{"id":39621,"date":"2019-10-31T22:36:56","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:36:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/skills-rules-and-knowledge-dlya-it-shnika-i-cheloveka\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:36:56","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:36:56","slug":"skills-rules-and-knowledge-dlya-it-shnika-i-cheloveka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/skills-rules-and-knowledge-dlya-it-shnika-i-cheloveka","title":{"rendered":"Competen\u021be, Reguli \u0219i Cuno\u0219tin\u021be pentru un specialist IT \u0219i o persoan\u0103","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Competen\u021be,
\n
\n\u00cen ultima dat\u0103<\/a><\/noindex> Am abordat problemele educa\u021biei, cum ar fi abordarea scholastic\u0103 a \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii, \u0219i am discutat pu\u021bin despre practica d\u0103un\u0103toare a antrenamentului. abilit\u0103\u021bilor <\/b>\u00een detrimentul ob\u021binerii cuno\u0219tin\u021belor<\/b>. Acum este timpul s\u0103 discut\u0103m aceste dou\u0103 categorii fundamentale mai \u00een detaliu \u0219i s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem care este diferen\u021ba esen\u021bial\u0103 dintre ele.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nA\u0219adar, ambele defini\u021bii: abilit\u0103\u021bi (skills)<\/b> \u0219i cuno\u0219tin\u021be (knowledge)<\/b>, precum \u0219i termenul mult mai rar \u00eent\u00e2lnit reguli (rules)<\/b>, a\u0219a cum sunt folosite de speciali\u0219tii \u00een domeniul resurselor umane, au fost formulate acum aproape 40 de ani de Jens Rasmussen<\/a><\/noindex> \u00eentr-o lucrare care poart\u0103 acela\u0219i titlu: 'Skills, Rules and Knowledge; Signals, Signs and Symbols, and Other Distinctions in Human Performance Models'. De atunci, cadrul dezvoltat de el a evoluat semnificativ, dar ne vom baza pe articolul original, care poate fi g\u0103sit aici<\/a><\/noindex>. Documentul este disponibil contra cost sau prin abonament corporativ\/academic, totu\u0219i, cititorul s\u0103rman, dar curios, va g\u0103si \u00eentotdeauna o modalitate de a desc\u0103rca acest text gratuit.<\/p>\n

Interesant, dar din moment ce termenul rules \u00eenceteaz\u0103 adesea s\u0103 mai fie observat, iar skills \u0219i knowledge continu\u0103 s\u0103 coexiste, se creeaz\u0103 adesea impresia c\u0103 ultimele dou\u0103 sunt sinonime. \u00centre timp, \u00een taxonomia lui Rasmussen, toate acestea au defini\u021bii clare, \u0219i fi\u021bi siguri, nu ar trebui s\u0103 le confunda\u021bi sub nicio form\u0103.<\/p>\n

De fapt, \u00een explorarea comportamentului uman, Rasmussen atribuie abilit\u0103\u021bilor cea mai joas\u0103 \u0219i deloc m\u0103gulitoare treapt\u0103. Cu un atribut at\u00e2t de remarcabil precum automatismul activit\u0103\u021bii senzorii-motorii \u00een absen\u021ba controlului con\u0219tient, aceasta este foarte apropiat\u0103 de reflexele condi\u021bionate complexe dob\u00e2ndite:<\/p>\n

Comportamentul bazat pe abilit\u0103\u021bi reprezint\u0103 performan\u021ba senzorii-motorii \u00een timpul actelor sau activit\u0103\u021bilor care, \u00een urma unei declara\u021bii de inten\u021bie, au loc f\u0103r\u0103 control con\u0219tient sub forma unor modele de comportament fluente, automate \u0219i foarte integrate.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Peste abilit\u0103\u021bile lui Rasmussen se afl\u0103 nivelul regulilor, de\u0219i se face men\u021biunea c\u0103 grani\u021ba dintre acestea poate fi destul de sub\u021bire, mai ales c\u00e2nd abilit\u0103\u021bile sunt combinate \u00een lan\u021buri. Necesitatea lor apare atunci c\u00e2nd o singur\u0103 abilitate nu este suficient\u0103 \u00eentr-o situa\u021bie specific\u0103, iar pentru a ob\u021bine un rezultat este necesar s\u0103 grup\u0103m mai multe abilit\u0103\u021bi, s\u0103 execut\u0103m ac\u021biuni \u00een func\u021bie de condi\u021bii, adic\u0103 s\u0103 respect\u0103m regulile stabilite de noi \u00een\u0219ine sau primite de la altcineva:<\/p>\n

La urm\u0103torul nivel de comportament bazat pe reguli, compunerea unei astfel de secven\u021be de subroutines \u00een cadrul unei situa\u021bii de munc\u0103 familiare este, \u00een general, controlat\u0103 de o regul\u0103 sau o procedur\u0103 stocat\u0103, care poate fi derivat\u0103 empiric din ocazii anterioare, comunicat\u0103 sub form\u0103 de know-how de la alte persoane ca instruc\u021biune sau ca o re\u021bet\u0103, sau care poate fi preg\u0103tit\u0103 ocazional printr-o solu\u021bionare con\u0219tient\u0103 a problemelor \u0219i planificare.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00cen aceast\u0103 list\u0103 se pot include cu \u00eencredere toate best-practices tehnice, white-paper \u0219i alte how-to, precum \u0219i regulile stabilite de managementul corporativ, inclusiv acele reguli introduse de liderul echipei locale.<\/p>\n

Coroana acestei piramide o formeaz\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021bele ob\u021binute \u00een momentul \u00een care imaginea obi\u0219nuit\u0103 a lumii se pr\u0103bu\u0219e\u0219te \u2013 nici abilit\u0103\u021bile, nici respectarea instruc\u021biunilor nu sunt suficiente, dar apare necesitatea de a investiga \u0219i a studia o problem\u0103 necunoscut\u0103 \u00eentr-un mediu neobi\u0219nuit:<\/p>\n

\u00cen situa\u021bii nefamiliare, confrunt\u00e2ndu-se cu un mediu pentru care nu exist\u0103 know-how sau reguli de control disponibile din \u00eent\u00e2lniri anterioare, controlul performan\u021bei trebuie s\u0103 se mute la un nivel conceptual mai \u00eenalt, \u00een care performan\u021ba este controlat\u0103 de obiective \u0219i bazat\u0103 pe cuno\u0219tin\u021be. \u00cen aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie, obiectivul este formulat explicit, bazat pe o analiz\u0103 a mediului \u0219i a scopurilor generale ale persoanei. Apoi, se dezvolt\u0103 un plan util - prin selec\u021bie - astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t diferite planuri sunt considerate \u0219i efectul lor este testat \u00een raport cu obiectivul, fizic prin \u00eencercare \u0219i eroare sau conceptual prin \u00een\u021belegerea propriet\u0103\u021bilor func\u021bionale ale mediului \u0219i prezicerea efectelor planului considerat. La acest nivel de ra\u021bionare func\u021bional, structura intern\u0103 a sistemului este reprezentat\u0103 explicit printr-un \u201emodel mental\u201d...<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Exact la acest nivel se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cele mai interesante lucruri \u2013 apar idei de afaceri, teorii \u0219tiin\u021bifice \u0219i inova\u021bii, iar regulile \u0219i metodologiile pentru nivelurile inferioare sunt formulate, cum ar fi dezvoltarea manifestului Agile.<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie, este necesar s\u0103 accept\u0103m pastila nepl\u0103cut\u0103 num\u0103rul unu. Anumi\u021bi manageri corporativi, \u00een special cei de nivel ini\u021bial \u0219i o parte din speciali\u0219tii IT certifica\u021bi, cred \u00een mod eronat c\u0103 se afl\u0103 la un nivel de cuno\u0219tin\u021be avansat, deoarece primii par s\u0103 ia decizii, iar cei din urm\u0103 par s\u0103 fi sus\u021binut examenele \u0219i s\u0103 fi ob\u021binut grade corespunz\u0103toare de inginer. Cu toate acestea, la o examinare mai detaliat\u0103, se dovede\u0219te c\u0103, \u00een cel mai bun caz, aceasta este limita superioar\u0103 a nivelului de reguli: managerii opereaz\u0103 cu acelea\u0219i reglement\u0103ri \u0219i reguli, adesea ajung\u00e2nd \u00een imposibilitatea de a schimba o procedur\u0103 corporativ\u0103 simpl\u0103. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp, mul\u021bi ingineri execut\u0103 de ani de zile ac\u021biuni repetate automatizate pentru configurare \u0219i instalare, consider\u00e2nd ca apogeu al abilit\u0103\u021bilor lor redactarea de instruc\u021biuni pentru \u00eencep\u0103tori.<\/p>\n

Aici trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenghi\u021bim pastila nepl\u0103cut\u0103 num\u0103rul doi. Lumea modern\u0103 este construit\u0103 pe funda\u021bia epocii industriale, \u00een care dominau rela\u021biile cu oamenii ca resurse tehnice cu caracteristici cunoscute de fiabilitate \u0219i performan\u021b\u0103. Nu este surprinz\u0103tor c\u0103 ideea unei linii de produc\u021bie a fost transferat\u0103 \u00een diverse industrii, de la medicin\u0103 la tehnologia informa\u021biei. De asemenea, este logic c\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 paradigm\u0103 de la personal se cere dezvoltarea abilit\u0103\u021bilor, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t angaja\u021bii s\u0103 fie capabili s\u0103 men\u021bin\u0103 ritmul impus \u0219i s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 pasul cu banda \u201ebenzii de produc\u021bie\u201d \u00een \u00eentreprindere. De la cei care lucreaz\u0103 la linia de produc\u021bie \u0219i chiar de la cei care o gestioneaz\u0103, nu se cer cuno\u0219tin\u021be speciale; aici sunt necesare abilit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i respectarea strict\u0103 a instruc\u021biunilor.<\/p>\n

Iar ultima amestecare amar\u0103 num\u0103rul trei este o consecin\u021b\u0103 direct\u0103 a tabletei num\u0103rul doi. Problema este c\u0103 \u00een societatea post-industrial\u0103 exist\u0103 o tendin\u021b\u0103 spre robotizare \u0219i automatizare a produc\u021biei \u0219i a serviciilor. \u00cen lumina acestui fapt, lucr\u0103rile tradi\u021bionale, perfect reglementate \u0219i u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles la nivelurile de competen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i reguli, constituie \u021binte remarcabile pentru inova\u021bie: tehnologia cloud, robo\u021bii-curieri, autovehiculele f\u0103r\u0103 \u0219ofer etc., \u00abamenin\u021b\u00e2nd\u00bb nu doar conductorul de metrou sau v\u00e2nz\u0103toarea din magazin, ci \u0219i, \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103, inginerul IT certificat. Prin urmare, mul\u021bi angaja\u021bi vor fi nevoi\u021bi s\u0103 dob\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 noi competen\u021be \u0219i s\u0103 caute certificate noi, sau s\u0103 depun\u0103 eforturi maxime \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eencerce s\u0103 treac\u0103 \u00een domenii de cuno\u0219tin\u021be.<\/p>\n

Este naiv s\u0103 opui cuno\u0219tin\u021bele abilit\u0103\u021bilor, \u00eentruc\u00e2t, a\u0219a cum f\u0103r\u0103 o funda\u021bie nu po\u021bi construi o cl\u0103dire solid\u0103, la fel f\u0103r\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bi nu po\u021bi dob\u00e2ndi \u0219i folosi cuno\u0219tin\u021be. Reformul\u00e2nd titlul unei reviste cunoscute, am putea spune c\u0103 abilit\u0103\u021bile sunt putere, iar cuno\u0219tin\u021bele sunt dezvoltare. Totu\u0219i, este important s\u0103 ne amintim c\u0103 antren\u00e2ndu-ne doar abilit\u0103\u021bile, ne condamn\u0103m la a lucra pe un conveior nesf\u00e2r\u0219it, iar singura modalitate de a sc\u0103pa din acest cerc vicios \u0219i a avansa este de a ob\u021bine cuno\u0219tin\u021be.
\n
Sursa: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0445\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u0447\u0451\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430. \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 (skills) \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (knowledge), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":39622,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39621","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Skills, Rules and Knowledge pentru IT-st \u0219i oameni | ProHoster","description":"\u00cen","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/news\/skills-rules-and-knowledge-dlya-it-shnika-i-cheloveka","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"ro_RO","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c 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