \u00een publica\u021bii - destul de rar. <\/p>\n

De ce? <\/a><\/noindex>Pentru c\u0103 este o audien\u021b\u0103 enorm\u0103. Acestea sunt tiraje incredibile, chiar \u0219i dup\u0103 standardele sovietice. \u201eTehnica - tinerilor\u201d, de exemplu, avea un tiraj de 1,7 milioane de exemplare.<\/p>\n

Dar, a\u0219a cum am spus, uneori a fost posibil. A\u0219adar, aproape tot anul 1980, iubitorii ferici\u021bi de science fiction au citit \u00een revist\u0103 romanul lui Arthur Clarke \u201eF\u00e2nt\u00e2nile raiului\u201d. <\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nArthur C. Clarke a fost considerat un prieten al Uniunii Sovietice, ne-a vizitat, a fost la Ora\u0219ul Stelei \u0219i s-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u0219i a corespondit cu cosmonautul Alexei Leonov. C\u00e2t despre romanul \u201eF\u00e2nt\u00e2nile raiului\u201d, Clarke nu a ascuns niciodat\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een roman a folosit ideea \u201eliftului spa\u021bial\u201d, pentru prima dat\u0103 propus\u0103 de designerul din Leningrad, Yuri Artsutanov. <\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 publicarea \u201eF\u00e2nt\u00e2nilor\u2026\u201d, Arthur Clarke a vizitat URSS \u00een 1982, unde, printre altele, s-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u0219i cu Leonov, \u0219i cu Zaharchenko, \u0219i cu Ar\u021butanov.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\nYuri Artsutanov \u0219i Arthur C. Clarke viziteaz\u0103 Muzeul Cosmonauticii \u0219i al Tehnicii Rachet\u0103 din Leningrad<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0218i astfel, \u00een urma acestei vizite, \u00een 1984, Zaharchenko a reu\u0219it s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 publicarea \u00een \u201eTehnica \u2013 Tineretului\u201d a unui alt roman al celebrului \u0219i recunoscutului autor de science fiction intitulat \u201e2010: Odissea Doi\u201d. Aceasta a fost continuarea c\u0103r\u021bii sale celebre \u201e2001: O odisee \u00een spa\u021biu\u201d, scris\u0103 pe baza scenariului filmului cult al lui Stanley Kubrick.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nAceasta s-a datorat \u00een mare parte faptului c\u0103 \u00een a doua carte era foarte mult material sovietic. Intriga se construia \u00een jurul faptul c\u0103 nava spa\u021bial\u0103 \u201eAlexei Leonov\u201d cu o echipaj sovieto-american la bord se \u00eendreapt\u0103 spre Jupiter pentru a descoperi misterul navei \u201eDiscovery\u201d, l\u0103sat\u0103 \u00een prima carte pe orbita lui Jupiter.<\/p>\n

Adev\u0103rul este c\u0103 pe prima pagin\u0103 a lui Clarke era o dedica\u021bie:<\/p>\n

Dou\u0103 mari ru\u0219i: generalul A. A. Leonov \u2013 cosmonaut, erou al Uniunii Sovietice, artist \u0219i academician A. D. Sakharov \u2013 om de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, laureat al Premiului Nobel, umanist.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dar dedica\u021bia, bine\u00een\u021beles, a fost \u0219tears\u0103 din revist\u0103. Chiar \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 o lupt\u0103 prea scurt\u0103.<\/p>\n

Primul num\u0103r a fost publicat cu succes, urmat de al doilea, iar cititorii a\u0219teptau deja o lectur\u0103 \u00eendelungat\u0103 \u0219i relaxat\u0103 \u2013 a\u0219a cum se \u00eent\u00e2mplase \u0219i \u00een 1980.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDar \u00een al treilea num\u0103r nu era nicio continuare. Oamenii s-au agitat, dar apoi s-au g\u00e2ndit \u2013 cine \u0219tie? \u00cen al patrulea cu siguran\u021b\u0103 va fi totul \u00een regul\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dar \u00een al patrulea num\u0103r a fost ceva incredibil \u2013 un rezumat \u00eengrozitor, comprimat \u00een trei paragrafe al continu\u0103rii romanului.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
\n\u201eDoctor, ce a fost asta?! Asta ce \u2013 v\u00e2ndut?!\u201d \u2013 au r\u0103mas uimi\u021bi cititorii \u201eTehnica \u2013 Tineretului\u201d. Dar r\u0103spunsul a devenit cunoscut abia dup\u0103 perestroika.<\/p>\n

Se pare c\u0103, la scurt timp dup\u0103 \u00eenceperea public\u0103rii \u00een \u201eTehnica \u2013 tineretului\u201d, \u00een ziarul \u201eInternational Herald Tribune\u201d a ap\u0103rut un articol intitulat \u201eCOSMONAUTII \u2013 DISSIDENTII\u201d DATORIT\u0102 CENZORILOR EFECTUEAZ\u0102 ZBOR PE PAGINILE REVISTEI SOVIETICE.<\/p>\n

S. Sobolev \u00een studiul s\u0103u investiga\u021bie <\/a><\/noindex>ofer\u0103 textul complet al acestei note. Acolo, printre altele, se men\u021bioneaz\u0103:<\/p>\n

Dissiden\u021bii sovietici, c\u0103rora le reu\u0219e\u0219te rareori s\u0103 r\u00e2d\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 solemn\u0103 \u0219i formal\u0103, pot s\u0103 r\u00e2d\u0103 ast\u0103zi de gluma pe care a f\u0103cut-o cu cenzorii guvernamentali cunoscutul scriitor britanic de science fiction Arthur Clarke. Aceast\u0103 glum\u0103 aparent\u0103 \u2013 \u201eun mic, dar elegant cal troian\u201d, a\u0219a cum a numit-o unul dintre dissiden\u021bi, este inclus\u0103 \u00een romanul lui A. Clarke \u201e2010: A Doua Odysee\u201d.<\/p>\n

Numele tuturor cosmonau\u021bilor fictivi din roman corespund, de fapt, cu numele unor dissiden\u021bi cunoscu\u021bi. \u00cen carte nu exist\u0103 ne\u00een\u021belegeri politice \u00eentre personaje \u2014 ru\u0219ii. Cu toate acestea, cosmonau\u021bii au acelea\u0219i nume de familie:
\n\u2014 Viktor Brailovski \u2014 specialist \u00een computere, unul dintre principalii activi\u0219ti evrei, care ar trebui s\u0103 fie eliberat luna aceasta dup\u0103 trei ani de exil \u00een Asia Central\u0103;
\n\u2014 Ivan Kovalev \u2014 inginer \u0219i fondatorul grupului \u201eHelsinki pentru Monitorizarea Drepturilor Omului\u201d, care a fost desfiin\u021bat. El \u00ee\u0219i isp\u0103\u0219e\u0219te o condamnare de \u0219apte ani \u00eentr-un lag\u0103r de munc\u0103;
\n\u2014 Anatolii Marcenko \u2014 un muncitor de 46 de ani, care a petrecut 18 ani \u00een lag\u0103re pentru activit\u0103\u021bi politice, \u0219i care \u00een prezent \u00ee\u0219i isp\u0103\u0219e\u0219te o pedeaps\u0103 care se \u00eencheie \u00een 1996;
\n\u2014 Iuri Orlov \u2014 activist evreu \u0219i unul dintre fondatorii grupului \u201eHelsinki\u201d. Fizicianul cunoscut Orlov a \u00eencheiat luna trecut\u0103 o pedeaps\u0103 de \u0219apte ani \u00eentr-un lag\u0103r de munc\u0103 \u0219i se afl\u0103 \u00een prezent sub o pedeaps\u0103 suplimentar\u0103 de cinci ani \u00een exil \u00een Siberia,
\n\u2014 Leonid Ternovski \u2014 fizician, care a fondat \u00een 1976 \u201eGrupul Helsinki\u201d la Moscova. El a isp\u0103\u0219it o pedeaps\u0103 de trei ani \u00een lag\u0103r;
\n\u2014 Mikola Rudenko \u2014 unul dintre fondatorii \u201eGrupului Helsinki\u201d din Ucraina, care, dup\u0103 o condamnare de \u0219apte ani \u00een lag\u0103r, ar trebui s\u0103 fie eliberat luna aceasta \u0219i expulzat \u00een colonie;
\n\u2014 Gleb Yakunin \u2014 preot al Bisericii Ortodoxe Ruse, condamnat \u00een 1980 la cinci ani de munc\u0103 \u00een lag\u0103re \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 cinci ani de a\u0219ezare, acuzat de propagand\u0103 \u0219i agita\u021bie antisovietic\u0103.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Cum
\n
\nDe ce l-a pus Kark at\u00e2t de r\u0103u \u00een fa\u021ba lui Zaharcenko, cu care, dac\u0103 nu era prieten, avea o rela\u021bie minunat\u0103 de mul\u021bi ani \u2014 nu mi-e tocmai clar. Fanii scriitorului chiar au venit cu o explica\u021bie ingenioas\u0103, c\u0103 Kark nu a fost vinovat, a ac\u021bionat prin acela\u0219i principiu care a generat generalul Gogol \u0219i generalul Pu\u0219kin \u00een \u201ebondiana\u201d. Fantastul, se pare, a folosit f\u0103r\u0103 a g\u00e2ndi rusesti nume care erau cunoscute \u00een presa occidental\u0103 \u2014 de parc\u0103 noi, americani, am \u0219tiut cel mai bine despre Angela Davis \u0219i Leonard Peltier. Este greu de crezut, totu\u0219i \u2014 selec\u021bia a ie\u0219it prea uniform\u0103.<\/p>\n

Ei bine, \u00een \u201eTehnica \u2014 tineretul\u201d, \u00een\u021belege\u021bi ce a \u00eenceput. A\u0219a cum \u00ee\u0219i amintea secretarul de redac\u021bie de atunci, iar mai t\u00e2rziu \u2014 redactorul-\u0219ef al revistei, Alexander Perevozchikov:<\/p>\n

\u00cenainte de acest episod, redactorul nostru Vasiliy Dmitrievich Zaharcenko era primit \u00een cele mai \u00eenalte birouri. Dar dup\u0103 Kark, atitudinea fa\u021b\u0103 de el s-a schimbat brusc. A fost devorat, \u0219ters pe pere\u021bi, chiar \u0219i dup\u0103 ce primise o nou\u0103 recompens\u0103 de la Komsomolul leninist. \u0218i revista noastr\u0103 s-a aflat practic pe marginea distrugerii. Totu\u0219i, asta nu a fost o eroare a noastr\u0103, ci a Glavlit-ului. Ei ar fi trebuit s\u0103 vegheze \u0219i s\u0103 sugereze. Astfel, am reu\u0219it s\u0103 public\u0103m doar dou\u0103 capitole din cincisprezece. Celelalte treisprezece capitole au fost rezumate. Pe pagina tip\u0103rit\u0103 am relatat ce se va \u00eent\u00e2mpla cu Kark mai t\u00e2rziu. Dar Glavlit-ul furios m-a obligat s\u0103 scurtez rezumatul de \u00eenc\u0103 trei ori. Am publicat \u201eOdiseea\u201d abia mult mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Adev\u0103rat, Zaharcenko a scris o not\u0103 explicativ\u0103 c\u0103tre CC al VLKSM, unde \u201es-a dezarmat \u00een fa\u021ba partidului\u201d. Potrivit redactorului-\u0219ef, \u201edublu fa\u021b\u0103\u201d <\/i>Kark \u201e\u00eentr-un mod mizerabil\u201d<\/i> a dat echipajului cosmonau\u021bilor sovietici \u201enumele grupului de elemente antisovietice, trase la r\u0103spundere penal\u0103 pentru fapte ostile\u201d<\/i>. Redactorul-\u0219ef a recunoscut c\u0103 \u0219i-a pierdut vigilen\u021ba \u0219i a promis s\u0103 corecteze eroarea.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\nVasiliy Zaharcenko<\/i><\/p>\n

Nu a ajutat. Revista nu a fost \u00eenchis\u0103, dar a fost \u201escuturat\u0103\u201d temeinic. Cu dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni dup\u0103 articolul compromi\u021b\u0103tor din Occident, Zaharcenko a fost demis, iar unii angaja\u021bi responsabili ai revistei au primit sanc\u021biuni de diverse severit\u0103\u021bi. Zaharcenko, de asemenea, a devenit \u201elepros\u201d \u2014 i-a fost anulat\u0103 viza de ie\u0219ire, a fost exclus din consiliile redac\u021bionale ale \u201eLiteraturii pentru copii\u201d \u0219i \u201eTinerelor g\u0103rzi\u201d, \u0219i nu a mai fost invitat la radio \u0219i televiziune \u2014 nici m\u0103car la emisiunea sa despre conduc\u0103torii auto-s\u0103lbatici \u201eAsta pute\u021bi face\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00cen prefa\u021ba la \u201eOdiseea-3\u201d, Arthur C. Clarke \u0219i-a cerut scuze fa\u021b\u0103 de Leonov \u0219i Zaharcenko, de\u0219i acesta din urm\u0103 pare oarecum ironic.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cen sf\u00e2r\u0219it, sper c\u0103 cosmonautul Alexei Leonov m-a iertat pentru c\u0103 l-am pus al\u0103turi de doctorul Andrei Saharov (care, la momentul dedic\u0103rii, \u00eenc\u0103 era \u00een exil \u00een ora\u0219ul Gorki). \u0218i \u00eemi exprim sincerele regrete fa\u021b\u0103 de amabilul meu gazd\u0103 din Moscova \u0219i redactor Vasilii Zharchenko (a\u0219a este \u00een text \u2014 Zharchenko \u2014 VN) pentru c\u0103 l-am implicat \u00een mari nepl\u0103ceri, folosind numele unor diferi\u021bi disiden\u021bi \u2014 majoritatea dintre care, m\u0103 bucur s\u0103 observ, nu mai sunt \u00een \u00eenchisoare. C\u00e2ndva, sper, abona\u021bii revistei \u201eTehnica Tineretului\u201d vor putea citi acele capitole ale romanului care au disp\u0103rut at\u00e2t de misterios.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

Nu vor fi comentarii, remarc doar c\u0103 dup\u0103 asta e oarecum ciudat s\u0103 mai vorbim despre \u00eent\u00e2mplare.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\nCoperta romanului 2061: Odyssey Three, unde au ap\u0103rut \u0219i scuzele.<\/i><\/p>\n

Asta este, de fapt, \u00eentreaga poveste. V\u0103 atrag aten\u021bia c\u0103 toate acestea s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat deja \u00een vremurile \u010cernenkov, iar p\u00e2n\u0103 la perestroika, accelerare \u0219i transparen\u021b\u0103 mai era doar c\u00e2teva luni. \u0218i mai mult, romanul lui Clarke a fost totu\u0219i publicat \u00een \u201eTehnica \u2014 Tineret\u201d, \u0219i asta \u00een vremea sovietic\u0103 \u2014 \u00een anii 1989\u20141990.<\/p>\n

Sincer, aceast\u0103 poveste \u00eemi las\u0103 o impresie mixt\u0103, ba chiar triple. <\/p>\n

Acum e deja uimitor c\u00e2t de mult conta atunci confruntarea ideologic\u0103, dac\u0103 dintr-o situa\u021bie at\u00e2t de banal\u0103 se destram\u0103 sortile umane.<\/p>\n

Dar \u00een acela\u0219i timp \u2014 c\u00e2t de mult conta atunci pentru planet\u0103 \u021bara noastr\u0103. Ast\u0103zi \u00eemi este greu s\u0103 mi-l \u00eenchipui pe un autor de fic\u021biune vest-european de prim\u0103 linie dedic\u00e2nd o carte dou\u0103 ru\u0219i.<\/p>\n

\u0218i, cel mai important, c\u00e2t de mari erau cuno\u0219tin\u021bele \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103. Chiar \u0219i \u00een articolul de dezv\u0103luire al \u00abInternational Herald Tribune\u00bb se men\u021biona \u00een treac\u0103t c\u0103 \u201eru\u0219ii sunt printre cei mai dedica\u021bi fani ai \u0219tiin\u021bifico-fantasticului din lume\u201d<\/i>, iar tirajul de un milion \u0219i jum\u0103tate al revistei \u0219tiin\u021bifice populare este cea mai bun\u0103 dovad\u0103 a acestui fapt.<\/p>\n

Acum, desigur, totul s-a schimbat. \u00cen unele privin\u021be spre bine, \u00een altele \u2014 spre r\u0103u.<\/p>\n

S-a schimbat at\u00e2t de mult \u00eenc\u00e2t de la lumea \u00een care a avut loc aceast\u0103 poveste nu a mai r\u0103mas aproape nimic. Iar \u00een aceast\u0103 lume minunat\u0103 nu mai intereseaz\u0103 pe nimeni nici disiden\u021bii care \u0219i-au f\u0103cut treaba, nici revista \u201eTehnica \u2013 Tineretului\u201d, care acum apare cu un tiraj neglijabil pe subven\u021bii guvernamentale, nici \u2014 ceea ce este cel mai trist \u2014 liftul cosmic.<\/p>\n

Yuri Artsutanov a decedat recent, pe 1 ianuarie 2019, dar nimeni nu a observat. Singurul necrolog a ap\u0103rut \u00een ziarul \u201eTrinity Variant\u201d o lun\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n

\"Cum
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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