{"id":39644,"date":"2019-10-31T22:37:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nachinayushhemu-sisadminu-kak-iz-haosa-sdelat-poryadok\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:37:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:37:21","slug":"nachinayushhemu-sisadminu-kak-iz-haosa-sdelat-poryadok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nachinayushhemu-sisadminu-kak-iz-haosa-sdelat-poryadok","title":{"rendered":"Pentru un administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor: cum s\u0103 transformi haosul \u00een ordine","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pentru un administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor: cum s\u0103 transformi haosul \u00een ordine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/9164a26c356a071a89e116d841283139.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSunt administrator de sistem la FirstVDS \u0219i acesta este textul primei lec\u021bii introductive din cursul meu scurt de suport pentru colegii \u00eencep\u0103tori. Speciali\u0219tii care au \u00eenceput recent s\u0103 se ocupe de administrarea sistemelor se confrunt\u0103 cu o serie de probleme comune. Pentru a oferi solu\u021bii, am decis s\u0103 scriu acest ciclu de lec\u021bii. Unele aspecte sunt specifice suportului tehnic pentru g\u0103zduire, dar \u00een general, pot fi utile, dac\u0103 nu pentru to\u021bi, atunci pentru mul\u021bi. Prin urmare, am adaptat textul lec\u021biei pentru a \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219i aici.<\/p>\n<p>Nu conteaz\u0103 cum se nume\u0219te func\u021bia ta \u2014 este important c\u0103, \u00een realitate, te ocupi de administrare. A\u0219adar, s\u0103 \u00eencepem cu ceea ce trebuie s\u0103 fac\u0103 un administrator de sistem. Sarcina sa principal\u0103 este organizarea, men\u021binerea ordinii \u0219i preg\u0103tirea pentru viitoarele cre\u0219teri ale ordinii. F\u0103r\u0103 un administrator de sistem, serverul devine haotic. Jurnalele nu sunt scrise sau con\u021bin informa\u021bii gre\u0219ite, resursele sunt distribuite neeficient, discul este umplut cu tot felul de gunoi, iar sistemul \u00eencepe s\u0103 se degradeze din cauza acestui haos. Calm! Administratorii de sistem vor \u00eencepe s\u0103 rezolve problemele \u0219i s\u0103 elimine haosul!<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>St\u00e2lpii administr\u0103rii sistemelor<\/h3>\n<p>\nCu toate acestea, \u00eenainte de a \u00eencepe rezolvarea problemelor, este important s\u0103 ne familiariz\u0103m cu cei patru st\u00e2lpi principali ai administr\u0103rii:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Documenta\u021bia<\/li>\n<li>Modelarea<\/li>\n<li>Optimizarea<\/li>\n<li>Automatizarea<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nAceasta este baza fundamental\u0103. Dac\u0103 nu \u00ee\u021bi construie\u0219ti fluxul de lucru pe aceste principii, acesta va fi ineficient, neproductiv \u0219i nu va sem\u0103na deloc cu o adev\u0103rat\u0103 administrare. S\u0103 analiz\u0103m fiecare \u00een parte.<\/p>\n<h3>Documenta\u021bie<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Documenta\u021bie<\/b> presupune nu doar citirea documenta\u021biei (de\u0219i aceasta este esen\u021bial\u0103), ci \u0219i men\u021binerea acesteia. <\/p>\n<p>Cum s\u0103 \u021bii eviden\u021ba documenta\u021biei:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Te-ai confruntat cu o problem\u0103 nou\u0103 pe care nu ai mai v\u0103zut-o \u00eenainte? Noteaz\u0103 principalele simptome, metodele de diagnosticare \u0219i principiile de solu\u021bionare. <\/li>\n<li>Ai g\u0103sit o solu\u021bie elegant\u0103 pentru o problem\u0103 comun\u0103? Noteaz-o, ca s\u0103 nu fii nevoit s\u0103 o reinventez din nou peste o lun\u0103.<\/li>\n<li>Te-a ajutat cineva s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi o problem\u0103 pe care nu o cuno\u0219teai? Noteaz\u0103 principalele idei \u0219i concepte, f\u0103-\u021bi un schi\u021baj.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nIdeea principal\u0103: nu trebuie s\u0103 te bazezi complet pe propria memorie atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eenve\u021bi \u0219i aplici lucruri noi.<\/p>\n<p>Formatul \u00een care o vei face depinde doar de tine: poate fi un sistem de noti\u021be, un blog personal, un fi\u0219ier text sau un caiet fizic. Ceea ce conteaz\u0103 este ca \u00eenregistr\u0103rile tale s\u0103 respecte urm\u0103toarele cerin\u021be:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>S\u0103 nu fie excesiv de lungi.<\/b>Eviden\u021biaz\u0103 ideile, metodele \u0219i instrumentele principale. Dac\u0103 \u00een\u021belegerea problemei necesit\u0103 aprofundarea \u00een mecanica de baz\u0103 a modului \u00een care func\u021bioneaz\u0103 alocarea memoriei \u00een Linux, nu rescrie articolul din care ai \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat \u2014 ofer\u0103 un link c\u0103tre acesta.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u00cenregistr\u0103rile trebuie s\u0103 fie clare pentru tine.<\/b> Dac\u0103 linia <code>race cond.lockup<\/code> nu \u00ee\u021bi permite s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi imediat ce ai descris cu acea linie \u2014 explic\u0103. \u00centr-o bun\u0103 documenta\u021bie nu ar trebui s\u0103 te chinui s\u0103 deslu\u0219e\u0219ti informa\u021bia timp de o jum\u0103tate de or\u0103. <\/li>\n<li><b>C\u0103utarea este o caracteristic\u0103 foarte util\u0103.<\/b> Dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi \u021bii noti\u021bele \u00eentr-un blog, adaug\u0103 etichete; dac\u0103 \u00eentr-un caiet fizic \u2014 lipe\u0219te mici post-it-uri cu descrieri. Nu are sens s\u0103 ai o documenta\u021bie dac\u0103 petreci la fel de mult timp c\u0103ut\u00e2nd un r\u0103spuns \u00een ea ca \u0219i cum ai rezolva problema de la zero.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pentru un administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor: cum s\u0103 transformi haosul \u00een ordine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/931ccad9b44a4865b31189f75638ec91.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nA\u0219a poate ar\u0103ta documenta\u021bia: de la \u00eenregistr\u0103ri primitive \u00eentr-un caiet (imaginea de mai sus) la o baz\u0103 de cuno\u0219tin\u021be colaborativ\u0103 complet\u0103, cu etichete, c\u0103utare \u0219i toate conforturile posibile (mai jos).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pentru un administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor: cum s\u0103 transformi haosul \u00een ordine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/4fea2406da73db5b04f7be20b1ba14bb.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNu numai c\u0103 nu va trebui s\u0103 cau\u021bi acelea\u0219i r\u0103spunsuri de dou\u0103 ori: documentarea va fi un ajutor excelent \u00een \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea unor subiecte noi (este, de fapt, un caiet de noti\u021be!), \u00ee\u021bi va \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi intui\u021bia tehnic\u0103 (capacitatea de a diagnostica o problem\u0103 complex\u0103 cu o simpl\u0103 privire), ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd organizare ac\u021biunilor tale. Dac\u0103 documenta\u021bia este accesibil\u0103 colegilor t\u0103i, le va permite s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 ce ai realizat c\u00e2nd nu e\u0219ti prezent.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0218ablonizarea<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>\u0218ablonizarea<\/b> este crearea \u0219i utilizarea de \u0219abloane. Pentru a rezolva majoritatea problemelor tipice, este bine s\u0103 creezi un \u0219ablon specific de ac\u021biuni. Pentru a diagnostica majoritatea problemelor, ar trebui s\u0103 folose\u0219ti o secven\u021b\u0103 standardizat\u0103 de ac\u021biuni. C\u00e2nd repari\/instalezi\/optimizezi ceva, func\u021bionalitatea acestuia trebuie verificat\u0103 conform unor liste de control standardizate. <\/p>\n<p>\u0218ablonizarea este cea mai bun\u0103 metod\u0103 de organizare a fluxului de lucru. Folosind proceduri standardizate pentru a rezolva cele mai frecvente probleme, ob\u021bine\u021bi multe lucruri utile. De exemplu, utilizarea listelor de verificare v\u0103 va permite s\u0103 diagnostica\u021bi toate func\u021biile importante pentru lucru \u0219i s\u0103 elimina\u021bi diagnosticul func\u021bionalit\u0103\u021bilor mai pu\u021bin importante. Procedurile standardizate vor reduce la minimum agita\u021bia inutil\u0103 \u0219i vor sc\u0103dea probabilitatea erorilor.<\/p>\n<p>Primul aspect important este c\u0103 procedurile \u0219i listele de verificare trebuie de asemenea documentate. Dac\u0103 ne baz\u0103m doar pe memorie, putem rata o verificare sau o opera\u021biune cu adev\u0103rat important\u0103 \u0219i totul se va distruge. Al doilea aspect important este c\u0103 toate practicile template trebuie modificate, dac\u0103 situa\u021bia o cere. Nu exist\u0103 \u0219abloane ideale \u0219i universale. Dac\u0103 exist\u0103 o problem\u0103, iar verificarea \u0219ablonului nu a detectat-o, nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 problema nu exist\u0103. Cu toate acestea, \u00eenainte de a verifica problemele ipotetice cu o probabilitate mic\u0103, este \u00eentotdeauna bine s\u0103 face\u021bi mai \u00eent\u00e2i o verificare rapid\u0103 a \u0219ablonului.<\/p>\n<h3>Optimizare<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Optimizare<\/b> vorbe\u0219te de la sine. Fluxul de lucru trebuie maxim optimizat din punctul de vedere al timpului \u0219i eforturilor. Aici sunt nenum\u0103rate variante: \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi tastele rapide, abrevierile, expresiile regulate, instrumentele disponibile. C\u0103uta\u021bi modalit\u0103\u021bi mai practice de utilizare a acestor instrumente. Dac\u0103 chema\u021bi comanda de 100 de ori pe zi, lega\u021bi-o de o tast\u0103 rapid\u0103. Dac\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 v\u0103 conecta\u021bi frecvent la acelea\u0219i servere, scrie\u021bi un alias \u00eentr-un singur cuv\u00e2nt, care s\u0103 v\u0103 conecteze acolo: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pentru un administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor: cum s\u0103 transformi haosul \u00een ordine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/93bb342b3dd44be5e1424f786614c3f9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFamiliariza\u021bi-v\u0103 cu diferite op\u021biuni de instrumente disponibile \u2013 s-ar putea s\u0103 existe un client terminal mai convenabil, DE, un manager de clipboard, un browser, un client de mail, un sistem de operare. Afla\u021bi ce instrumente folosesc colegii \u0219i cunoscu\u021bii dvs. \u2013 poate c\u0103 le aleg dintr-un motiv \u00eentemeiat. Dup\u0103 ce a\u021bi selectat instrumentele, \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi s\u0103 le utiliza\u021bi: \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi tastele, abrevierile, tips and tricks. <\/p>\n<p>Utiliza\u021bi \u00een mod optim instrumentele standard - coreutils, vim, expresii regulate, bash. Pentru ultimele trei exist\u0103 o mul\u021bime de manuale excelente \u0219i documenta\u021bie. Cu ajutorul lor, pute\u021bi trece destul de repede de la starea de \u201em\u0103 simt ca o maimu\u021b\u0103 care love\u0219te nucile cu un laptop\u201d la \u201esunt o maimu\u021b\u0103 care folose\u0219te laptopul pentru a comanda un deschiz\u0103tor de nuci\u201d. <\/p>\n<h3>Automatizarea<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Automatizarea<\/b> va transfera opera\u021biile grele din m\u00e2inile noastre obosite \u00een m\u00e2inile neobosite ale automatiz\u0103rii. Dac\u0103 o procedur\u0103 standard se efectueaz\u0103 \u00een cinci comenzi identice, de ce s\u0103 nu \u00eempachet\u0103m toate aceste comenzi \u00eentr-un singur fi\u0219ier \u0219i s\u0103 nu invoc\u0103m o comand\u0103 care s\u0103 descarce \u0219i s\u0103 execute acel fi\u0219ier? <\/p>\n<p>Adev\u0103rata automatizare const\u0103 \u00een 80% din scrierea \u0219i optimizarea propriilor instrumente (\u0219i \u00een 20% din \u00eencercarea de a le face s\u0103 func\u021bioneze corect). Poate fi o simpl\u0103 linie de comand\u0103 avansat\u0103 sau un instrument imens, omnipotent, cu interfa\u021b\u0103 web \u0219i API. Principalul criteriu aici este c\u0103 crearea instrumentului nu ar trebui s\u0103 dureze mai mult timp \u0219i efort dec\u00e2t economiile de timp \u0219i efort pe care le va aduce. Dac\u0103 petrece\u021bi cinci ore scriind un script care nu va mai fi niciodat\u0103 util, pentru o sarcin\u0103 care ar fi durat o or\u0103 sau dou\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 script, aceasta este o foarte proast\u0103 optimizare a fluxului de lucru. Pute\u021bi petrece cinci ore cre\u00e2nd un instrument doar dac\u0103 num\u0103rul, tipul de sarcini \u0219i timpul permit acest lucru, ceea ce nu se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 adesea.<\/p>\n<p>Automatizarea nu implic\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna scrierea de scripturi complete. De exemplu, pentru a crea o mul\u021bime de obiecte identice dintr-o list\u0103, este suficient\u0103 o linie de comand\u0103 ingenioas\u0103 care va face automat ceea ce a\u021bi face manual, comut\u00e2nd \u00eentre feronerie, cu tone de copiat \u0219i lipit. <\/p>\n<p>A\u0219adar, dac\u0103 construie\u0219ti procesul de administrare pe ace\u0219ti patru st\u00e2lpi, po\u021bi s\u0103-\u021bi \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219ti destul de repede eficien\u021ba, productivitatea \u0219i calificarea. Cu toate acestea, aceast\u0103 list\u0103 trebuie completat\u0103 cu un alt punct, f\u0103r\u0103 de care lucrul \u00een IT este practic imposibil - autoformarea. <\/p>\n<h3>Autoformarea administratorului de sistem<\/h3>\n<p>\nPentru a fi pu\u021bin competen\u021bi \u00een acest domeniu, trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m constant \u0219i s\u0103 descoperim lucruri noi. Dac\u0103 nu ave\u021bi nici cea mai mic\u0103 dorin\u021b\u0103 de a v\u0103 confrunta cu necunoscutul \u0219i de a v\u0103 documenta, ve\u021bi \u201ecobor\u00ee\u201d foarte repede. \u00cen IT apar constant diferite solu\u021bii, tehnologii \u0219i metode noi, iar dac\u0103 nu le studia\u021bi m\u0103car superficial \u2014 sunte\u021bi pe calea pierderii. Multe domenii ale tehnologiilor informa\u021bionale se bazeaz\u0103 pe fundamente foarte complexe \u0219i extinse. De exemplu, re\u021belele. Re\u021belele \u0219i internetul sunt peste tot, v\u0103 confrunta\u021bi cu ele zilnic, dar dac\u0103 \u00eencepe\u021bi s\u0103 s\u0103pa\u021bi \u00een tehnologiile care stau la baza lor, ve\u021bi descoperi o disciplin\u0103 uria\u0219\u0103 \u0219i foarte complex\u0103, studiul c\u0103reia nu este deloc o plimbare \u00een parc. <\/p>\n<p>Nu am inclus acest punct \u00een list\u0103, deoarece este esen\u021bial pentru IT \u00een general, nu doar pentru administrarea sistemelor. Evident, nu ve\u021bi putea \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba totul deodat\u0103 \u2014 pur \u0219i simplu nu ave\u021bi timp fizic. A\u0219adar, atunci c\u00e2nd v\u0103 autoeduca\u021bi, trebuie s\u0103 \u021bine\u021bi cont de nivelurile necesare de abstractizare.<\/p>\n<p>Nu este necesar s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi imediat cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 managementul intern al memoriei fiec\u0103rei utilitare \u00een parte \u0219i cum interac\u021bioneaz\u0103 cu managementul memoriei Linux, dar ar fi bine s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi schematic ce reprezint\u0103 memoria RAM \u0219i de ce este necesar\u0103. Nu este necesar s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi cum se difer\u0103 structurat anteturile TCP de cele UDP, dar ar fi bine s\u0103 \u00een\u021belege\u021bi principalele diferen\u021be dintre protocoale \u00een utilizare. Nu trebuie s\u0103 studia\u021bi ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 atenuarea semnalului \u00een fibr\u0103 optic\u0103, dar ar fi bine s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi de ce pierderile reale sunt \u00eentotdeauna mo\u0219tenite pe noduri. Nu este nimic gre\u0219it \u00een a \u0219ti cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 anumite elemente la un anumit nivel de abstractizare \u0219i nu este obligatoriu s\u0103 analiza\u021bi toate nivelurile atunci c\u00e2nd nu exist\u0103 nicio abstractizare (o s\u0103 v\u0103 \u00eennebuni\u021bi). <\/p>\n<p>Cu toate acestea, \u00een domeniul dumneavoastr\u0103, a ra\u021biona la nivel de abstractizare ca \u201eei bine, este un lucru care permite afi\u0219area unor site-uri\u201d \u2014 nu este foarte bine. Urm\u0103toarele lec\u021bii vor fi dedicate unei prezent\u0103ri a principalelor domenii cu care un administrator de sistem trebuie s\u0103 se confrunte \u00een munc\u0103 la niveluri mai joase de abstractizare. Voi \u00eencerca s\u0103 restr\u00e2ng num\u0103rul cuno\u0219tin\u021belor supuse revizuirii la minimul necesar de abstractizare.<\/p>\n<h3>Cele 10 porunci ale administr\u0103rii sistemelor<\/h3>\n<p>\nA\u0219adar, am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat cele patru piloni principali \u0219i funda\u021bia. Putem \u00eencepe s\u0103 rezolv\u0103m problemele? \u00cenc\u0103 nu. \u00cenainte de asta, este recomandat s\u0103 ne familiariz\u0103m cu a\u0219a-numitele \u201ebest practices\u201d \u0219i regulile de bun\u0103 conduit\u0103. F\u0103r\u0103 acestea, risca\u021bi s\u0103 aduce\u021bi mai mult r\u0103u dec\u00e2t bine. A\u0219adar, s\u0103 \u00eencepem:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Unii dintre colegii mei consider\u0103 c\u0103 prima regul\u0103 este \u201enu d\u0103uneaz\u0103\u201d. Dar eu tind s\u0103 nu fiu de acord. Atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eencerci s\u0103 nu d\u0103unezi, nu po\u021bi face nimic \u2014 prea multe ac\u021biuni sunt poten\u021bial distructive. Cea mai important\u0103 regul\u0103 pe care o consider eu este \u2014 <b>\u201ef\u0103 un backup\u201d<\/b>. Chiar dac\u0103 d\u0103unezi, \u00eentotdeauna po\u021bi reveni \u0219i totul nu va fi at\u00e2t de r\u0103u.\n<p>Trebuie s\u0103 faci backup de fiecare dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd timpul \u0219i locul permit. Trebuie s\u0103 faci backup la ceea ce inten\u021bionezi s\u0103 schimbi \u0219i la ceea ce risc\u0103 s\u0103 se piard\u0103 \u00een urma unei ac\u021biuni poten\u021bial destructive. Este bine s\u0103 verifici backupul pentru integritate \u0219i pentru a te asigura c\u0103 ai toate datele necesare. Nu trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tergi backupul imediat dup\u0103 ce totul a fost verificat, dec\u00e2t dac\u0103 este necesar s\u0103 eliberezi spa\u021biu pe disc. Dac\u0103 este nevoie de spa\u021biu, f\u0103 backup pe serverul t\u0103u personal \u0219i \u0219terge-l dup\u0103 o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103. <\/li>\n<li>A doua regul\u0103 ca importan\u021b\u0103 (pe care eu o \u00eencalc adesea) este <b>\u201enu ascunde\u201d<\/b>. Dac\u0103 ai f\u0103cut un backup, scrie \u2014 unde, pentru ca colegii t\u0103i s\u0103 nu fie nevoi\u021bi s\u0103-l caute. Dac\u0103 ai realizat anumite ac\u021biuni neobi\u0219nuite sau complexe, noteaz\u0103-le: te vei duce acas\u0103, iar problema poate reap\u0103rea sau poate ap\u0103rea la altcineva, iar solu\u021bia ta va fi g\u0103sit\u0103 prin cuvinte cheie. Chiar dac\u0103 faci ceva ce \u0219tii foarte bine, este posibil ca colegii t\u0103i s\u0103 nu cunoasc\u0103 acest lucru. <\/li>\n<li>Nu este nevoie s\u0103 explici a treia regul\u0103: <b>\u201enu face niciodat\u0103 ceva a c\u0103rui consecin\u021be nu le \u0219tii, nu le imaginezi sau nu le \u00een\u021belegi\u201d<\/b>. Nu copia comenzi din internet dac\u0103 nu \u0219tii ce fac, cheam\u0103 man \u0219i parseaz\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2i. Nu aplici solu\u021bii gata f\u0103cute dac\u0103 nu po\u021bi \u00een\u021belege ce fac. Reduce la minimum utilizarea codului obfuscat. Dac\u0103 nu ai timp s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegi, atunci faci ceva gre\u0219it \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 te familiarizezi cu urm\u0103torul punct.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u201eTesteaz\u0103\u201d<\/b>. Noile scripturi, instrumente, comenzi \u0219i unelte de linie ar trebui verificate \u00eentr-un mediu controlat, nu pe ma\u0219ina clientului, dac\u0103 exist\u0103 m\u0103car un minim de poten\u021bial pentru ac\u021biuni d\u0103un\u0103toare. Chiar dac\u0103 a\u021bi f\u0103cut backup (\u0219i, cu siguran\u021b\u0103, a\u021bi f\u0103cut), downtime-ul nu este un lucru pl\u0103cut. Alege\u021bi un server virtual, o ma\u0219in\u0103 virtual\u0103 sau un chroot separat\u0103 pentru a testa. Nimic nu s-a stricat? Atunci, pute\u021bi rula pe \u201eprodus\u201d.\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pentru un administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor: cum s\u0103 transformi haosul \u00een ordine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/de96cff4be3087716ac2ce9bf1e50356.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n\n<\/li>\n<li><b>\u201eControleaz\u0103\u201d<\/b>. Reduce\u021bi la minimum toate opera\u021biunile pe care nu le controla\u021bi. O dependen\u021b\u0103 problematic\u0103 a unui pachet poate trage dup\u0103 sine jum\u0103tate din sistem, iar op\u021biunea de a folosi flag-ul -y pentru yum remove v\u0103 ofer\u0103 oportunitatea de a v\u0103 exersa abilit\u0103\u021bile de recuperare a sistemului de la zero. Dac\u0103 ac\u021biunea nu are alternative necontrolate, trece\u021bi la urm\u0103torul punct \u0219i ave\u021bi un backup gata.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u201eVerific\u0103\u201d<\/b>. Verifica\u021bi consecin\u021bele ac\u021biunilor voastre \u0219i dac\u0103 este nevoie s\u0103 reveni\u021bi la backup. Asigura\u021bi-v\u0103 c\u0103 problema a fost rezolvat\u0103. Verifica\u021bi dac\u0103 eroarea se reproduce \u0219i \u00een ce condi\u021bii. Verifica\u021bi ce pute\u021bi strica prin ac\u021biunile voastre. A avea \u00eencredere \u00een munca noastr\u0103 este inutil, dar a verifica este esen\u021bial.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u201eComunic\u0103\u201d<\/b>. Dac\u0103 nu reu\u0219i\u021bi s\u0103 rezolva\u021bi problema, \u00eentreba\u021bi colegii dac\u0103 s-au confruntat cu a\u0219a ceva. Dori\u021bi s\u0103 aplica\u021bi o solu\u021bie discutabil\u0103? Afla\u021bi opinia colegilor. Este posibil s\u0103 ofere o solu\u021bie mai bun\u0103. Nu ave\u021bi \u00eencredere \u00een ac\u021biunile voastre? Discutati-le cu colegii. Chiar dac\u0103 este domeniul vostru de expertiz\u0103, o nou\u0103 perspectiv\u0103 poate clarifica mult. Nu v\u0103 teme\u021bi de necuno\u0219tin\u021bele voastre. Este mai bine s\u0103 pui o \u00eentrebare stupida, s\u0103 pari prost \u0219i s\u0103 prime\u0219ti un r\u0103spuns dec\u00e2t s\u0103 nu \u00eentrebi \u0219i s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2i \u00een ignoran\u021b\u0103.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u201eNu refuza ajutorul f\u0103r\u0103 un motiv \u00eentemeiat\u201d<\/b>. Acest punct este reversul celui anterior. Dac\u0103 \u021bi se pune o \u00eentrebare stupida, clarific\u0103 \u0219i explic\u0103. Dac\u0103 se cere ceva imposibil, explic\u0103 de ce nu este realizabil \u0219i propune alternative. Dac\u0103 nu ai timp (cu adev\u0103rat nu ai timp, nu doar nu ai chef) \u2014 spune c\u0103 ai o problem\u0103 urgent\u0103 sau o sarcin\u0103 mare, dar te vei ocupa de ea mai t\u00e2rziu. Dac\u0103 colegii nu au sarcini urgente, suggera\u021bi-le s\u0103 se ocupe \u0219i delega\u021bi problema.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u201eD\u0103 feedback\u201d<\/b>. A\u021bi \u00eent\u00e2mpinat consecin\u021be negative din cauza unei noi metode sau a unui nou script aplicat de c\u0103tre unul dintre colegi? Raporta\u021bi acest lucru. Este posibil ca problema s\u0103 se rezolve cu trei linii de cod sau cinci minute de perfec\u021bionare a metodei. A\u021bi descoperit un bug \u00een software? Raporta\u021bi bug-ul. Dac\u0103 acesta se reproducce sau nu este necesar s\u0103 fie reprodus, este foarte probabil c\u0103 va fi rezolvat. Exprima\u021bi dorin\u021bele, sugestiile \u0219i critica constructiv\u0103, aduce\u021bi \u00eentreb\u0103rile \u00een discu\u021bie dac\u0103 vi se par relevante. <\/li>\n<li><b>\u00abCere feedback\u00bb<\/b>. Nu suntem perfec\u021bi, precum nici solu\u021biile noastre, iar cea mai bun\u0103 modalitate de a verifica corectitudinea unei decizii este s\u0103 o supunem dezbaterii. Dac\u0103 a\u021bi optimizat ceva pentru un client, cere\u021bi s\u0103 se urm\u0103reasc\u0103 rezultatele, poate \u201eg\u00e2tul de sticl\u0103\u201d al sistemului nu se afl\u0103 unde a\u021bi c\u0103utat. A\u021bi scris un mic script de ajutor? Ar\u0103ta\u021bi-l colegilor, poate ei g\u0103sesc modalit\u0103\u021bi de a-l \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nDac\u0103 aplica\u021bi constant aceste practici \u00een munc\u0103, majoritatea problemelor vor \u00eenceta s\u0103 mai fie probleme: nu doar c\u0103 ve\u021bi minimiza erorile \u0219i gafele personale, dar ve\u021bi avea \u0219i ocazia de a corecta gre\u0219elile (cu ajutorul backup-urilor \u0219i al colegilor care v\u0103 vor sugera s\u0103 face\u021bi backup). \u00cen continuare \u2014 doar detalii tehnice, \u00een care, dup\u0103 cum se \u0219tie, se afl\u0103 diavolul.<\/p>\n<p>Principalele instrumente cu care va trebui s\u0103 lucra\u021bi mai mult de 50% din timp sunt grep \u0219i vim. Ce poate fi mai simplu? C\u0103utare \u00een text \u0219i editare a textului. Cu toate acestea, at\u00e2t grep, c\u00e2t \u0219i vim sunt unelte multifunc\u021bionale extrem de puternice care permit c\u0103utarea \u0219i editarea textului eficient. Dac\u0103 un editor text de Windows v\u0103 va permite doar s\u0103 scrie\u021bi\/\u0219terge\u021bi o linie, \u00een vim pute\u021bi face aproape orice cu textul. Nu crede\u021bi \u2014 apela\u021bi comanda vimtutor din terminal \u0219i \u00eencepe\u021bi s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi. \u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te grep \u2014 adev\u0103rata sa for\u021b\u0103 st\u0103 \u00een expresiile regulate. Da, instrumentul \u00een sine permite definirea condi\u021biilor de c\u0103utare \u0219i a datelor de ie\u0219ire \u00eentr-un mod destul de flexibil, dar f\u0103r\u0103 RegExp nu are prea mult sens. \u0218i trebuie s\u0103 cunoa\u0219te\u021bi expresiile regulate! Cel pu\u021bin la un nivel de baz\u0103. La \u00eenceput, v-a\u0219 recomanda s\u0103 viziona\u021bi acesta. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KJG1dETacLI\">video<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00een care se discut\u0103 elementele de baz\u0103 ale expresiilor regulate \u0219i utilizarea acestora \u00eempreun\u0103 cu grep. Ah, da, c\u00e2nd le combini cu vim, ob\u021bii puterea ULTIMAT\u0102 de a face cu textul lucruri care merit\u0103 etichete 18+.<\/p>\n<p>Din cele r\u0103mase, 40% sunt atribuite pachetului de instrumente coreutils. Pentru coreutils, lista o po\u021bi consulta \u00een <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GNU_Coreutils\">wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>, iar manualul \u00eentregii liste este disponibil pe site-ul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/coreutils\/manual\/html_node\/\">GNU<\/a><\/noindex>. Ceea ce nu este acoperit de acest set se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een utilitare. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.opengroup.org\/onlinepubs\/9699919799\/idx\/utilities.html\">POSIX<\/a><\/noindex>. Nu este obligatoriu s\u0103 memorezi toate comenzile pe de rost, dar este util s\u0103 \u0219tii aproximativ ce pot face principalele instrumente. Nu va trebui s\u0103 reinventezi bicicleta cu c\u00e2rje. Odat\u0103, a trebuit s\u0103 \u00eenlocuiesc \u00eentreruperile de linie cu spa\u021bii \u00een ie\u0219irea unei utilitare, iar mintea mea bolnav\u0103 a creat o construc\u021bie de genul <code>sed ':a;N;$!ba;s\/n\/ \/g'<\/code>, un coleg apropiat m-a \u00eendep\u0103rtat de consol\u0103 cu o m\u0103tur\u0103 \u0219i apoi a rezolvat problema scriind <code>tr 'n' ' '<\/code>. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pentru un administrator de sistem \u00eencep\u0103tor: cum s\u0103 transformi haosul \u00een ordine\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/c6a90b20b708046e3b70c2824bc5b785.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTe-a\u0219 sf\u0103tui s\u0103 re\u021bii ce face fiecare instrument \u00een parte \u0219i comenzile cele mai frecvent folosite; pentru restul, exist\u0103 man. Nu ezita s\u0103 chemi man dac\u0103 ai vreo \u00eendoial\u0103. \u0218i asigur\u0103-te c\u0103 cite\u0219ti man pentru man \u2013 con\u021bine informa\u021bii importante despre ce po\u021bi g\u0103si.<\/p>\n<p>Cunosc\u00e2nd aceste instrumente, vei putea s\u0103 rezolvi eficient o parte semnificativ\u0103 din sarcinile cu care te vei confrunta \u00een practic\u0103. \u00cen urm\u0103toarele lec\u021bii, vom analiza c\u00e2nd s\u0103 aplici aceste instrumente \u0219i structurile principalelor servicii \u0219i aplica\u021bii pentru care sunt destinate.<\/p>\n<p>Cu tine a fost administratorul de sistem FirstVDS Kirill Tsvetkov.<br \/>\n<br \/>Sursa: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/first\/blog\/472810\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u042f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 FirstVDS, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044f \u0432\u0437\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0451\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":39645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u042f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 FirstVDS, \u0438.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/ro\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nachinayushhemu-sisadminu-kak-iz-haosa-sdelat-poryadok\" \/>\n\t<meta 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